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Section Quiz

HOLT

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Holt Science and Technology 55 The Nature of Science

Section: Science and ScientistsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. The process of gathering knowledge about the natural world is calleda. research. SF8s1.1.1

b. observation.c. investigation.d. science.

______ 2. Answering some questions in science by looking up facts in magazinesis called SF8s1.1.1

a. science.b. observation.c. research.d. experimentation.

______ 3. Recycling steel from old cars is an example of how science can SF8s1.1.2

a. explain the natural world.b. use observations.c. save lives.d. save resources.

______ 4. When you answer questions by performing an activity that includescareful observation, you are using SF8s1.1.1

a. science.b. experimentation.c. resources.d. questioning.

Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 5. a person who draws scientific diagrams

______ 6. a person who studies the atmosphere SF8s1.1.3

______ 7. a person who studies organisms and theirenvironment SF8s1.1.3

______ 8. a person who studies volcanoes SF8s1.1.3

______ 9. a person who studies the chemistry of rocks,minerals, and soil SF8s1.1.3

Name Class Date

Section QuizAssessment

a. volcanologist

b. science illustrator

c. geochemist

d. meteorologist

e. ecologist

SF8s1.1.3



Section: Scientific Methods and InquiryMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. comparison of energy output with energy input SF8s2.1.2

______ 2. scientist who puts scientific knowledge to practical use SF8s2.1.2

______ 3. the use of science for practical purposes SF8s2.1.2

Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 4. What is the first step of a scientific investigation? SF8s2.1.1

a. conducting an experimentb. asking a questionc. drawing a conclusiond. making a prediction

______ 5. Any use of the senses to gather information is called a(n) SF8s2.1.1

a. hypothesis. c. conclusion.b. prediction. d. observation.

______ 6. “A propulsion system that works the way a penguin swims will bemore efficient than a boat powered by propellers” is an example ofa(n) SF8s2.1.1

a. variable. c. conclusion.b. question. d. hypothesis.

______ 7. An experiment that compares the results from a control group with theresults from one or more experimental groups is a(n) SF8s2.1.2

a. observation. c. hypothesis. b. controlled experiment. d. analysis.

______ 8. One form in which scientists arrange data to analyze results is a(n) a. graph.SF8s2.1.2 c. hypothesis.b. speech. d. variable.

______ 9. Scientists communicate results accurately so other scientists can a. verify the results. SF8S2.1.3 c. give them awards.b. pay them more. d. stop experimenting.

Name Class Date


a. technology

b. efficiency

c. engineer



Section: Tools and MeasurementWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Something that helps you do a task is a(n) SF8s3.1.1

a. model. c. tool.b. measurement. d. volume.

______ 2. What does a spring scale measure? SF8s3.1.1

a. length c. forceb. volume d. mass

______ 3. The unit of measurement for a large, solid object is a(n) SF8s3.1.3

a. cubic millimeter c. cubic meterb. cubic centimeter d. liter

______ 4. Why is the International System of Units important? SF8s3.1.2

a. It is based on the number 5.b. It was invented in the 1700s. c. Some scientists use it.d. It helps scientists share and compare observations and results.

______ 5. How would you write the quantity 0.0015 in scientific notation? SF8s3.1.4

a. 15 104 c. 15 10- 5

b. 1.5 107 d. 1.5 10- 3

Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 6. a measure of how much surface an object has SF8s3.1.3

______ 7. the amount of matter in a given volume

______ 8. a measure of how hot or cold something is

______ 9. the amount of matter that makes up anobject SF8s3.1.3

______10. the amount of space that somethingoccupies or contains SF8s3.1.3

Name Class Date


a. volume

b. mass

c. temperature

d. density

e. area

SF8s3.1.3

SF8s3.1.3



Section: Safety in ScienceMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. knowing what a picture of an animal on ahand means SF8s4.1.2

______ 2. maintaining a clean uncluttered work area

______ 3. reading the instructions before starting anactivity SF8s4.1.2

______ 4. putting on goggles and protective gloves

______ 5. returning chemicals to their original places


______ 6. Which is not a way to take responsibility for your safety in the lab? a. Take every precaution to prevent accidents. SF8s4.1.1

b. Use lab materials safely and properly.c. Push and shove to get the best equipment.d. Wear the appropriate safety equipment.

______ 7. The first-aid procedure for heat burns is to SF8s4.1.4

a. rinse and apply pressure.b. rinse in an eye bath. c. cover with bandages.d. hold under cool water for 15 minutes.

______ 8. You should know where emergency equipment is so that you can a. tell your teacher where it is. c. keep others away from it. b. get it for your teacher. SF8s4.1.3 d. teach yourself to use it.

______ 9. What is one thing you must do after an accident has happened in the lab? SF8s4.1.3

a. Escape from the classroom.b. Tell your teacher immediately.c. Don't tell anyone.d. Perform first aid.

Name Class Date


a. neatness

b. clean up

c. safety symbols

d. following directions

e. proper safetyequipment

SF8s4.1.2

SF8s4.1.2

SF8s4.1.2


Holt Science and Technology 58 Science, Technology, and Society

Section: What Is Technology?Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. All of the technology we use in everyday life was developed TF8,1,1,2

a. in the United States. c. all over the world.b. in Asia. d. north of the equator.

______ 2. If technology is developed in one location, TF8,1,1,2

a. it is used only in that location.b. it cannot be used anywhere in the world.c. the science behind it will not be valid.d. it can eventually become available to people everywhere.

______ 3. What is technology? TF8,1,1,1

a. the application of science for practical purposesb. the use of time-tested methods c. the application of philosophy to solve problemsd. the use of dieting for weight loss

______ 4. Which of the following household items was developed using the sci-ence of electromagnetic waves? a. dishwasher TF8,1,1,1 c. microwave ovenb. toaster oven d. vacuum cleaner

______ 5. What are the oldest kinds of technology? TF8,1,1,3

a. computers c. machinesb. tools d. telephones


______ 6. used to make steel TF8,1,1,3

______ 7. designed to assist or replace people indoing a task TF8,1,1,3

______ 8. used to make something or solve aproblem TF8,1,1,2

______ 9. used for changing other objectsTF8,1,1,3

Name Class Date


a. machines

b. tools

c. carbon

d. technological processes



Name Class Date


Section: Technology and ScienceWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. What is an electronic device that can accept data and instructions, fol-low the instructions, and output results called? TF82,1,2

a. microwave oven c. modelb. computer d. wrench

______ 2. Which of the following is NOT a scientific use for computers? TF82,1,2

a. collecting, sorting, and analyzing datab. making calculations and measurementsc. preparing research reports and sharing ideasd. downloading music from the Internet

______ 3. What did the scientific study of light, energy, and atoms lead to? TF82,1,1

a. the invention of the laserb. the discovery of a new vaccinec. the invention of the microwave ovend. an understanding of how fiber optics work

______ 4. The invention of the laser is an example of TF82,1,1

a. how technology leads to new science.b. how science and technology are independent.c. how DVD players have improved with new technology.d. how science leads to new technology.


______ 5. a model you can touch TF82,1,3

______ 6. a model that compares familiar andunfamiliar things TF82,1,3

______ 7. a model that uses numbers or equations TF82,1,3

a. mathematical model

b. conceptual model

c. physical model



Section: Technology and SocietyWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. How have antibacterial products created problems for society? TF81,1,3

a. They have made super bacteria more common.b. They have helped people live healthy lives.c. They have caused pollution problems.d. They have contributed to global warming.

______ 2. Who determines what technology is needed? TF81,1,1

a. scientistsb. the governmentc. business ownersd. people and society

______ 3. How can people best make their technology needs known? TF81,1,1

a. by protesting b. by using existing technologyc. by writing to movie starsd. by spreading computer viruses

______ 4. How information should be gathered and used, and who will be helpedor harmed by technology, are examples of TF81,1,4

a. personal questions.b. economic questions.c. ethical questions.d. technical questions.

______ 5. Which of the following is an unethical use of computers? TF81,1,4

a. using computers to stop virusesb. using the Internet to chat with friendsc. using the Internet to copy papers and reportsd. using computers to play games


______ 6. helps doctors diagnose diseases

______ 7. helps people hear

______ 8. keeps people safe in their homes

Name Class Date


a. carbon monoxide detector

b. magnetic resonance imaging

c. cochlear implant

TF81,1,2

TF81,1,2

TF81,1,2



Section: Forensics: Technology at WorkWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. In forensic science, evidence is TF84,1,1

a. approved, improved, and stored.b. collected, viewed, and ignored.c. collected, identified, and interpreted.d. corrected, improved, and reinterpreted.

______ 2. What is used in forensic entomology? TF84,1,1

a. the study of criminal behavior c. the study of DNAb. the study of insects d. the study of fingerprints

______ 3. What is the Frye rule? TF84,1,3

a. It must be shown that forensic evidence gathering techniques areaccepted by the scientific community.

b. Forensic scientists must turn over any relevant evidence to thecourt.

c. Lawyers must determine whether evidence can be used in court.d. It must be shown that the judge will approve the use of evidence.

______ 4. What is the process of recording who had evidence and how it wasstored called? TF84,1,3

a. chain of command c. the Frye ruleb. invasion of privacy d. chain of custody

______ 5. What are three branches of forensic science? TF84,1,1

a. forensic software, forensic hardware, forensic systemsb. forensic botany, forensic taxonomy, forensic biologyc. forensic entomology, forensic chemistry, forensic medicined. forensic law, forensic economics, forensic psychology


______ 6. used by police to match crime scenefingerprints to suspects TF84,1,2

______ 7. produced using an artist’s sketch andcomputerized system TF84,1,2

______ 8. used to match biological evidence froma crime scene to a particular individualTF84,1,2

Name Class Date


a. DNA fingerprinting

b. AFIS

c. composite faces


Holt Science and Technology 48 Properties and States of Matter

Section: Properties of MatterWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Apple juice is an example of a(n) MF8s1.1.2

a. compound.b. heterogeneous mixture.c. homogeneous mixture.d. colloid.

______ 2. If two samples of a substance have exactly the same physical andchemical properties, the samples are probably MF8s1.1.5

a. mixtures. c. colloids.b. suspensions. d. pure substances.

______ 3. A physical property that is a measure of the amount of matter in anobject is MF8s1.1.3

a. mass. c. density.b. volume. d. weight.

______ 4. The ability of two substances to react and form a new substance suchas carbon dioxide is a(n) MF8s1.1.4

a. physical property. b. pure substance. c. chemical property.d. suspension.


______ 5. smallest unit of matter with unique properties

______ 6. substance composed of a single kind of atom

______ 7. matter that contains two or more pure substances MF8s1.1.2

______ 8. anything that has mass and takes up space

______ 9. substance made of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Name Class Date


a. matter

b. compound

c. atom

d. element

e. mixture

MF8S1.1.1

MF8S1.1.1

MF8S1.1.1

MF8S1.1.1



Section: Physical and Chemical ChangesWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. The production of heat when two substances are mixed might indicatethat MF8s2.1.2

a. a physical change is occurring.b. a chemical change is occurring.c. photosynthesis is occurring.d. matter is being destroyed.

______ 2. An example of a physical change is MF8s2.1.2

a. making metal.b. vinegar and baking soda mixing to form carbon dioxide.c. an organism aging.d. water freezing into ice.

______ 3. Chemical changes occur during MF8s2.1.2

a. the process of making sugar.b. a landslide.c. digestion.d. the separation of sulfur and sodium chloride.

______ 4. Which statement is correct? MF8s2.1.3

a. Neither physical nor chemical changes are reversible.b. Physical changes are not reversible.c. All chemical changes are reversible.d. Most chemical changes are not reversible.

______ 5. The chemical changes that occur when your body uses sugar MF8s2.1.1

a. obey the law of conservation of mass.b. cause new matter to be created.c. are an exception to the law of conservation of mass.d. are not affected by the law of conservation of mass.

______ 6. Extra substances produced in industry during chemical and physicalchanges are called MF8s2.1.2

a. mass.b. byproducts.c. chemical reactions.d. raw materials.

Name Class Date




Section: States of MatterMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. state of matter with a definite volume but nodefinite shape MF8s3.1.2

______ 2. state of matter that forms if enough energyis added to a gas MF8s3.1.2

______ 3. state of matter in which particles are fixedin a rigid structure MF8s3.1.2

______ 4. state of matter with no definite shape and nodefinite volume MF8s3.1.2


______ 5. The change of state from liquid to gas is called MF8s3.1.3

a. freezing.b. melting.c. condensationd. evaporation.

______ 6. Ninety-nine percent of the matter in the universe is MF8s3.1.4

a. solid.b. liquid.c. gas.d. plasma

______ 7. A way to increase the pressure of a gas in a container that cannotexpand is to MF8s3.1.3

a. decrease the temperature.b. take air out.c. increase the temperature.d. burst the container.

______ 8. Why are the particles in matter always moving? MF8s3.1.1

a. because they have energyb. because they are being pushed c. because of their massd. because of gravity

Name Class Date


a. plasma

b. solid

c. gas

d. liquid


Holt Science and Technology 28 Atoms

Section: Development of the Atomic TheoryWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still bethe same substance is called a(n)a. nucleus.b. electron.c. atom. d. neutron.

______ 2. What particle did J. J. Thomson discover?a. neutron b. electronc. atomd. proton

______ 3. How would you describe the nucleus?a. dense, positively charged b. large, positively chargedc. tiny, negatively chargedd. dense, negatively charged

______ 4. Where are electrons likely to be found?a. the nucleusb. electron clouds c. mixed throughout an atomd. paths, or energy levels

______ 5. Dalton believed that a. atoms of the same element are exactly alike. b. most substances are made of atoms.c. atoms of different elements are the same.d. atoms can be divided.

Name Class Date




Section: The AtomMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. particle of the nucleus with no electricalcharge

______ 2. negatively charged particle

______ 3. SI unit used for the masses of atomic particles

______ 4. subatomic particle that has a positive charge

______ 5. electrons in the highest energy level of an atom

______ 6. atom that has the same number of protonsas other atoms of the same element do butthat has a different number of neutrons

______ 7. a charged atom that forms when the num-bers of electrons and protons are not equal

______ 8. represents the number of protons in thenucleus of an atom

______ 9. the number of the protons and neutrons in an atom

Name Class Date


a. atomic number

b. proton

c. atomic mass unit(amu)

d. neutron

e. isotope

f. mass number

g. valence electrons

h. ion

i. electron


Holt Science and Technology 34 The Periodic Table

Section: Arranging the ElementsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Periodic means a. happening at regular intervals.b. happening very rarely.c. happening frequently.d. happening three or four times a year.

______ 2. Periodic law states that a. elements are either gases, solids, or liquids.b. mercury is a liquid at room temperature.c. properties of elements change periodically with the elements’

atomic numbers. d. some elements only stay in a liquid state for short periods.

______ 3. Each vertical column on the periodic table is called a(an) a. period.b. group. c. element.d. property.

______ 4. The elements to the right of the zigzag line on the period table arecalled a. nonmetals.b. metals.c. metalloids.d. conductors.

______ 5. Most metals area. solid at room temperature.b. bad conductors of electric current.c. dull.d. not malleable.

Name Class Date




Section: Grouping the ElementsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letterin the space provided.

______ 1. metals that are so reactive that in naturethey are found only combined with otherelements

______ 2. metals that have two outer-level electrons

______ 3. shiny, reactive metals, some of which areused to make steel

______ 4. elements whose atoms are radioactive

______ 5. very reactive nonmetals

______ 6. unreactive nonmetals that do not react withother elements under normal conditions

______ 7. metals in Groups 3–12 that do not giveaway their electrons as easily as atoms ofGroups 1 and 2

______ 8. the most common element in Group 13

______ 9. nonmetal that forms a wide variety of compounds, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

______10. an element that is necessary for substancesto burn

Name Class Date


a. aluminum

b. transition metals

c. lanthanides

d. oxygen

e. actinides

f. carbon

g. halogens

h. alkali metals

i. alkaline-earth metals

j. noble gases


Holt Science and Technology 40 Chemical Bonding

Section: Electrons and Chemical BondingWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. What can group numbers on the periodic table help you determine?a. the number of valence electronsb. the number of electronsc. the number of protonsd. the number of neutrons

______ 2. What do atoms gain, lose, or share when they bond?a. protonsb. neutronsc. electronsd. atoms

______ 3. How many valence electrons does helium need to have a filled outermost energy level?a. 1b. 2c. 4d. 8


______ 4. the number of protons in an atom

______ 5. an interaction that holds two atoms together

______ 6. an electron in the outermost energy level ofan atom

______ 7. elements that have 8 valence electrons andnormally do not form chemical bonds

Name Class Date


a. noble gases

b. valence electron

c. atomic number

d. chemical bond



Section: Ionic BondsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. What is a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from oneatom to another?a. ionic bond c. electron bondb. crystal bond d. atom bond

______ 2. What are the charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons?a. bonds c. atomsb. ions d. valence electrons

______ 3. What does a sodium atom become when it loses its only valence electron?a. sodium compoundb. ionic compoundc. sodium atomd. sodium ion

______ 4. What is the charge of an aluminum ion that has 13 protons and 10 electrons?a. 1+b. 2+c. 3+d. 3–

______ 5. If the ending -ide is added to the name of an ion, what do we knowabout the ion?a. The ion has a positive charge.b. The ion has a negative charge.c. The ion has a neutral charge.d. The atom lost electrons.

______ 6. What is the name of the three-dimensional pattern that forms whenions bond?a. crystal latticeb. chemical compoundc. ionic bondd. ionic lattice

Name Class Date




Section: Covalent and Metallic BondsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Most molecules are composed of what?a. one or more elementsb. two or more elementsc. three or more elementsd. four or more elements

______ 2. Why can metals bend without breaking?a. Metals contain positively charged ions.b. Metals contain constantly moving electrons.c. Metals contain ionic bonds.d. Metals contain moving ions.

Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided

______ 3. bond that forms when atoms share one ormore pairs of electrons

______ 4. smallest unit of a substance that still keepsthe properties of the substance

______ 5. model used to show the valence electronsof an atom

______ 6. molecules made of two atoms of the sameelement

______ 7. bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them

______ 8. ability of metal to be hammered into sheets

Name Class Date


a. metallic bond

b. electron-dot diagram

c. diatomic molecule

d. covalent bond

e. molecule

f. malleability


Holt Science and Technology 44 Chemical Reactions

Section: Forming New SubstancesWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Which of the following statements describes a chemical change?a. A gas is given off when a liquid boils.b. A solid forms when a liquid freezes.c. A new substance is formed with different properties.d. A solid dissolves in a liquid.

______ 2. Which of the following is NOT a sign of a chemical reaction?a. gas formationb. solid formationc. energy changed. state change

______ 3. What occurs when water freezes?a. a physical changeb. a chemical reactionc. a chemical bondd. a diatomic molecule

______ 4. What is the force that holds atoms together called?a. a chemical solutionb. a chemical mixturec. a chemical reactiond. a chemical bond

______ 5. What causes chemical bonds in molecules to break?a. when molecules bump into each other with enough energyb. when different substances are combined in a solutionc. when the temperature of a solution is loweredd. when a solid dissolves in a liquid

______ 6. How do substances form during a chemical reaction?a. One or more substances are combined.b. Chemical bonds in molecules add atoms to make more molecules.c. A solid substance is formed in a solution.d. Chemical bonds break, atoms rearrange, and new chemical bonds

form.

Name Class Date




Section: Chemical Formulas and EquationsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. A calcium carbonate molecule has 1 calcium (Ca) atom, 3 oxygen (O)atoms, and 1 carbon (C) atom. Which of the following shows thechemical formula for calcium carbonate?a. 3CaCO c. CaCO

3b. Ca2CO2 d. CaC2O3

______ 2. The symbol for iron is Fe. The chemical symbol for oxygen is O. Theformula for iron oxide, a type of rust, is Fe2O3. How many iron atomsare in one molecule of iron oxide?a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4

______ 3. What is the charge of an ionic compound?a. zero c. 1b. 1 d. 2

______ 4. Which is the product in this chemical formula? N O2 NO2

a. N c. O2

b. O d. NO2

______ 5. Which of these uses coefficients correctly to balance this equation?N2 H2 NH3

a. N2 3H2 2NH3 c. N2 H2 NH3

b. 2N2 2H2 4NH3 d. 3N2 4H2 6NH3

______ 6. Which of the following states the law of conservation of mass?a. Atoms are rearranged in a chemical reaction, and some join new

molecules.b. Two compounds combine to form a new compound with different

properties.c. Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.d. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

______ 7. Nitrogen dioxide is a covalent compound. How many oxygen atomsare in a nitrogen dioxide molecule?a. 3 c. 1b. 2 d. 0

______ 8. How many oxygen atoms are present in the reactant in this chemicalequation? 4Fe 3O2 2Fe2O3

a. 2 c. 4b. 3 d. 6

Name Class Date




Section: Types of Chemical ReactionsMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. two or more substances combine to formone new compound

______ 2. one compound breaks down to form two ormore substances

______ 3. ions from two compounds exchange places

______ 4. one element replaces another element in a compound


______ 5. Chemical reactions are a. completely different.b. exactly the same.c. classified by the ways they are alike.d. classified by the ways they are different.

______ 6. In a single-displacement reaction, a. a more reactive element can replace a less reactive element.b. only metals and nonmetals can react.c. a less reactive element can replace a more reactive element.d. most often nonmetals are involved.

______ 7. An ion is a. a chemical reaction that produces gas and a precipitate.b. a chemical reaction that involves nonmetals.c. a nonmetal compound with too many electrons.d. an atom that gains or loses electrons during a chemical reaction.

Name Class Date


a. synthesis reaction

b. decompositionreaction

c. single-displacementreaction

d. double-displacementreaction



Section: Energy and Rates of Chemical ReactionsMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. needed to break chemical bonds in reactants

______ 2. the smallest amount of energy needed tostart a chemical reaction

______ 3. the speed at which new particles form in a chemical reaction

______ 4. something that slows a chemical reaction

______ 5. something that speeds up a chemicalreaction


______ 6. Which states the law of conservation of energy? a. In a chemical reaction, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but

can change in form.b. Energy is needed to break chemical bonds.c. Light energy is released by some exothermic reactions.d. An exothermic reaction releases energy.

______ 7. Which of the following will NOT increase the rate of a chemicalreaction?a. adding a catalystb. increasing the surface area of a solid reactantc. increasing the concentration of reactantsd. adding an inhibitor

______ 8. Which chemical formula shows an endothermic reaction?a. 4H O2 2H2Ob. 2Na Cl2 2NaCl energy

c. 2H2O energy 2H2 O2

d. C O2 CO2 energy

Name Class Date


a. activation energy

b. catalyst

c. energy

d. inhibitor

e. rate of reaction


Holt Science and Technology 52 Chemical Compounds

Section: Ionic and Covalent CompoundsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. the force of attraction that holds atoms orions together

______ 2. compound made of oppositely charged ions

______ 3. located in the outermost energy level of anatom; their behavior determines what kindof compound is formed

______ 4. a chemical compound formed by the sharing of electrons


______ 5. If it is brittle, dissolves easily in water, has a high melting point, andconducts electric current it is a(n)a. valence electron. c. covalent compound.b. ionic compound. d. sugar.

______ 6. Which compound has the weaker chemical bond?a. ionic c. metallicb. covalent d. electric

______ 7. When a metal reacts with a nonmetal it makesa. an ionic compound. c. a low melting point.b. a covalent compound. d. water molecules.

______ 8. Most covalent compoundsa. dissolve in water. c. mix with water.b. don’t dissolve in water. d. are positively charged in water.

______ 9. Sugar is a covalent compound that dissolves in water but does notform ions, so ita. conducts electric current.b. does not conduct electric current.c. is negatively charged.d. is not a compound.

______10. Covalent compounds havea. high melting points. c. no melting point.b. low melting points. d. strong bonds.

Name Class Date


a. covalent compound

b. chemical bond

c. ionic compound

d. valence electrons



Section: Acids and BasesMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water

______ 2. a compound that can reversibly changecolor depending on conditions such as pH

______ 3. any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water


______ 4. What substances can acids react with to produce hydrogen gas?a. water c. metalsb. sugars d. poisons

______ 5. Acids conduct electric current by forminga. hydrochloric acids. c. hydronium ions.b. hydrogen gases. d. hydroxide ions.

______ 6. Acids have aa. sour taste. c. slippery feel.b. bitter taste. d. soapy feel.

______ 7. Bases have aa. sour taste. c. slippery feel.b. sweet taste. d. mild taste.

______ 8. When a base is added to red litmus paper, the indicator turnsa. blue. c. purple.b. red. d. orange.

______ 9. If a cleaning product includes ammonia as an ingredient, it probably is made from a(n)a. acid. c. indicator.b. base. d. powder.

Name Class Date


a. indicator

b. base

c. acid



Section: Solutions of Acids and BasesMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a value used to express the acidity oralkalinity (basicity) of a system

______ 2. an ionic compound that forms from the positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid when they combine

______ 3. the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and a salt

______ 4. measured by pH


______ 5. When all the molecules of an acid break apart in water, the solution iscalled aa. weak acid. c. weak base.b. strong acid. d. strong base.

______ 6. Citric acid is a weak acid, so only a few molecules would break apartwhena. it comes in contact with air. c. it neutralizes.b. it dissolves in water. d. it is forming.

______ 7. When acids and bases come in contact with each other, theya. explode. c. make hydroxide.b. become bitter. d. neutralize each other.

______ 8. One way to test pH is to use a strip of paper that has severala. hydronium ions. c. acids.b. bases. d. indicators.

______ 9. A neutral solution has a pH ofa. 7. c. 3.b. 11. d. 1.

______10. Sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and calcium sulfate are all a. sugars.b. hydroniums.c. indicators.d. salts.

Name Class Date


a. neutralizationreaction

b. hydronium ionconcentration

c. pH

d. salt



Section: Organic CompoundsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a covalently bonded compound that hascarbon-based molecules

______ 2. an organic compound composed only ofcarbon and hydrogen

______ 3. a class of energy-giving nutrients thatincludes sugars, starches, and fiber

______ 4. a type of biochemical that does not dissolvein water, includes fats and steroids

______ 5. an organic compound that is made of one ormore chains of amino acids and is in all cells

______ 6. an organic compound, either RNA or DNA,whose molecules are made up of one or twochains of nucleotides


______ 7. How many atoms can a carbon atom make bonds with?a. one c. threeb. two d. four

______ 8. Which hydrocarbon contains only single bonds between carbonatoms?a. saturated c. aromaticb. unsaturated d. inorganic

______ 9. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are alla. hydrocarbons c. fatsb. biochemicals d. plants

______10. What are aromatic hydrocarbons based on?a. water c. benzeneb. alkenes d. lipids

Name Class Date


a. nucleic acid

b. protein

c. carbohydrate

d. organic compound

e. hydrocarbon

f. lipid


Holt Science and Technology 53 Forces and Motion

Section: MotionMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. an object that appears to stay in one place

______ 2. change in position relative to a referencepoint MOFs1.1.1

______ 3. distance traveled divided by the time inter-val during which the motion occurred

______ 4. how fast an object is moving and which wayit is going MOFs1.1.1

______ 5. the change in velocity over time MOFs1.1.1


______ 6. The combination of all forces acting on an object is called MOFs1.1.2

a. opposition force.b. gravitational force.c. directional force.d. net force.

______ 7. The forces on an object are balanced if the net force on an object a. is not equal to zero. MOFs1.1.2 c. increases.b. is equal to zero. d. decreases.

______ 8. A contact force that opposes motion between two surfaces that aretouching is called MOFs1.1.3

a. static force. c. friction.b. kinetic force. d. gravity.

______ 9. Friction between moving surfaces is called MOFs1.1.3

a. static friction.b. kinetic friction.c. balanced friction.d. unbalanced friction.

______10. The net force of two forces of the same size, moving in opposite directions MOFs1.1.2

a. is zero. c. will decrease.b. will increase. d. will remain the same.

Name Class Date


a. acceleration

b. motion

c. reference point

d. speed

e. velocity

MOFs1.1.1

MOFs1.1.1



Section: Gravity: A Force of AttractionWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Gravity is a universal force because MOFs2.1.1

a. all mass has matter and gravity is a result of matter.b. all matter has mass and gravity is a result of mass.c. all matter has gravity and mass is a result of gravity.d. all mass has gravity and matter is a result of gravity.

______ 2. A measure of the amount of matter in an object is its MOFs2.1.2

a. gravity. c. mass.b. weight. d. newton.

______ 3. A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object is the a. net force.MOFs2.1.2 c. kilogram.b. weight. d. mass.

______ 4. The mass of most objects around you does not cause a force largeenough to move objects toward each other because MOFs2.1.1

a. the mass of most objects is too large.b. the mass of most objects is too small.c. most objects do not have gravitational force.d. only Earth has gravitational force.

______ 5. The rate at which velocity changes over time is MOFs2.1.3

a. final velocity. c. gravitational velocity.b. acceleration. d. projectile motion.

______ 6. Everything on Earth is pulled downward toward the center by MOFs2.1.4

a. acceleration. c. velocity.b. net force. d. gravity.


______ 7. the curved path an object follows when it is thrown MOFs2.1.4

______ 8. motion parallel to the ground MOFs2.1.4

______ 9. the force that opposes the motion of objectsthrough air MOFs2.1.3

______10. the constant velocity of a falling object

Name Class Date


a. terminal velocity

b. projectile motion

c. air resistance

d. horizontal motion

MOFs2.1.3



Section: Newton’s Laws of MotionMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. The tendency of all objects to resist anychange in motion. MOFs3

______ 2. An object at rest remains at rest, and anobject in motion remains in motion atconstant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

______ 3. All forces act in pairs. MOFs3

______ 4. The acceleration of an object depends on itsmass and the force acting on it. MOFs3


______ 5. Which is true about the reaction force of a chair you are sitting on?a. The force is greater than your weight. MOFs3

b. The force is equal to your weight.c. The force is determined by many factors.d. The force varies.

______ 6. Which of the following is the equation for Newton’s second law ofmotion? MOFs3

a. F m a

b. m F a

c. a m F

d. F m a

______ 7. Which is a common unbalanced force acting on objects in motion? a. inertia MOFs3

b. accelerationc. frictiond. speed

Name Class Date


a. Newton’s first lawof motion

b. Newton’s secondlaw of motion

c. Newton’s third lawof motion

d. inertia

MOFs3



Section: MomentumWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. When a car increases its velocity, its momentum MOFs4

a. decreases.b. remains unchanged.c. increases.d. is transferred to it surroundings.

______ 2. If a car with a mass of 1,400 kg moves with a constant velocity of 18.0 m/s north,what is the car’s momentum? MOFs4

a. 77.8 N north c. 77.8 kg•m/s northb. 25,200 N north d. 25,200 kg•m/s north

______ 3. When a bowling ball collides with a bowling pin, MOFs4

a. the momentum of both the pin and the ball increases.b. momentum transfers from the ball to the pin.c. the momentum of both the pin and the ball decreases.d. the momentum of the pin and the ball does not change.

______ 4. If a moving object collides with an object at rest and the two objectsstick together, their combined momentum will be MOFs4

a. double the original momentum of the moving object.b. equal to the original momentum of the moving object.c. less than the original momentum of the moving object.d. more than the original momentum of the moving object.

______ 5. The law of conservation of momentum states that when two objectscollide, their combined momentum MOFs4

a. increases after the collision.b. remains the same after the collision.c. decreases after the collision.d. cannot be determined after the collision.

______ 6. If an action force is a cue ball hitting a billiard ball, then the reactionforce is MOFs4

a. exerted on the table.b. exerted on all the other billiard balls.c. not present.d. exerted by the billiard ball on the cue ball.

Name Class Date



Holt Science and Technology 38 The Energy of Waves

Section: The Nature of WavesMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a substance through which a wave can travel

______ 2. any disturbance that transmits energythrough matter or empty space

______ 3. the lowest point between each crest of a wave

______ 4. repetitive, back-and-forth motion of anobject

______ 5. the highest point of a transverse wave

______ 6. the transfer of energy as electromagneticwaves

______ 7. a wave in which the particles of themedium vibrate in an up-and-downmotion


______ 8. Waves transfer a. energy and matter.b. energy only.c. matter only.d. neither energy nor matter.

______ 9. Which of the following types of waves requires a medium?a. visible light b. X-rays c. microwavesd. sound waves

Name Class Date


a. transverse wave

b. trough

c. medium

d. vibration

e. wave

f. crest

g. radiation



Section: Properties of WavesMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. the number of waves produced in a givenamount of time

______ 2. the maximum distance that the particles of a wave’s medium vibrate from their rest position

______ 3. the distance from any point on a wave to anidentical point on the next wave

______ 4. the speed at which a wave travels


______ 5. If a wave is traveling at a certain speed and its frequency is doubled,what happens to the wavelength of that wave?a. It doubles.b. It is halved.c. It is stopped.d. It remains the same.

Name Class Date


a. wave speed

b. frequency

c. amplitude

d. wavelength



Section: Wave InteractionsMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. the crests of one wave overlap thecrests of another wave or waves

______ 2. the combination of two or more wavesthat results in a single wave

______ 3. a phenomenon that occurs when twoobjects naturally vibrate at the samefrequency

______ 4. a change in the direction of a wavewhen the wave finds an obstacle or anedge, such as an opening

______ 5. the bending of a wave as the wavepasses between two substances inwhich the speed of the wave differs

______ 6. a pattern of vibration that simulates awave that is standing still

______ 7. the crests of one wave overlap thetroughs of another wave

______ 8. the bouncing back of a ray of light,sound, or heat when the ray hits a surface that it does not go through

______ 9. a system that consists of two or moreplane surfaces of a transparent solid atan angle with each other

Name Class Date


a. reflection

b. interference

c. resonance

d. diffraction

e. refraction

f. standing wave

g. destructive interference

h. constructive interference

i. prism


Holt Science and Technology 61 Heat and Heat Technology

Section: TemperatureWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. The temperature of a substance increases asa. the substance expands.b. the average kinetic energy of its particles increases.c. the substance’s volume increases.d. the substance’s mass increases.

______ 2. Water boils at 212°F, which is equivalent toa. 273 K. c. 100°C.b. 0°C. d. 37°C.

______ 3. The temperature of the human body is typically at 98.6°F, which isequivalent toa. 273 K. c. 100°C.b. 310 K. d. 20°C.

______ 4. Which of the following is NOT an example of thermal expansion?a. air made less dense by heating in a hot-air balloonb. pavement on a bridge in hot weatherc. a bimetallic strip curling as temperature increasesd. wood warping when soaked in water

______ 5. The amount of a substance does NOT affecta. the temperature of the substance.b. the volume of the substance.c. the mass of the substance.d. the number of particles that make up the substance.

Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in thespace provided.

______ 6. an increase in the size of a substance inresponse to an increase in the substance’stemperature

______ 7. a measure of the average kinetic energy ofthe particles in an object

______ 8. the temperature at which molecular energyis at a minimum

Name Class Date


a. temperature

b. absolute zero

c. thermal expansion



Section: What Is Heat?Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. the transfer of energy as heat through a substance by direct contact

______ 2. the total kinetic energy of a substance’s particles

______ 3. the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C

______ 4. the transfer of energy as electromagneticwaves

______ 5. the energy transferred from an object at ahigher temperature to an object at a lowertemperature

______ 6. a material that reduces or prevents thetransfer of energy by heat

______ 7. the transfer of energy by the circulation of aliquid or gas

______ 8. a material through which energy can betransferred by heat


______ 9. The hot air that you see rising from the pavement on a hot summerday is an example ofa. thermal conduction. c. convection.b. thermal insulation. d. radiation.

______10. What three pieces of information about a substance are needed to calculate heat?a. specific heat, mass, and change in temperatureb. specific heat, mass and temperaturec. temperature Celsius, temperature Kelvin, and temperature

Fahrenheitd. specific heat, weight, and temperature

Name Class Date


a. thermal conductor

b. thermal insulator

c. specific heat

d. heat

e. conduction

f. convection

g. radiation

h. thermal energy



Section: Matter and HeatWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. During physical and chemical changes, some energy is usually lost asa. water.b. chemicals.c. heat.d. work.

______ 2. Thermal energy added to a substance during a change of state causesthe substance’s temperature toa. decrease. c. increase.b. remain unchanged. d. vary unpredictably.

______ 3. When you add heat to a combination of substances, breaking bondsand forming a new substance, the process is called aa. change of state. c. physical change.b. change of mass. d. chemical change.

______ 4. Energy that is lost during an energy transfer usuallya. increases disorder in the system.b. increases order in the system.c. reorganizes the system.d. increases energy in the system.

______ 5. The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1ºC is a(n)a. Calorie. HTF3.1.2 c. kilogram.b. calorie. d. millicalorie.

Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in thespace provided.

______ 6. Particles move fast enough to overcomesome of the attraction between them, and socan slide past one another.

______ 7. Particles move fast enough to overcomemost of the attraction between them, and somove independently of one another.

______ 8. Particles do not overcome the attractionbetween them, and so vibrate in place.

Name Class Date


a. solid

b. liquid

c. gas



Section: Heat TechnologyWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. How are a hot-water heating system and an active solar-heating systemsimilar?a. Thermal energy is conducted through pipes in both systems.b. Sunlight is used for heating in both systems.c. Water is heated and circulated through a system of pipes.d. Hot air circulates through vents in the floor.

______ 2. Decomposition of organisms which died millions of years ago hasprovideda. all fuels used for home heating.b. a constant supply of clean energy.c. renewable fossil fuels.d. nonrenewable fossil fuels.

______ 3. In all heat engines, fuel is used to providea. steam. c. thermal energy for heating.b. thermal energy for cooling. d. thermal energy to do work.

______ 4. Insulation is needed to preventa. the collapse of ceilings in homes.b. the unwanted transfer of thermal energy into or out of a building.c. the loss of thermal energy inside a building in summer.d. the gain of thermal energy inside a building in winter.

______ 5. The inside of a refrigerator is kept cool bya. ice melting inside the refrigerator.b. the evaporation of refrigerant, which absorbs thermal energy.c. the passage of hot refrigerant through condenser coils.d. the flow of cool air into the refrigerator from outside.

______ 6. Which of the following is NOT part of the problem with thermal pollution?a. Not all of the heated water can be used to do work.b. Heated water is dumped in nearby rivers or streams.c. Higher temperatures of rivers can harm animals who live in them.d. Cooling the water before dumping it reduces thermal pollution.

______ 7. A heat engine that burns fuel inside the engine is called a(n)a. fuel-cell engine.b. external combustion engine.c. internal combustion engine.d. turbine engine.

Name Class Date



Holt Science and Technology 58 Magnetism and Electricity

Section: Magnets and MagnetismWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Any material that attracts iron or things made of iron is a(n) MEF1.1.1

a. aurora. c. magnet.b. pole. d. force.

______ 2. Points of a magnet that have opposite magnetic qualities are its MEF1.1.1

a. magnetic fields. c. magnetic poles.b. magnetic forces. d. geographic poles.

______ 3. Magnets are pulled apart or pushed together even if they aren’t touch-ing because they exert MEF1.1.2

a. magnetic poles. c. magnetic north.b. magnetic fields. d. magnetic force.

______ 4. Where is the magnetic force on an object the strongest? MEF1.1.2

a. on the magnetic field lines c. at the magnetic polesb. at the geographic poles d. wherever it touches a magnet

______ 5. Since the magnetic fields of the atoms of most objects cancel eachother out, MEF1.1.3

a. the objects are magnetic.b. the objects are not magnetic.c. the objects lose magnetism.d. the objects gain magnetism.

______ 6. What happens if a magnet’s domains don’t stay aligned? MEF1.1.3

a. The magnet becomes magnetized.b. The magnet becomes demagnetized.c. The magnet’s magnetic poles change.d. The magnet becomes hotter.


______ 7. a magnet made with metals that have strongmagnetic properties MEF1.1.4

______ 8. the direction a compass needle points

______ 9. colored lights visible when Earth’s magneticfield bends inward at the magnetic poles

______10. magnet made from materials that are easy tomagnetize, but which loses magnetization easily

Name Class Date


a. aurora

b. ferromagnet

c. temporary magnet

d. magnetic southMEF1.1.5

MEF1.1.5

MEF1.1.4



Section: Electric Charge and Static ElectricityWrite the correct letter in the space provided.

______ 1. How do protons and electrons differ from neutrons? MEF2.1.1

a. Protons and electrons are charged.b. Protons and electrons are not charged.c. Protons and electrons cannot transfer charges.d. Protons and electrons are outside the nucleus.

______ 2. The law that states that like charges repel and opposite charges attractis the MEF2.1.1

a. law of electric forces. c. law of electric discharges.b. law of electric charges. d. law of electric fields.

______ 3. The smaller the distance between charged objects MEF2.1.2

a. the smaller the electric force.b. the greater the electric force.c. the greater the electric charge.d. the smaller the electric charge.

______ 4. Why are protons and electrons attracted to each other? MEF2.1.1

a. They have the same charge. c. Protons have no charge.b. They have opposite charges. d. Electrons have no charge.

______ 5. Electrons are gained or lost when they are “wiped” from one object toanother during MEF2.1.3

a. friction. c. induction.b. conduction. d. transduction.

______ 6. Electrons are gained or lost by direct contact during MEF2.1.3

a. friction. c. induction.b. conduction. d. transduction.


______ 7. a material in which charges can move easily

______ 8. a material in which charges cannot moveeasily MEF2.1.4

______ 9. electric charge at rest on an object MEF2.1.5

______10. the release of stored up electricity MEF2.1.5

Name Class Date


a. electric discharge

b. electrical conductor

c. electrical insulator

d. static electricity

MEF2.1.4



Section: Electric Current and Electrical EnergyWrite the correct letter in the space provided.

______ 1. The rate at which charges pass a given point is called MEF3.1.1

a. amperage. c. electric current.b. resistance. d. voltage.

______ 2. A measure of how much work is needed to move a charge from onepoint to another is MEF3.1.2


______ 3. If the resistance of a material is high, MEF3.1.3

a. current is high. c. the voltage is high.b. current is low. d. the voltage is low.

______ 4. Charges continually change direction in MEF3.1.1

a. direct current. c. superconductors.b. alternating current. d. thermocouples.

______ 5. Opposition to the flow of electric charge is called MEF3.1.3


______ 6. Which statement describes the relationship between voltage and current? MEF3.1.2

a. The greater the voltage the smaller the current.b. The smaller the voltage the smaller the current.c. The greater the voltage the greater the current.d. The smaller the voltage the greater the current.


______ 7. a device that converts thermal energy intoelectrical energy MEF3.1.5

______ 8. a device that converts radiant or chemicalenergy into electrical energy MEF3.1.4

______ 9. a device that converts light energy into elec-trical energy MEF3.1.5

______10. the closed path in which electric currentexists MEF3.1.4

Name Class Date


a. cell

b. photocell

c. circuit

d. thermocouple


Holt Science and Technology 34 Atomic Energy

Section: RadioactivityWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Which of the following is a symptom of radiation sickness?a. X-ray vision c. increased appetiteb. hair loss d. increased energy

______ 2. Which is the most penetrating form of nuclear radiation?a. gamma rays c. alpha particlesb. X rays d. beta particles

______ 3. After three half-lives, how much of the original sample of a radioactiveisotope remains unchanged?a. one-half c. one-eighthb. one-fourth d. one-sixteenth

______ 4. Which of the following is used to help diagnose medical problems?a. sterilizers c. alpha particlesb. Geiger counter d. tracers


______ 5. process by which an unstable nucleus gives off nuclear radiation

______ 6. this particle can be an electron or a positron

______ 7. an atom that has the same number of pro-tons as other atoms of the same element do,but that has a different number of neutrons

______ 8. particle made up of two protons andtwo neutrons

______ 9. sum of the numbers of protons and neutronsin the nucleus of an atom

Name Class Date


a. mass number

b. alpha particle

c. beta particle

d. isotope

e. radioactivity



Section: Energy from the NucleusWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Which of the following is a disadvantage of nuclear fusion?a. Nuclear fusion is accident prone.b. Nuclear fusion requires more energy than it produces.c. Nuclear fusion produces too much nuclear waste.d. Nuclear fusion has a limited amount of fuel.

______ 2. How long has nuclear fission been used to generate electricity?a. about 5 yearsb. about 10 yearsc. about 25 yearsd. about 50 years

______ 3. What is the fuel used in nuclear power plants?a. uranium-235b. plutonium-244c. hydrogen-1d. helium-4

______ 4. In a fission reaction, why is the total mass of the products less thanthe total mass of the reactants?a. Some matter is created.b. Some matter disappears.c. Some matter is converted into energy.d. Some matter is destroyed


______ 5. a continuous series of nuclear fissionreactions

______ 6. the combination of the nuclei of small atomsto form a larger nucleus, releasing energy inthe process

______ 7. the splitting of a large nucleus into two ormore smaller nuclei, releasing energy andneutrons in the process

______ 8. the state of matter in which electrons havebeen removed from atoms

Name Class Date


a. nuclear fission

b. nuclear fusion

c. plasma

d. nuclear chainreaction


Holt Science and Technology 68 Earth’s Systems and Cycles

Section: The GeosphereWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. At what rate do tectonic plates move along Earth’s surface? SYF1,1,3

a. a few millimeters or centimeters per dayb. a few millimeters or centimeters per yearc. a few centimeters or kilometers per yeard. a few meters or kilometers per year

______ 2. What causes earthquakes? SYF1,1,4

a. The movement of tectonic plates releases vibrations that travelthrough the ground.

b. The Gulf Stream transports warm, equatorial water northward.c. Excessive winds cause vibrations that shake the ground.d. Solar energy is reflected by the atmosphere.

______ 3. The process of erosion occurs when SYF1,1,5

a. water, ice, and wind create rock from soil and sediment.b. tectonic plates move against each other, causing earthquakes.c. volcanic activity occurs at areas weakened by plate movement.d. water, ice, wind, or gravity move soil and sediment from one

location to another.

______ 4. What is the compositional layer of Earth that is above the mantle called?a. core SYF1,1,2 c. hydrosphereb. atmosphere d. crust

______ 5. What is Earth’s crust mostly composed of? SYF1,1,2

a. calcium, potassium, and magnesiumb. silicon, oxygen, and magnesiumc. silicon, oxygen, and aluminumd. iron and nickel


______ 6. the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth SYF1,1,1

______ 7. the part of Earth where life exists SYF1,1,1

______ 8. the portion of Earth that is water SYF1,1,1

______ 9. a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon SYF1,1,1

Name Class Date


a. atmosphere

b. biosphere

c. geosphere

d. hydrosphere



Section: The AtmosphereWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. What is the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves called? a. reflection SYF2,1,2 c. radiationb. convection d. conduction

______ 2. What is the most common gas in Earth’s atmosphere? SYF2,1,1

a. nitrogenb. oxygenc. carbon dioxided. water vapor

______ 3. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere SYF2,1,3

a. absorb carbon dioxide and radiate thermal energy.b. absorb infrared energy and retain it as thermal energy.c. radiate carbon dioxide and retain it as thermal energy.d. reflect solar energy and cool Earth’s surface.

______ 4. The stratospheric ozone layer is important because SYF2,1,4

a. it causes warm air to rise and cool air to sink.b. it absorbs harmful X-ray and gamma-ray radiation from space.c. it causes a drop in temperature and atmospheric pressure.d. it protects people from harmful UV radiation.

______ 5. The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement ofgases or liquids is called what? SYF2,1,2

a. reflection c. radiationb. convection d. conduction


______ 6. the atmospheric layer to which water vaporand weather are restricted SYF2,1,1

______ 7. the coldest atmospheric layer SYF2,1,1

______ 8. the farthest atmospheric layer from Earth’ssurface SYF2,1,1

______ 9. the atmospheric layer that contains theozone layer SYF2,1,1

Name Class Date


a. thermosphere

b. troposphere

c. mesosphere

d. stratosphere



Section: The Hydrosphere and BiosphereWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. About 22% of Earth’s fresh water is SYF3,1,3

a. contained in polar ice caps and glaciers.b. stored as groundwater in aquifers.c. contained in rivers and lakes.d. found in wetlands.

______ 2. How do surface ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, affect globaltemperatures? SYF3,1,2

a. They move thermal energy from the equator to the midlatitudes.b. They move thermal energy from the poles to the equator.c. They move thermal energy from east to west along the equator.d. They move thermal energy from the midlatitudes to the equator.

______ 3. What is the global pattern of ocean currents called? SYF3,1,1

a. hydrosphere c. ocean conveyor beltb. Gulf Stream d. biosphere

______ 4. How does decomposition cycle energy in the biosphere? SYF3,1,5

a. Bacteria and insects eat living plant and animal matter.b. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane are absorbed by the atmosphere.c. Carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen are released and used by plants

for life functions. d. Carbon dioxide is released into the environment in a form plants

can use.

______ 5. Why is most life on Earth dependent on energy from the sun? SYF3,1,4

a. Most organisms need sunlight to see.b. Decomposers need sunlight to consume dead organisms.c. Surface currents are driven by sunlight.d. Many organisms need sunlight to produce food.


______ 6. movement of water caused by wind SYF3,1,1

______ 7. body of rock that stores and allows the flowof groundwater SYF3,1,3

______ 8. movement of water not controlled by wind

Name Class Date


a. aquifer

b. surface current

c. deep currentSYF3,1,1



Section: The Cycling of MatterWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and decomposition occurduring the SYF4,1,3

a. water cycle. c. nitrogen cycle.b. rock cycle. d. carbon cycle.

______ 2. When organisms die, what do decomposers release into the soil thatcan be used by plants? SYF4,1,4

a. nitrogenb. methanec. carbon dioxided. water vapor

______ 3. Surface water that moves over land and fills lakes, streams, and riversis called SYF4,1,2

a. sleet. c. water vapor.b. runoff. d. seepage.

______ 4. The downward movement of water through spaces in rock or soil iscalled SYF4,1,2

a. percolation. c. respiration.b. evaporation. d. condensation.


______ 5. water droplets fall to Earth as a result ofgravity SYF4,1,2

______ 6. water changes from a gas to liquid SYF4,1,2

______ 7. liquid water changes to a gas SYF4,1,2

______ 8. water vapor is released through pores onplant leaves SYF4,1,2

Name Class Date


a. transpiration

b. condensation

c. precipitation

d. evaporation


Holt Science and Technology 37 Environmental Problems and Solutions

Section: Environmental ProblemsMatch the correct definition with the correct terms. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a natural resource that can be replaced atthe same rate at which it is consumed EPF1.1.2

______ 2. an unwanted change in the environment thatis caused by substances or forms of energy

______ 3. too many organisms in one area for theresources available EPF1.1.4

______ 4. a natural resource that forms at a rateslower than the rate at which it is consumed

______ 5. the number and variety of organisms in anarea at one time EPF1.1.5

______ 6. nonrenewable energy resources that formed from the remains of ancient plantsand animals EPF1.1.2


______ 7. What disease might chemicals cause many years after a person isexposed to them? EPF1.1.6

a. mumpsb. cancerc. coldsd. measles

______ 8. An organism that makes a home for itself in a new place, is called a(n)a. endangered species. EPF1.1.3 c. strange species.b. new species. d. exotic species.

______ 9. Advances in medicine and in farming have increaseda. human population growth.EPF1.1.4 c. renewable resources.b. biodiversity. d. exotic species.

______10. An example of habitat destruction is EPF1.1.5

a. planting trees.b. cleaning up oil spills.c. clearing a tropical rain forestd. preventing nonpoint-source pollution

Name Class Date


a. biodiversity

b. overpopulation

c. nonrenewableresource

d. renewable resource

e. fossil fuels

f. pollution

EPF1.1.1

EPF1.1.2



Section: Environmental SolutionsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Because conservation means using fewer natural resources and reduc-ing wastes, it helps EPF2.1.1

a. slow overpopulation and grow food.b. prevent habitat destruction and reduce pollution.c. prevent biodiversity and destroy species.d. stop exotic species and create habitats.

______ 2. Three ways to conserve resources include reducing, recycling, anda. renaming. EPF2.1.2 c. reusing.b. rebuilding. d. rethinking.

______ 3. What is the preservation and wise use of natural resources called? a. conservation EPF2.1.1 c. habitats b. ecology d. biodiversity

______ 4. Biodiversity can be maintained by protecting EPF2.1.3

a. habitats. c. crops.b. exotic species. d. factories.

______ 5. The process of recovering valuable or useful materials from waste orscrap is called EPF2.1.2

a. recycling. c. rebuilding.b. renewing. d. reducing.

______ 6. People can reduce waste by using products that are EPF2.1.2

a. nonrenewable. c. biodegradable.b. fossil fuels. d. exotic.

______ 7. What can farmers use to prevent the harming of beneficial insects? a. spray insecticides EPF2.1.4 c. new pesticidesb. natural pest control d. non-aerosol insecticides

______ 8. Conserving wetlands and reducing deforestation will helpa. protect habitats. EPF2.1.3 c. eliminate exotic species.b. stop air pollution. d. slow overpopulation.

______ 9. We can reduce our need for fossil fuels by developing EPF2.1.4

a. alternative energy sources.b. natural gas lines.c. gasoline-powered cars.d. new oil sources.

Name Class Date



Holt Science and Technology 51 Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe

Section: StarsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. The color of a star depends on itsa. size. c. shape.b. temperature. d. magnitude.

______ 2. What can a scientist learn about a star from its spectrum?a. its colorb. its sizec. its composition and temperatured. its age

______ 3. Why do black lines appear on an absorption spectrum?a. They show where too much light is absorbed by a star’s atmosphere.b. They show where less light is absorbed by a star’s atmosphere.c. They are the emission lines of an electrically charged element.d. They show where a star has black spots.

______ 4. What color are the hottest stars?a. redb. yellowc. oranged. blue


______ 5. the brightness of a star at a distance of 32.6light-years from Earth

______ 6. the brightness of a star as it appears to anobserver on Earth

______ 7. an apparent shift in an object’s positionwhen viewed from different locations

______ 8. the distance that light travels in one year

______ 9. the band of colors produced when whitelight passes through a prism

Name Class Date


a. light-year

b. spectrum

c. parallax

d. apparent magnitude

e. absolute magnitude



Section: The Life Cycle of StarsWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. The H-R diagram shows the relationship of a star’s surface temperature and itsa. color. c. apparent magnitude.b. size. d. absolute magnitude.

______ 2. What objects are formed from the materials in the core of a supernova?a. black holes and supergiants c. black holes and neutron starsb. red giants and white dwarfs d. neutron stars and white dwarfs

______ 3. Which of the following shows the sequence of a star’s life cycle fromits earliest stage to its latest stage?a. white dwarf, main sequence, red giantb. main sequence, red giant, white dwarfc. red giant, white dwarf, main sequenced. main sequence, white dwarf, red giant

______ 4. Which of the following is true?a. New stars form from the material of old stars.b. A star does not change its size or temperature during its life.c. The shortest stage in a star’s life cycle is the main sequence.d. When a star dies, none of its material returns to space.


______ 5. a small, hot, dim star that is the leftover center of an old star

______ 6. a gigantic explosion that causes the death ofa large star

______ 7. a star in which the electrons and protonshave become neutrons

______ 8. a star that expands and cools once it runsout of hydrogen

______ 9. a spinning neutron star that emits rapidpulses of radio and optical energy

______10. a massive and dense object from which evenlight cannot escape its gravity

Name Class Date


a. pulsar

b. neutron star

c. black hole

d. supernova

e. white dwarf

f. red giant



Section: GalaxiesWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. All of the following are major types of galaxies EXCEPTa. spiral galaxy. c. elliptical galaxy.b. irregular galaxy. d. triangular galaxy.

______ 2. Where are globular clusters found?a. along the spiral disk of galaxiesb. in the spherical halo of spiral galaxies and near elliptical galaxiesc. in the center bulge of spiral galaxiesd. in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies

______ 3. Where are open clusters found?a. along the spiral disk of galaxiesb. in the spherical halo of spiral galaxies and near elliptical galaxiesc. in the center bulge of spiral galaxiesd. in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies

______ 4. Which one of the following statements is NOT true?a. New stars form in some nebulas.b. New stars form in a few elliptical galaxies.c. New stars form in most globular clusters.d. New stars form in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies.

______ 5. Why do scientists study distant galaxies?a. to learn what galaxies are made ofb. to learn what early galaxies looked likec. to learn about space traveld. to learn about the speed of light


______ 6. a large grouping of stars in space

______ 7. a group of closely grouped stars

______ 8. a tight group of stars that looks like a ball

______ 9. a very bright, starlike object that generatesimmense energy

______10. a large cloud of dust and gas where newstars are formed or stars explode

Name Class Date


a. nebula

b. galaxy

c. quasar

d. open cluster

e. globular cluster



Section: Formation of the UniverseWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. Which of the following statements is true?a. The universe is expanding outward.b. The universe is getting smaller every day.c. The universe contracts and expands on a regular basis.d. Scientists do not know if the universe is getting larger or smaller.

______ 2. How are objects organized in the universe?a. Objects are scattered through space according to a random pattern.b. Objects are organized according to a loosely repeated pattern and

are part of a larger system.c. Objects are organized according to a loosely repeated pattern but

are not part of any other system.d. Objects are not organized in any particular way.

______ 3. What do scientists think will happen to the universe?a. Scientists think the universe will probably always exist.b. Scientists estimate the universe will die in about a billion years.c. Scientists estimate the universe will die in about 13.7 billion years.d. Scientists predict that the universe will die in the future, but they

don’t know when.


______ 4. the theory that states the universe beganwith a huge explosion

______ 5. radiation left over from the big bang thatfills all of space

______ 6. the study of the origin, structure, and futureof the universe

Name Class Date


a. cosmology

b. big bang theory

c. cosmic backgroundradiation


Holt Science and Technology 67 A Family of Planets

Section: The Nine PlanetsMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write letter in the space provided.

______ 1. the five planets farthest from the sun

______ 2. a group of very large planets that arecomposed mainly of gases

______ 3. the four planets located closest to the sun

______ 4. a unit of measurement based on the averagedistance between Earth and the sun

______ 5. a group of planets whose surfaces are hardand rocky


______ 6. What tool made possible the discovery of additional planets?a. the microscope c. the gyroscopeb. the telescope d. the spectroscope

______ 7. How do the inner planets differ from the outer planets?a. They are made of lighter elements.b. They do not have any moons.c. They are extremely large.d. They are spaced more closely together.

______ 8. A common method for scientists to measure distances within the solarsystem is to use a. the speed of sound. c. the speed of light.b. the English system. d. parallax angles.

______ 9. Which is the next planet moving outward from the sun after Saturn?a. Neptune c. Jupiterb. Uranus d. Pluto

______10. How can you tell that Pluto is not a gas giant?a. because of where it orbits the sunb. because it has no ring systemc. because it is dense and rockyd. because it has only one moon

Name Class Date


a. astronomical unit

b. gas giants

c. terrestrial planets

d. inner solar system

e. outer solar system



Section: The Inner PlanetsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. type of rotation of planet or moon that has acounterclockwise spin

______ 2. the time an object takes to revolve aroundthe sun once

______ 3. a dense and rocky planet similar to Earth

______ 4. the amount of time that an object takes torotate once

______ 5. the kind of rotational spin that causes thesun to appear to rise in the west and set inthe east


______ 6. What causes a high surface temperature on Venus?a. the acid content of its atmosphereb. the planet’s fast period of rotationc. the planet’s retrograde spin on its axisd. the greenhouse effect of its atmosphere

______ 7. What exploration rovers are helping scientists prepare for humanexploration on Mars?a. Viking 1 c. Twin Rover missionb. Mars Pathfinder d. Voyager 1

______ 8. Which terrestrial planet has a day that is over two Earth months long?a. Mars c. Plutob. Mercury d. Venus

______ 9. Why is Venus sometimes called Earth’s twin?a. Venus rotates in the same direction.b. Venus’s air has the same gases.c. Venus is almost the same size and density.d. Venus was born at the same time.

______10. What is one factor that makes life possible on Earth?a. a run-away greenhouse effect c. high surface gravityb. liquid water on its surface d. an irregular planetary orbit

Name Class Date


a. period of revolution

b. period of rotation

c. prograde rotation

d. retrograde rotation

e. terrestrial planet



Section: The Outer PlanetsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. This is the only outer planet that is denseand rocky.

______ 2. This planet has a well-known bright ringsystem.

______ 3. This planet has a huge storm called theGreat Red Spot.

______ 4. This planet has belts of visible clouds.

______ 5. This planet is tipped over onto its side.


______ 6. What happens to hydrogen in Jupiter’s atmosphere as you go deeper?a. It expands and occupies more volume.b. Its temperature becomes increasingly colder.c. It changes into a liquid, metallic state.d. It becomes solid and gives off heat.

______ 7. What does the extra energy that Saturn gives off suggest about the planet?a. Saturn has storms in its interior. c. Saturn is very massive.b. Saturn is still forming. d. Saturn contains helium gas.

______ 8. Why is the planet Uranus considered a gas giant?a. because it has a rocky surface b. because it is similar to Earthc. because it has a deep massive atmosphered. because it is larger than Mercury and Pluto

______ 9. What is unusual about Pluto’s moon?a. Its orbit is not circular.b. It’s the same size as Pluto.c. It’s more dense than Pluto.d. It’s more than half of Pluto’s size.

______10. Which of the following is the largest planet in our solar system?a. Earth c. Saturnb. Jupiter d. Uranus

Name Class Date


a. Jupiter

b. Neptune

c. Saturn

d. Uranus

e. Pluto



Section: MoonsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. This moon is one of the most volcanically active.

______ 2. This moon has an atmosphere very similar to early Earth.

______ 3. This is what Earth’s moon is called.

______ 4. This moon is larger than the planet Mercury.

______ 5. This moon may have oceans of liquid water.

______ 6. This moon is believed to be a captured asteroid.

______ 7. This moon has geysers that eject nitrogen.


______ 8. What evidence supports the current theory about our moon’s origin?a. The lunar maria was formed from old lava flows.b. Lunar rocks are similar to Earth’s mantle.c. The moon is covered with impact craters.d. We have identified the impacting body.

______ 9. What causes the phases of the moon?a. the relative positions of the moon, Earth, and the sunb. the tilted orbit of the moonc. the moon’s period of revolution just equals its period of rotationd. sunlight reflecting off Earth’s surface

______10. What happens during a total solar eclipse?a. The shadow of Earth falls on the moon.b. A thin ring of the sun shows through.c. The moon completely covers the sun.d. The moon is about the same size as the sun.

Name Class Date


a. Deimos

b. Europa

c. Io

d. Triton

e. Ganymede

f. Titan

g. Luna



Section: Small Bodies in the Solar SystemMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a bright streak of light caused by small bodiesburning up

______ 2. a rocky body that strikes the surface of a planet

______ 3. a region of space between the orbits of Mars andJupiter

______ 4. “dirty snowballs” made of ice, rock, and dust

______ 5. small, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun

______ 6. small pieces of an asteroid that travel throughspace


______ 7. Why is it useful to study the smaller objects of the solar system?a. They come from a region just beyond the orbit of Neptune.b. They orbit farther out than we send space missions.c. They provide a spectacular light show when they burn up.d. Scientists can learn about the composition of the solar system.

______ 8. Why do planets or moons with atmospheres have fewer impacts?a. The air slows and burns up small objects.b. Fewer objects orbit near these planets.c. Most impacts occur in remote areas.d. Erosion erases the features of most craters.

______ 9. What is the main difference between an asteroid and a meteoroid?a. the shape of their orbits c. their sizeb. their density d. their effect on Earth

______10. What is the Torino scale?a. a system used to rate the hazard level of an object moving away

from Earthb. a system used to rate the hazard level of an object moving toward

Earthc. a system used to rate the size of an object moving toward Earth d. a system used to rate the speed of an object moving toward Earth

Name Class Date


a. asteroid belt

b. comets

c. meteoroids

d. asteroids

e. meteorite

f. meteor


Holt Science and Technology 51 Cells, Tissues, and Organs

Section: Cell BasicsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-boundorganelle that contains the cell’s DNA CF81.1.1

______ 2. a collection of tissues that carries out a special function of the body CF81.1.4

______ 3. plant organelle containing chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis CF81.1.2

______ 4. the smallest unit that can perform all of thelife processes CF81.1.1

______ 5. carries all instructions a cell and organismneed to live, grow, and reproduce CF81.1.3

______ 6. one of the smallest bodies in a cell’s cytoplasm that are specialized to perform acertain function CF81.1.4


______ 7. Most single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, are CF81.1.1

a. organelles. c. eukaryotes.b. prokaryotes. d. nuclei.

______ 8. This group of cells includes single- and multi-celled organisms, all having membrane-bound organelles. CF81.1.1

a. eukaryotes c. prokaryotesb. bacteria d. DNA

______ 9. What type of organism’s cells has specialized parts including cell walls,large central vacuoles, and chloroplasts? CF81.1.2

a. animal c. plantb. mitochondria d. Golgi

Name Class Date


a. cell

b. DNA

c. organelle

d. chloroplast

e. nucleus

f. organ



Section: The Cell CycleMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. the stage of mitosis in which all chromosomesmove to the cell’s equator CF82.1.3

______ 2. in eukaryotes, the cell process that forms twonew nuclei, each with the same number ofchromosomes CF82.12

______ 3. the DNA molecule is copied and a prokaryoticcell divides into two daughter cells CF82.1.2

______ 4. the first phase of mitosis, characterized by thecondensation of the chromosomes CF82.1.3

______ 5. the cell divides into two identical cells CF82.1.3

______ 6. the phase of mitosis in which chromosomesseparate CF82.1.3


______ 7. Which is not a reason that cells grow and divide? CF82.1.1

a. to grow c. to shrinkb. to repair d. to reproduce

______ 8. What is reproduction in bacteria, prokaryotic cells, called? CF82.1.1

a. mitosis c. interphaseb. binary fission d. fusion

______ 9. Cells that ignore signals to stop dividing can develop into a(n) CF82.1.4

a. muscle. c. nucleus.b. chromosome. d. tumor.

Name Class Date


a. prophase

b. anaphase

c. cytokinesis

d. metaphase

e. mitosis

f. binary fission



Section: The Human Body: From Cells to OrganismWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. The four levels of organization in the human body are CF83.1.1

a. cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.b. cells, tissues, muscles, and organ systems.c. cells, tissues, organs, and body systems.d. cells, connective tissue, major organs, and organ systems.

______ 2. A group of organs working together is called a(n) CF83.1.1

a. body system. c. organism.b. organ system. d. cellular system.

______ 3. Body cavity linings and skin are made from CF83.1.2

a. dense connective tissue. c. subcutaneous tissue.b. muscle tissue. d. epithelial tissue.

______ 4. The type of muscle tissue found only in the heart is called CF83.1.2

a. connective tissue. c. cardiovascular tissue.b. cardiac muscle tissue. d. lymphatic tissue.

______ 5. The system that helps fight harmful bacteria and viruses is the CF83.1.13

a. nervous system. c. lymphatic system.b. skeletal system. d. cardiovascular system.

______ 6. One way your environment can affect an organ system is when CF83.1.3

a. exercise increases heart rate. c. you grow taller as you age.b. you sweat on a hot day. d. you exhale carbon dioxide.


______ 7. binds together and supports other parts ofthe body CF81.1.2

______ 8. receives, processes, and sends informationto other body parts CF1.1.2

______ 9. provides structure and support for the body CF1.1.3

______10. responsible for removing carbon dioxidefrom the body CF1.1.3

Name Class Date


a. skeletal system

b. nervous tissue

c. respiratory system

d. connective tissue


Holt Science and Technology 44 Heredity

Section: Mendel and His PeasMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. appearing in the second generation

______ 2. appearing in the first generation

______ 3. passing of traits from parents to offspring

______ 4. fertilization of one plant to another


______ 5. What step did Mendel take to be sure that his pea plants cross-pollinated?a. He used two white plants.b. He removed the anthers of one plant.c. He added anthers to both plants.d. He used plants that were not true breeding.

______ 6. What happens when a true-breeding plant self-pollinates?a. One of its offspring has the same traits as the parent.b. Some of its offspring have the same traits as the parent.c. All of its offspring have the same traits as the parent.d. None of its offspring have the same traits as the parent.

______ 7. Why were ratios important in Mendel’s work?a. They showed that heredity does not follow a set pattern.b. They showed that some traits are never passed on.c. They showed the relationship between two different things.d. They showed that some recessive traits are really dominant.

Name Class Date


a. cross-pollination

b. dominant trait

c. recessive trait

d. heredity



Section: Traits and InheritanceMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a situation when one trait is not com-pletely dominant over another

______ 2. a graphic used to predict genetic crossresults

______ 3. an organism’s appearance

______ 4. the entire genetic makeup of an organism

______ 5. the mathematical chance that somethingwill happen


______ 6. Each parent gives one set of these to the offspring.a. genesb. allelesc. phenotypesd. meiosis

______ 7. A plant with two dominant or two recessive alleles is said to bea. heterozygous.b. cross-pollinating.c. homozygous.d. true-breeding.

______ 8. Which one of the following statements is NOT true?a. One gene can influence many characteristics.b. Several genes can influence a single trait.c. The environment can have an influence on traits.d. Genes are the only influence on traits.

Name Class Date


a. phenotype

b. genotype

c. incomplete dominance

d. Punnett square

e. probability



Section: MeiosisWrite the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

______ 1. How is asexual reproduction beneficial?a. Organisms reproduce very slowly.b. Organisms reproduce with many genetic variations.c. Organisms do not need other organisms to reproduce.d. Organisms need other organisms to reproduce.

______ 2. Asexual reproduction relates to humans in thata. none of our body cells reproduce this way.b. many body cells reproduce this way.c. the parent cells do not divide.d. meiosis occurs.

______ 3. How are sex cells different from other human cells?a. Sex cells have more chromosomes.b. Sex cells have half as many chromosomes.c. Sex cells are larger.d. Sex cells have no chromosomes.

______ 4. What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?a. It allows for genetic variations.b. It does not allow for genetic variations.c. Organisms do not need other organisms to reproduce.d. Organisms can reproduce very quickly.

______ 5. What occurs before meiosis begins?a. Chromosomes are copied once.b. The parent cell divides and makes two exact copies.c. Cells with twice the usual number of chromosomes are produced.d. Chromosomes are copied twice, and the nucleus divides once.

______ 6. The process of mitosis occurs ina. selective breeding.b. homologous breeding.c. asexual reproduction.d. sexual reproduction.

______ 7. What are homologous chromosomes?a. chromosomes that carry the same set of genesb. chromosomes that carry different sets of genesc. chromosomes that are smalld. chromosomes that are large

Name Class Date



Holt Science and Technology 34 Genes and DNA

Section: What Does DNA Look Like?Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. deoxyribonucleic acid, the material thatcontains the information that determines inherited characteristics

______ 2. one of the four possible bases in a string ofDNA—it pairs with adenine

______ 3. a subunit of DNA that consists of a sugar, aphosphate, and a nitrogenous base

______ 4. the complement to guanine


______ 5. What letters represent the four bases?a. A, B, C, D c. A, T, G, Cb. W, X, Y, Z, d. E, Y, A, O

______ 6. Using X-ray diffraction, what did Rosalind Franklin show the shape of DNA to be?a. a circle c. a squareb. a spiral d. a line

______ 7. Watson and Crick built a DNA model like a a. long, twisted ladder. c. straight line.b. piece of twine. d. pyramid.

______ 8. The sides of the DNA “ladder” are made ofa. guanine and thymine. c. sugar and phosphate.b. adenine and cytosine. d. helixes and twists.

______ 9. The “rungs” of the DNA ladder area. a pair of bases. c. a pair of phosphates.b. a pair of sugars. d. a set of proteins.

______10. To be copied, a DNA molecule splits a. across the top. c. along the sides.b. down the middle. d. along the phosphates.

Name Class Date


a. nucleotide

b. DNA

c. thymine

d. cytosine



Section: How DNA WorksMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. ribonucleic acid that copies DNA and goesto the ribosome

______ 2. the cell organelle where protein is synthesized

______ 3. a type of RNA that delivers amino acids tomake a protein

______ 4. a change in DNA sequence that can be harmful, helpful, or make no difference

In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 5. A string of nucleotides that has instructions for a certain trait is aa. cell. c. gene.b. ribonucleic acid. d. chromosome.

______ 6. As messenger RNA is fed through the ribosome it is matched with a. DNA. c. cells.b. transfer RNA. d. proteins.

______ 7. Three bases code for onea. cell. c. protein.b. DNA. d. amino acid.

______ 8. In what type of mutation is one base left out? a. substitution c. insertionb. deletion d. cell

______ 9. A tobacco plant with a firefly gene that makes it glow is an example ofa. DNA fingerprinting. c. protein science.b. genetic engineering. d. firefly breeding.

______10. Which best expresses the relationship between genes and DNA? a. genes carry DNA c. both carry chromosomesb. DNA carries genes d. they are unrelated

Name Class Date


a. mutation

b. ribosome

c. messenger RNA

d. transfer RNA


Holt Science and Technology 40 Population Changes

Section: Change over TimeMatch the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. the sequence of life’s history as indicated byfossils

______ 2. a characteristic that improves an organism’sability to survive

______ 3. a group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring

______ 4. the slow process that results in new species

______ 5. a model showing every known species onEarth

______ 6. the remains or imprint of an organism


______ 7. Which of the following is NOT evidence that whales evolved frommammals that once lived on land?a. fossil discoveries that link whales to mammalsb. the hip bones of whalesc. the fishlike shape of whalesd. the fact that whales are mammals

______ 8. What are two signs that different species may have a common ancestor?a. similar DNA and similar traitsb. different fossils and similar traitsc. similar DNA and different traitsd. similar fossils an different traits

Name Class Date


a. adaptation

b. fossil

c. fossil record

d. species

e. evolution

f. tree of life



Section: How Does Evolution Happen?Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a form of a hereditary characteristic

______ 2. process in which humans select plantsor animals for breeding based on certaindesired traits

______ 3. process by which individuals that arebetter adapted survive and reproducemore successfully than individuals thatare not as well adapted

______ 4. part of natural selection in which an animal produces a large number of offspring

______ 5. part of natural selection in which individuals have different traits

______ 6. part of natural selection in which some individuals die from starvation, competition, disease, or predation

______ 7. part of natural selection in which individuals best adapted to their environment have many offspring


______ 8. Which of the following was NOT a source for Darwin’s ideas aboutevolution?a. characteristics of Galápagos animalsb. selective breeding by farmers and animal breedersc. the ideas and observations of Thomas Malthus and Charles Lyelld. scientists’ knowledge of genetic changes

______ 9. What did Darwin NOT understand about the process of evolution?a. the slowness of the processb. the importance of separationc. the role of geneticsd. the importance of competition

Name Class Date


a. overproduction

b. selective breeding

c. struggle to survive

d. successful reproduction

e. traits

f. inherited variation

g. natural selection



Section: Natural Selection in ActionMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. the formation of a new species as the resultof evolution

______ 2. the average time between the birth of onegeneration and the birth of the next generation

______ 3. the isolation of a portion of a population

______ 4. the evolving of traits in response to environmental conditions

______ 5. two groups becoming so different that theymay no longer interbreed


______ 6. Which of the following is NOT an example of natural selection?a. people breeding horses to run fasterb. bacteria populations becoming resistant to antibioticsc. insect populations evolving resistance to certain pesticidesd. male birds of certain species evolving colorful feathers to attract

female mates

______ 7. The process consisting of separation, adaptation, and division isa. mating.b. isolation.c. resistance.d. speciation.

Name Class Date


a. generation time

b. division

c. adaptation

d. speciation

e. separation


Holt Science and Technology 49 The Fossil Record

Section: Geologic HistoryMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. geologic processes at work today have beenat work throughout Earth’s history FRF1.1.1

______ 2. a way of determining whether an event orobject is older or younger than other eventsor objects FRF1.1.3

______ 3. any method of measuring the age of an eventor object in years FRF1.1.3

______ 4. the principle that all geologic change occurssuddenly FRF1.1.1

______ 5. the scientific study of fossils FRF1.1.3


______ 6. When James Hutton wrote Theory of the Earth in 1788, how old didmost people believe Earth was? FRF1.1.2

a. a few hundred years old c. ten thousand years oldb. a few thousand years old d. millions of years old

______ 7. When he wrote Principles of Geology, between 1830 and 1833, CharlesLyell believed geologic changes occurred FRF1.1.2

a. gradually over time.b. suddenly because of unpredictable events.c. because of temperature changes.d. because of pollution from fossil fuels.

______ 8. Fossils found in the bottom layers of sediment are probably older thanfossils found in top layers because FRF1.1.3

a. the bottom layers are older than the top layers.b. the bottom layers are younger than the top layers.c. all of the layers are the same age.d. the bottom layers have folded over the top layers.

______ 9. An ideal sequence of rock layers containing all of the known fossil androck formations on Earth is called the FRF1.1.3

a. geographic column. c. geologic column.b. relative column. d. geologic sequence.

Name Class Date


a. catastrophism

b. uniformitarianism

c. absolute dating

d. paleontology

e. relative dating



Section: Looking at FossilsMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. hardened tree sap where fossilized insectsare found FRF2.1.1

______ 2. an object created when sediment fills a moldand becomes rock FRF2.1.2

______ 3. fossils of trilobites used to date rocksapproximately 400 million years old FRF2.1.4

______ 4. sticky pools where animals have beentrapped and preserved over 38,000 years

______ 5. fossil made of preserved animal dung FRF2.1.1


______ 6. Scientists can reconstruct ancient coastlines with the help of FRF2.1.3

a. fossils of land animals.b. marine fossils.c. fossils found in asphalt.d. fossils found in amber.

______ 7. A fossil that is distinct, abundant, and widespread and existed for onlya short period of time is called a(n) FRF2.1.4

a. trace fossil. c. index fossil.b. mold. d. cast.

______ 8. Any naturally preserved evidence of animal activity is called a(n) a. trace fossil. FRF2.1.2 c. index fossil.b. cast. d. mold.

______ 9. A mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell or otherbody is a(n) FRF2.1.2

a. index fossil. c. mold.b. cast. d. coprolite.

______10. When paleontologists find fossils of trilobites in rock layers anywhereon Earth, they assume these rock layers are approximately FRF2.1.4

a. 400 thousand years old. c. 40 million years old.b. 4 million years old. d. 400 million years old.

Name Class Date


a. coprolite

b. asphalt

c. amber

d. Phacops

e. cast

FRF2.1.1



Time Marches OnMatch the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the spaceprovided.

______ 1. a unit of geologic time containing two ormore periods FRF3.1.2

______ 2. geologic time longer than an age and shorterthan a period FRF3.1.2

______ 3. the largest division of geologic time FRF3.1.2

______ 4. a unit of geologic time longer than an epochbut shorter than an era FRF3.1.2


______ 5. Four percent of the time represented by Earth’s oldest known rocks is a. a million years. FRF3.1.1 c. 15 million years.b. 1.5 million years. d. 150 million years.

______ 6. The first organisms with well-developed cells appeared 2.5 billion to542 million years ago during the FRF3.1.2

a. Phanerozoic eon. c. Cenozoic era.b. Hadean eon. d. Proterozoic era.

______ 7. What brought the Paleozoic era to an end? FRF3.1.3

a. a mass extinction c. the Devonian periodb. the appearance of dinosaurs d. the Pleistocene epoch

______ 8. How much of Earth’s history is visible in the layers of rock eroded bythe Colorado River in the Grand Canyon? FRF3.1.1

a. 200,000 years c. 200 million yearsb. 2 million years d. 2 billion years

______ 9. An interval during which an index fossil species disappeared couldmark FRF3.1.2

a. a boundary between geologic time intervals.b. the time interval called an eon.c. the boundary between the Hadean eon and the Archaean eon.d. the short transition between an eon and an epoch.

______10. The Mesozoic era is known as the FRF3.1.3

a. Age of Mammals. c. Age of Reptiles.b. Silurian Age. d. Avian Age.

Name Class Date


a. epoch

b. eon

c. era

d. period

16. Sample answer: Proper animal han-dling procedures include avoiding sud-den movements, never handlinganimals while they are eating, wearinggloves while handling small animals,and washing hands before and afterhandling animals.

17. V 3,078 cm3; D 0.11 g/cm3

18. Sample answer: The SI system allowsscientists to communicate their resultsaccurately by using measurementsthat are in common use by scientistsall over the world.

19. Sample answer: I would conclude thatthe material that I was using was toodense or that the shape into which Iwas forming the boat was not displac-ing enough water to allow the boat tofloat. Some logical next steps wouldbe to find another material or tochange the shape of the boat and thento perform the experiment again.

20. Sample answer: Both geochemists andecologists take samples from the envi-ronment and analyze those samples.However, a geochemist may be look-ing for economically valuable mineralsin the sample, and an ecologist may bestudying the relationships betweenorganisms in the sample.

21. Sample answer: The variable is theheight of the ramp. Some of the fac-tors that must be controlled are theequipment that is used, the way thatthe toy car is released, the length ofthe track that is used, and the way thetime is measured.

22. An answer to this exercise can befound at the end of the TeacherEdition.

23. approximately 0.95 flaps per second24. approximately 0.75 flaps per second

ReinforcementTHE PLANE TRUTH1. Accept all reasonable answers. Sample

answer: Will a paper airplane withwing flaps fly farther than one withoutwing flaps?

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Apaper airplane with wing flaps will flyfarther than one without wing flaps.

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Iwould make two airplanes, identicalexcept that one has wing flaps and theother one does not. I would then launchboth from the same spot several timesand measure the length of each flight.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Iwould find the average distance forflights of airplanes with and withoutwing flaps.

5. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The plane with wing flaps had a longeraverage flight, so I assume that paperairplanes with flaps fly farther thanthose without flaps.

Critical Thinking A SIMPLE SOLUTION

1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Theterms used to describe the length andwidth are not exact measurements. Anaverage adult’s arm and a packing boxcan be different sizes and shapes.

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Using SI units would be a bettermethod of describing the dimensionsof the heater because SI units are usedby scientists all over the world. Youwould use meters to describe thelength and width.

3. A better method would be to use SIunits: liters.

4. A better method would be to use SIunits: kelvins or degrees Celsius.

5. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Idisagree. Using a model should savetime and money. Testing would helpdetermine the accuracy of the scienceand whether the heater works the wayit is supposed to.

Section QuizzesSECTION: SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS1. D2. C3. D4. B5. B6. D7. E8. A9. C



ANSWER KEY

SECTION: SCIENTIFIC METHODSAND INQUIRY1. B2. C3. A4. B5. D6. D7. B8. A9. A

SECTION: TOOLS AND MEASUREMENT1. C2. C3. C4. D5. D6. E7. D8. C9. B

10. A

SECTION: SAFETY IN SCIENCE1. C2. A3. D4. E5. B6. C7. D8. B9. B

Chapter Test A1. B 15. A2. B 16. D3. C 17. G4. B 18. C5. A 19. F6. D 20. B7. C 21. E8. D 22. A9. B 23. C

10. C 24. D11. A 25. D12. C 26. B13. B 27. A14. E 28. C

Chapter Test B1. first aid2. observation3. science4. hypothesis5. density6. safety7. C8. D9. A

10. D11. B12. D13. A14. Answers may vary. Sample answer: A

controlled experiment compares theresults of a control group with the resultsof one or more experimental groups. Thecontrol and experimental groups haveonly one difference, called the variable.Therefore, the results of the experimentwill show the effect of the variable.

15. 4 108

16. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Ameteorologist is a scientist who studiesthe atmosphere. A volcanologist is a sci-entist who studies volcanoes. Both canpotentially save lives by learning to pre-dict specific phenomenon (a tornadooccurring or a volcano erupting).

17. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Safety symbols alert me to specialdangers of an activity and remind meof precautions to take. Followingdirections ensures that I will be doingthe activity in the safest possible way.Neatness ensures that I will have roomto do the activity safely. Cleaning upmakes the area safe for others andkeeps materials from causing prob-lems. Using safety equipment protectsmy body and clothing from harmfulsubstances, bites, cuts, and burns.

18. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Iwould urge her to communicate herresults accurately in academic papers,scientific magazines, and on theInternet. Doing so will ensure hercredibility with other scientists. It willalso allow other scientists to verify herresults or suggest further studies iftheir results are different.



ANSWER KEY

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The invention of printing with mov-able type produced much wider andfaster access to information. The samecould be true of television, and espe-cially the Internet. Television hasmade news more or less instanta-neous. Even though books on everyconceivable subject are available,many are not easily accessible. Beforethe Internet, research often took a lotlonger than it does today. Books are astable source of information. In con-trast, television and the Internet areelectronic in nature. Therefore, infor-mation that is reported on televisionmight be missed. Information also canbe withdrawn from a Web site.

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Books initially were only available tothe wealthier members of society. Theinvention of printing with movabletype provided improved availability ofbooks and information, and therefore,improved opportunities for educationto all members of society.

Section QuizzesSECTION: WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?1. C2. D3. A4. C5. B6. C7. A8. D9. B

SECTION: TECHNOLOGY ANDSCIENCE1. B2. D3. A4. D5. C6. B7. A

SECTION: TECHNOLOGY ANDSOCIETY1. A2. D3. B4. C5. C6. B7. C8. A

SECTION: FORENSICS: TECHNOLOGYAT WORK1. C2. B3. A4. D5. C6. B7. C8. A

Chapter Test A1. C 13. B2. A 14. C3. A 15. D4. D 16. A5. C 17. B6. B 18. D7. A 19. C8. B 20. A9. D 21. B

10. D 22. A11. C 23. D12. A

Chapter Test B1. DNA fingerprinting2. model3. technology4. genetic engineering5. forensic science6. B7. D8. C9. B

10. A



ANSWER KEY

Critical ThinkingExplanations may vary.1. physical; The ice cream could be

refrozen.2. chemical; A reaction occurs that cre-

ates odor and heat.3. chemical; New substances have been

created. The cooked egg cannot besimply heated or cooled to change itback into a raw egg, as would be pos-sible if the frying involved a change ofstate.

4. chemical; The sour smell and changein color of the milk indicate the forma-tion of new substances.

5. chemical; Light and heat are created. 6. physical; You could reverse the change

by evaporating the water.7. chemical; You could scrape off the

rust, but you wouldn’t be able tochange it back into iron.

8. physical; You could separate the sandfrom the garden soil by sifting the mixture

Section QuizzesSECTION: PROPERTIES OF MATTER1. C2. D3. A4. C5. C6. D7. E8. A9. B

SECTION: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICALCHANGES1. B2. D3. C4. D5. A6. B

SECTION: STATES OF MATTER1. D2. A3. B4. C5. D

6. D7. C8. A

Chapter Test A1. C2. E3. D4. A5. B6. C7. B8. C9. D

10. C11. A12. C13. D14. C15. C16. D17. C18. B19. D20. A21. C22. B23. D24. A25. C

Chapter Test B1. compound2. element3. liquid4. pure substance5. atom6. gas7. C8. B9. D

10. D11. B12. Mass is not created or destroyed in

ordinary chemical or physical changes. 13. Like a gas, plasma has no definite

shape or volume. Unlike a gas, plasmaconducts electric current and isattracted to magnetic fields; plasma isa blend of electrons and positivelycharged ions.



ANSWER KEY

ReinforcementATOMIC TIMELINEA. Rutherford, 1909–1911B. Rutherford, 1909–1911C. Thomson, 1897D. Bohr, 1913E. Dalton, 1803F. Thomson, 1897G. Democritus, 440 BCEH. Rutherford, 1909–1911I. Democritus, 440 BCEJ. Dalton, 1803

K. Bohr, 1913L. Schrödinger and Heisenberg, twentieth

century M. Thomson, 1897N. Rutherford, 1909–1911O. Dalton, 1803P. Schrödinger and Heisenberg, twentieth

centuryQ. Dalton, 1803R. Democritus, 440 BCES. Rutherford, 1909–1911T. Dalton, 1803

Critical Thinking1. Because the nucleus is positively

charged, the suit also must have been positively charged to create thisrepulsion.

2. Her suit would have had a neutralcharge.

3. Knowing that the atomic number ofcarbon is six, Professor Pending couldlook for an atom with six protons inits nucleus.

4. An atom’s mass number is equal to itsprotons plus its neutrons. All carbonatoms have six protons. Carbon-14 wouldhave six protons and eight neutrons.Professor Pending could use this charac-teristic to identify the correct atom.

5. A negatively charged ion has more elec-trons than protons. Therefore, the ionwould require at least seven electrons.

6. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Carbon-14 and nitrogen-14 have thesame mass number. They are differentelements that have different numbersof protons and neutrons (Carbon-14has 6 protons and 8 neutrons; nitrogen-14 has 7 protons and 7 neutrons.).

Section QuizzesSECTION: DEVELOPMENT OF THEATOMIC THEORY1. C2. B3. A4. B5. A

SECTION: THE ATOM1. D2. I3. C4. B5. G6. E7. H8. A9. F

Chapter Test A 1. C2. D3. C4. D5. A6. C7. D8. G9. H

10. B11. C12. F13. J14. I15. A16. E17. D18. A19. D20. B21. C22. B23. B



ANSWER KEY

Critical Thinking1. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

Sodium is not found by itself naturally.Because of its reactivity, sodiumalways combines with other elements.

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer: No;sulfur, a nonmetal, is a poor conductorof heat and energy. An electrical currentcould not travel along sulfur wire.

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Yes; an explosion would result.Hydrogen reacts explosively whencombined with oxygen in this manner

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer:No; the oxygen in the “Everlast LightBulb” would react with the heating fil-ament and cause it to burn out morequickly than a light bulb filled with anonreactive gas, such as argon.

5. Answers may vary. Sample answer: If thesubstance could not be broken downany further and if its chemical and physi-cal properties were not identical to anyother element, the claim would be true.

6. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The element would be classifiedaccording to its chemical and physicalproperties.

Section QuizzesSECTION: ARRANGING THE ELEMENTS1. A 4. A2. C 5. A3. B

SECTION: GROUPING THE ELEMENTS1. H 6. J2. I 7. B3. C 8. A4. E 9. F5. G 10. D

Chapter Test A 1. A 13. G2. D 14. J3. C 15. C4. B 16. I5. B 17. H6. B 18. D7. A 19. B8. A 20. A9. D 21. D

10. F 22. B11. A 23. B12. E 24. A

Chapter Test B 1. periodic2. periodic law3. halogens4. alkali metals5. alkaline-earth metals6. group7. C8. A9. A

10. D11. A12. A13. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The

periodic law states that chemical andphysical properties of elements areperiodic, repeating functions of theelements’ atomic numbers. This is whyelements in vertical groups of the peri-odic table share similar properties.

14. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Theproperties of hydrogen do not matchthe properties of any single group.

15. Answers will vary. Sample answer:Transition metals tend to be shiny andto conduct thermal energy and electriccurrent well.

16. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Thelanthanides and actinides are transi-tion metals. The lanthanides are shiny,reactive metals. The actinides areradioactive.

17. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Lifecould not exist without carbon.Carbon forms compounds such as pro-teins, fats, and carbohydrates that arenecessary for living things on Earth.



ANSWER KEY

tion but are still attracted to the elec-trons. This allows the aluminum to bend.

5. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Using cyanoacrylates can actually bestronger than bolts or welded joints.Cyanoacrylates can also reduce theweight of the bicycle.

Section QuizzesSECTION: ELECTRONS ANDCHEMICAL BONDING1. A2. C3. B4. C5. D6. B7. A

SECTION: IONIC BONDS1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. A

SECTION: COVALENT AND METALLICBONDS1. B2. B3. D4. E5. B6. C7. A8. F

Chapter Test A1. A 13. E2. D 14. A3. D 15. D4. B 16. C5. A 17. A6. B 18. B7. C 19. D8. C 20. C9. G 21. A

10. B 22. C11. H 23. D12. F

Chapter Test B1. covalent bond2. ions3. chemical bond4. valence electron5. molecule6. metallic bond7. B8. C9. A

10. C11. B12. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

The oxygen atom gains two electronsin its second energy level to have 8.

13. brittleness, high melting point, highboiling point

14. Write the symbol of the element andplace one dot around the symbol foreach valence electron.

15. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Diatomic molecules are moleculesmade of two atoms of the same element; one example is oxygen.

16. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Metallic bonds due to moving electrons allow metal to be shaped.

17. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Theway an element bonds is determinedby the number of valence electrons.The number of valence electrons canbe determined by the group number ofthe element in the periodic table.

18. The first level is closest to the nucleusand can hold 2 electrons. The secondlevel can hold up to 8, only after thefirst level is full. The third level alsohold up to 8 once the first two levelsare full.

19. Carbon has 4 valence electrons andneon has 8 valence electrons. Neonwould be less likely to form bondsthan carbon because it already has afull outer energy level.

20. The chlorine atom began with 17 positively charged protons and 17 negatively charged electrons. It thengained one electron and became achloride ion with a charge of 1–.

21. The carbon atom has 4 valence electrons and needs 4 more to have afilled outer energy level.



ANSWER KEY

16. The substance is H2O, water.17. Sample answer: Explosives need to

absorb energy to begin the reaction.As long as precautions are taken toprevent the activation energy frombeing absorbed by the explosives, theyshould be safe to transport.

18. Sample answer: no; The increasedmass came from oxygen in the air,which was not part of the mass of thesteel pipe when you first measured it.

19. The reactants are acetic acid and bak-ing soda. The products are carbondioxide, water, and sodium acetate.

20. An answer to this exercise can befound at the back of the TeacherEdition.

21. Gas is produced, and light is given off.22. exothermic; Energy is being given off.23. Diagrams may vary, but both diagrams

should show the energy of reactantsand products with a “spike” betweenthem. The diagram describing the photoshould have the energy of the reactantshigher than that of the products.

ReinforcementFABULOUS FOOD REACTIONS1. double-displacement reaction2. single-displacement reaction3. decomposition reaction4. synthesis reaction5. When hydrogen and oxygen combine

to form water, it is a synthesis reac-tion—two substances combine to forma new substance. This is like the saladbar situation above, in which twofoods are combined to form a newfood: a salad.

ACTIVATION ENERGYThe left diagram should be labeled“Endothermic reaction,” and the rightdiagram should be labeled “Exothermicreaction.” Mark left side of curve on leftdiagram “Activation energy”; mark firsthalf of upward curve “energy absorbed.”Mark upper right half of right diagram“Activation energy”; mark lower half ofleft side of downward curve “Energy given off.”

Critical Thinking1. a. The protective clay cap is an

inhibitor because it slows down thedecomposition reaction by keepingwater, air, and light out of the landfill.b. Answers will vary. Sample answer:Sunlight would raise the temperatureof a landfill. Trash decomposes morequickly at warmer temperatures.

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer:When trash decomposes, methane gasis released. Mass is transferred fromthe solid waste to the methane gas.

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Gases are hard to control because theydo not have a fixed volume. In addition,landfills usually cover a large area.Both factors would make it difficult tocapture and control methane gas.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Yes. This idea should be implementedbut only if methane gas can be cap-tured over the landfill and is notreleased into surrounding areas. Largeamounts of methane gas may causehealth problems. Methane gas mayalso cause a strong odor in the sur-rounding community.

Section QuizzesSECTION: FORMING NEWSUBSTANCES1. C 4. D2. D 5. A3. A 6. D

SECTION: CHEMICAL FORMULASAND EQUATIONS1. C 5. A2. B 6. C3. A 7. B4. D 8. D

SECTION: TYPES OF CHEMICALREACTIONS1. A 5. C2. B 6. A3. D 7. D4. C



ANSWER KEY

SECTION: ENERGY AND RATES OFCHEMICAL REACTIONS1. C 5. B2. A 6. A3. E 7. D4. D 8. C

Chapter Test A1. D 14. A2. B 15. D3. B 16. A4. C 17. A5. C 18. D6. D 19. A7. C 20. B8. B 21. D9. D 22. E

10. A 23. A11. E 24. B12. C 25. C13. B

Chapter Test B1. chemical formula2. activation energy3. double-displacement4. subscript5. inhibitor6. C7. B8. A9. B

10. C11. The law of conservation of energy

states that energy is not created ordestroyed in a reaction. Energyreleased in exothermic reactions wasfirst stored in the chemical bonds inthe reactants. Energy taken in duringendothermic reactions is stored in theproducts.

12. In a synthesis reaction, two or moresubstances combine to form a singlecompound. A decomposition reactionis the reverse of a synthesis reactionbecause a single compound breaksdown to form two or more simplersubstances.

13. The law of conservation of mass statesthat matter cannot be created ordestroyed in a reaction. Therefore, in achemical formula every atom present

in the reactants must also be presentin the products.

14. No, it is not a chemical reaction, eventhough a precipitate seems to be form-ing. The chemical and physical proper-ties of the sugar are not changed.

15. Light energy from the sun is requiredfor photosynthesis, which is anendothermic reaction. Without lightenergy, the chemical reaction that pro-duces glucose cannot occur.

16. No, the warning is not right. Tomwrote the wrong symbol. He used thechemical symbol for cobalt (Co), whenhe should have used the formula forcarbon monoxide (CO).

17. a. conserved b. chemical reactions c. exothermic d. endothermic e. released f. absorbed g. chemicalbonds h. products

18. A represents the activation energy ofeach reaction, or the minimum amountof energy needed for substances to react.

19. Graph 2 represents an endothermicreaction because the energy of theproducts increases. Energy must betaken in during the reaction.

20. Graph 1 represents an exothermicreaction because the total energy ofthe system decreases, so energy mustbe released in the reaction.

Chapter Test C1. B2. A3. D4. B5. A6. C7. A8. C9. C

10. B11. A12. D13. coefficient14. reactants15. subscript16. product17. D18. A19. C



ANSWER KEY

Section Quizzes

SECTION: IONIC AND COVALENTCOMPOUNDS1. B 6. B2. C 7. A3. D 8. B4. A 9. B5. B 10. B

SECTION: ACIDS AND BASES1. C 6. A2. A 7. C3. B 8. A4. C 9. B5. C

SECTION: SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS ANDBASES1. C 6. B2. D 7. D3. A 8. D4. B 9. A5. B 10. D

SECTION: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS1. D 6. A2. E 7. D3. C 8. A4. F 9. B5. B 10. C

Chapter Test A1. C 14. F2. D 15. A3. C 16. C4. A 17. H5. C 18. E6. B 19. C7. C 20. B8. B 21. A9. C 22. D

10. D 23. B11. G 24. C12. D 25. A13. B

Chapter Test B1. covalent 8. A2. base 9. B3. proteins 10. C4. salt 11. C5. nucleic acid 12. D6. C 13. C7. B

14. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Any change in the pH of a living thingor its environment will affect its abilityto survive. For example, acid rain canchange the pH level of a lake and killfish and other organisms.

15. Answers may vary. Sample answer.The positive and negative ions in anionic compound are arranged in athree-dimensional crystal lattice. Ioniccompounds have strong bonds andhigh melting points, dissolve easily inwater, and can conduct an electriccurrent when dissolved. The bondsbetween the molecules of covalentcompounds are usually weaker thanthe bonds in ionic compounds.Covalent compounds generally havelower melting points, do not dissolveas well in water, and typically do notconduct an electric current.

16. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Simple carbohydrates are made of asingle sugar molecule or a few sugarmolecules bonded together. Complexcarbohydrates are made of hundredsto thousands of sugar moleculesbonded together.

17. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The team would first want to neutral-ize the acid by adding a weak base.This will react with the acid to formwater and a salt, which can be safelycleaned up.

18. The red cabbage juice acted as an indicator. An indicator is a substancethat changes color in the presence ofan acid or a base.

19. A weak base should be used to treatthe bite. It will neutralize the acid.

20. a. hydrocarbons; b. unsaturated;c. double bond; d. triple bond;e. aromatic; f. saturated; g. single bond;h. alkane



ANSWER KEY

5. No; a heavier stone would hit theground in the same amount of time.Objects fall to the ground at the samerate because the acceleration due togravity is the same for all objects.

Critical Thinking1. a. The glider will plummet to the

ground. The thin atmosphere will offervery little air resistance to counter thestrong downward pull of gravity. Thiswill cause the hang glider to fall veryquickly.b. A thicker atmosphere would offerincreased air resistance, thereby creat-ing a greater upward force. Weakergravity would cause the two opposingforces to balance sooner, allowing theglider to soar great distances.

2. Newton’s third law of motion statesthat for every action there is an equaland opposite reaction. If Chance fireda flare downward at the ground, thereaction force would push him upwardand out of the pit. In terms of momen-tum conservation, both Chance andthe flare gun have zero momentumbefore the gun is fired. For momentumto be conserved when the flare islaunched downward, Chance musthave an upward momentum equal insize to the flare’s momentum. BecauseChance’s mass is relatively large, thismethod of escape could only work inan environment with very little gravity.

3. Air resistance is greater on this planetdue to the heavy atmosphere. Thisresistance produced friction againsthis body as he traveled through theatmosphere, causing him to slowdown and stop shortly after he wasfired from the cannon.

4. No; according to Newton’s first law ofmotion and the law of conservation ofmomentum, some outside force wouldhave to act on the ship to stop itsmotion.

Section QuizzesSECTION: MOTION1. C 6. D2. B 7. B3. D 8. C4. E 9. B5. A 10. A

SECTION: GRAVITY: A FORCE OFATTRACTION1. B 6. D2. C 7. B3. B 8. D4. B 9. C5. B 10. A

SECTION: NEWTON’S LAWS OFMOTION1. D 5. B2. A 6. A3. C 7. C4. B

SECTION: MOMENTUM1. C 4. B2. D 5. B3. B 6. D

Chapter Test A1. A 14. E2. D 15. F3. B 16. B4. B 17. C5. C 18. A6. C 19. D7. D 20. E8. A 21. A9. B 22. D

10. B 23. B11. A 24. F12. C 25. C13. A

Chapter Test B1. terminal velocity2. inertia3. gravity4. momentum5. projectile motion6. friction7. A8. B



ANSWER KEY

more compressed. 2. The faster Lou traveled toward the

radar, the more compressed thereflected wave became. The morecompressed the wave is, the greaterthe frequency is.

3. High-traffic conditions may cause aninaccurate reading due to increasedchances of interference. Additionally,the radar wave could reflect off thewrong vehicle.

4. Sample answer: Knowing the amount ofexperience that Officer Biden has hadusing police radar could help determineif the radar reading was accurate.Whether Lou’s speedometer was work-ing correctly could be another factor.

5. Sample answer: Lou, police radar is usu-ally accurate. However, factors thatcould interfere with the radar’s accuracyinclude traffic conditions and OfficerBiden’s experience using radar. I suggestyou check out the facts and form yourown opinion. I also suggest getting yourspeedometer checked for accuracy.

Section QuizzesSECTION: THE NATURE OF WAVES1. C 6. G2. E 7. A3. B 8. B4. D 9. D5. F

SECTION: PROPERTIES OF WAVES1. B 4. A2. C 5. B3. D

SECTION: WAVE INTERACTIONS1. H 6. F2. B 7. G3. C 8. A4. D 9. I5. E

Chapter Test A1. B 14. G2. D 15. C3. A 16. A4. C 17. C5. D 18. D6. B 19. B7. B 20. D8. C 21. A9. D 22. C

10. F 23. F11. A 24. E12. E 25. B13. B 26. G

Chapter Test B1. wave2. amplitude3. frequency4. interference5. diffraction6. C7. A8. D9. A

10. A vibrating particle passes its energyto a nearby particle. This second parti-cle vibrates like the first one, and theexchange continues from particle toparticle.

11. Frequency is the number of waves pro-duced in a given amount of time, meas-ured in waves per second. Wave speedis the rate at which the wave travels,expressed in meters per second. Wavespeed is determined by the mediumthrough which the wave travels.

12. Both types of waves are described bythe properties of amplitude, wave-length, frequency, and speed.

13. Mechanical waves require a mediumthrough which to travel, but electro-magnetic waves do not require amedium. Electromagnetic waves cantravel through substances such as air,water, and glass, but they travel fastestthrough empty space.

14. Sound waves are mechanical waves,which must travel through a medium.Because no matter exists in space,sounds cannot reach Earth from the sun.



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ReinforcementFEEL THE HEAT1. convection2. radiation3. conduction4. conduction5. radiation6. conduction7. convection

Critical Thinking1. Because it is a metal, the lead sleeve

would heat up quickly and burn who-ever touches it.

2. Sample answer: Heat-resistant plasticor thick cloth would be a betterchoice. Both are good insulators andpoor conductors of heat.

3. The heater did not turn on because thethermostat strip is made of thick, solidaluminum. This strip does not react totemperature changes like a bimetallicstrip does. Also, the thickness of theblock made it less responsive to smallchanges in temperature. Therefore, thealuminum block did not trigger the circuit that regulates the thermostat.

4. Copper has a low specific heat andconducts heat very well. Therefore itgains and loses heat quickly. The thincopper walls allow the house to over-heat during the daytime. Because cop-per does not store thermal energy, thehouse is cold during the night.

5. Sample answer: Any material that isstrong and a good insulator wouldwork. Brick, concrete, and adobewould all be good choices.

Section QuizzesSECTION: TEMPERATURE1. B 3. B2. C 4. D5. A 7. A6. C 8. B

SECTION: WHAT IS HEAT?1. E 6. B2. H 7. F3. C 8. A4. G 9. C5. D 10. B

SECTION: MATTER AND HEAT1. C 5. B2. B 6. B3. D 7. C4. A 8. A

SECTION: HEAT TECHNOLOGY1. C 5. B2. D 6. D3. D 7. C4. B

Chapter Test A1. C 13. A2. B 14. A3. D 15. B4. B 16. C5. B 17. E6. B 18. A7. B 19. F8. B 20. B9. B 21. D

10. D 22. B11. B 23. C12. C 24. A

Chapter Test B1. absolute zero2. specific heat3. thermal expansion4. radiation5. heat engine6. temperature7. calorie8. C9. B

10. C11. D12. B

15. One factor is the amount of the electriccharge. The greater the charge is, thegreater the force. The other factor isthe distance between the charges. Thecloser the charges are to each other,the greater the force between them.

16. Electric current is the rate at whichcharges pass a given point.

17. (6.0 V) (1.5 V) 418. electrical energy (0.1 kW)

(24 h) 2.4 kWh19. The compass needle would point

toward Earth’s magnetic south pole,which would then be near Earth’s geo-graphic South Pole.

20. You would push the strip of copperand the strip of silver into the apple.The apple is the electrolyte, and themetal strips are the electrodes.Students may identify the cell as a drycell because the apple is a solid or as awet cell because the apple juice con-ducts the electric current.

21. When the pipe is rubbed with a piece ofwool, the pipe is charged by friction.When the charged pipe is held close to thecan, the charges in the can are rearrangedand the can is charged by induction. Theside of the can closest to the pipe has theopposite charge that the pipe has, and thecan is attracted to the pipe.

22. An answer to this exercise can be foundat the end of the Teacher Edition.

23. conductors: tap water in glass,wrench, metal part of scissors, liquidsoap in plastic bottle; insulators: bas-ketball, glass, plastic bottle, plasticscissors handles, wooden table

ReinforcementPLANET LODESTAR1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: If

the planet had a liquid core thatcontained mostly iron and nickel, likeEarth’s, then the planet wouldprobably have magnetic properties.

2. Answers will vary: Sample answer: Whena bar magnet is suspended on a stringin a magnetic field, the magnet willalways point in the same direction. Thenorth pole of the magnet will point tothe south magnetic pole of the planet.

3. Sample answer: No; on Earth,geographic North is really a magneticsouth pole and geographic South isreally a magnetic north pole. So amagnet that points north on Lodestarwould point south on Earth.

CHARGE!1. electric discharge2. conduction3. conduction4. induction or friction5. friction6. induction

Critical Thinking1. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

The electromagnet in the glove did nothave enough magnetic force to attractmore than 20 paper clips.

2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The glove trick would not haveworked with pennies, because penniesare made of copper, a non-magneticmaterial.

3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The Electro-Magneto Glove probablycontains a coil of current-carryingwire wrapped around an iron core; thecoil is attached to an electrical cell.

4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Themagician should connect a higher volt-age cell to his Electro-Magneto Gloveor wrap more coils around the core.

5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Themagician was not aware that heneeded to use opposite magnetic polesin order for the magnets to attract oneanother.

6. Answers will vary. Answers must besupported by an understanding ofmagnetism, electromagnetism, andhow an electromagnet is constructed.

Section Quizzes

SECTION: MAGNETS ANDMAGNETISM1. C 6. B2. C 7. B3. D 8. D4. C 9. A5. B 10. C



ANSWER KEY

SECTION: ELECTRIC CHARGE ANDSTATIC ELECTRICITY1. A 6. B2. B 7. B3. B 8. C4. B 9. D5. A 10. A

SECTION: ELECTRIC CURRENT ANDELECTRICAL ENERGY1. C 6. C2. D 7. D3. B 8. A4. B 9. B5. B 10. C

Chapter Test A1. E 14. C2. B 15. D3. A 16. D4. H 17. B5. D 18. B6. G 19. C7. F 20. D8. C 21. A9. A 22. C

10. C 23. A11. C 24. D12. D 25. D13. A

Chapter Test B1. electric current2. static electricity3. ferromagnet4. magnetic force5. electric discharge6. resistance7. circuit8. C9. B

10. C11. A12. A13. C14. The law of electric charges states that

like charges repel and oppositecharges attract.

15. Scientists think Earth’s magnetic fieldis made by the movement of electriccharges at Earth’s core.

16. Wires of two kinds of metals are joinedinto a loop. One section of the loop isheated and one section is cooled. Thetemperature difference within the loopcauses charges to flow through theloop. The greater the temperature dif-ference the greater the current.

17. Materials cooled to a temperaturewhere their resistance drops to 0Ω arecalled superconductors. Although verylittle energy is wasted when electriccharges move in a superconductor, alarge amount of energy is needed tocool superconductors.

18. Charged objects are affected by elec-tric forces at a distance becausecharged objects have an electric fieldaround them in which the electricforce is exerted.

19. Magnetic material could be usefulwhen the Monarch butterflies migratebecause the magnetic material insidetheir bodies would align with Earth’smagnetic field and allow them to sensewhich direction is north as they fly.

20. Increasing the voltage applied to awire will increase the current.Reducing the resistance of the wirewould also increase the current.

Chapter Test C1. C2. A3. B4. A5. B6. A7. C8. B9. A

10. C11. D12. A 13. B14. D15. B16. A17. C18. electromagnet19. electrical conductor20. electric discharge21. photocell



ANSWER KEY

17. Nuclear fusion in stars causes hydro-gen nuclei to join together to formhelium nuclei. If stars are hot enough,the hydrogen and helium nuclei couldjoin together to form more massivenuclei, such as carbon and oxygen.These nuclei can continue to jointogether and form even more massivenuclei, such as iron.

18. The food you eat contains someradioactive nuclei, such as carbon-14nuclei. Atoms of carbon-14 have thesame chemical properties as atoms ofnonradioactive carbon-12 and are usedby your body to build molecules, suchas proteins. Thus, there is alwayssome radiation being released bynuclei of atoms that are part of yourbody.


20. Sample answer: Radiation penetratescloth more easily than it penetratesmetal. The darkness of the key and theround object (a compact) in the imagedemonstrate that these objectsblocked more radiation than the clothof the purse itself.

21. 2.6 h22. 5.3 h

ReinforcementTHE DECAY OF A NUCLEUS1. helium, two, two2. two, decreases3. proton, electron4. stays the same5. half-life6. tracers7. 168. 319. 4

FISSION OR FUSION?Chernobyl; provides electrical energy inthe United States and worldwide; radioac-tive waste products; energy is released;large nucleus splits into two smallernuclei; uranium

Fusion: not currently used to provide elec-trical energy; hydrogen is a plasma;requires temperatures over 100,000,000˚C;occurs in the sun’s core; no radioactivewaste products; energy is released; two ormore nuclei join together to form a more-massive nucleus

Critical Thinking1. a. Nitrogen-13 reaches its fifth half-life

in 50 minutes (five half-lives 10 min-utes), so the Blue Flame will have towait 50 minutes to escape.b. Only 1/32 (or 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2) of the original nitrogen-13would remain as the Blue Flameescaped.

2. Sample answer: Hydrogen-3 has a half-life of 12.3 years. In order for the isotope to reach its fifth half-life (or 5 12.3 years) 61.5 years would haveto pass.

3. Alpha rays probably will not penetratethe suit. Beta rays probably will pene-trate his suit because they require atleast 3 mm of aluminum to be stopped.Gamma rays will definitely penetratehis suit because they can be stoppedonly by thick lead or concrete.

4. The scientist asked the Blue Flame forhelp in heating the materials, whichprobably means the experiment requirestemperatures higher than 100,000,000˚C.The scientist is most likely experiment-ing with nuclear fusion.

Section QuizzesSECTION: RADIOACTIVITY1. B 6. C2. A 7. D3. C 8. B4. D 9. A5. E

SECTION: ENERGY FROM THENUCLEUS1. B 5. D2. D 6. B3. A 7. A4. C 8. C



ANSWER KEY

Critical Thinking1. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

The global ocean covers a large areaof Earth’s surface. It absorbs much ofthe thermal energy that reaches Earthfrom the sun. A large amount of ther-mal energy from the sun is absorbednear the equator. Wind causes surfacecurrents that move the thermal energyto the midlatitudes. The Gulf Streammoves warm water from the equatornorthward. Ocean currents are part ofa global system called the ocean con-veyor belt. This system moves warmand cold water throughout the globalocean.

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Winds drive the surface currents of theglobal ocean. Without wind, the oceanconveyor belt could grind to a halt.There would be no system for distrib-uting the solar energy absorbed byocean waters near the equator. Coastalareas in the midlatitudes that arewarmed by ocean currents would coolsignificantly. Areas near the poleswould probably continue to lose ther-mal energy until they remained coldpermanently. It is possible that thiscould cause a prolonged cold periodsuch as an ice age.

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Ifthere were no wind over the oceans,there would be a breakdown of theocean conveyor belt. It is possible thatheat would build up at and near theequator. The climate could becomeextremely hot over a long period oftime. With no system in place to removethermal energy, it is possible that equa-torial regions worldwide could becomedeserts. Cold, deep ocean currents fromthe poles eventually could reach theequator, but it might take too long toprevent the effects of prolonged eleva-tion in temperatures.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The climate of Florida’s east coast issignificantly influenced by the GulfStream. The Gulf Stream makes theeast coast of Florida several degreeswarmer because of the transfer ofthermal energy from equatorial oceanwaters. The Gulf Stream is a surfaceocean current that transfers thermalenergy from the equator north, and itis driven by winds. Without winds,there would be no Gulf Stream.Without the Gulf Stream, the climateof the east coast of Florida would besignificantly cooler.

Section QuizzesSECTION: THE GEOSPHERE1. B2. A3. D4. D5. C6. C7. B8. D9. A

SECTION: THE ATMOSPHERE1. C2. A3. B4. D5. B6. B7. C8. A9. D

SECTION: THE HYDROSPHERE ANDBIOSPHERE1. B2. A3. C4. C5. D6. B7. A8. C



ANSWER KEY

SECTION: THE CYCLING OF MATTER1. D2. A3. B4. A5. C6. B7. D8. A

Chapter Test A1. D2. B3. A4. C5. D6. A7. B8. B9. C

10. A11. D12. C13. B14. A15. C16. A17. B18. D19. A20. B21. C22. B23. D24. B

Chapter Test B1. erosion2. water cycle3. geosphere4. convection5. rock cycle6. ozone7. B8. C9. C

10. D11. B

12. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Earth’s lithosphere is divided into tec-tonic plates. These plates are con-stantly moving, although theirmovement is extremely slow.Sometimes rock is deformed and broken along a plate boundary. Whenthis happens, energy is released in theform of vibrations that travel throughand shake the ground.

13. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Plants need sunlight to perform photo-synthesis. Photosynthesis is the basicprocess that plants use to produceenergy. Animals get their energy fromplants, so almost all organisms dependon the sun to supply energy. In addi-tion, solar energy warms the environ-ment, which provides the moderatetemperatures most organisms need tosurvive.

14. Answers may vary. Sample answer:When organisms die, they are con-sumed by decomposers. Decomposers,such as bacteria and insects, obtaintheir energy from the matter of thedead organisms. In the process ofobtaining this energy, carbon dioxideis released, which is used by plants inthe process of photosynthesis. Somebacteria release nitrogen into the soil.Plants use the nitrogen to supporttheir life functions.

15. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The Gulf Stream is an ocean surfacecurrent. It is part of a convection sys-tem that moves thermal energy fromequatorial areas to other parts ofEarth. The energy transported north-ward by the Gulf Stream warms theeast coast of the United States andparts of Europe, where temperaturesare several degrees warmer than othercoastal regions at similar latitudes.



ANSWER KEY

ReinforcementIT’S “R” PLANETAnswers may vary. Student fliers shouldbe creative, colorful, and clear in makingother students aware of the role they canplay in protecting the environment.

Critical Thinking DAVE GOODMAN HAS A PLAN1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Mr.

Goodman’s statement that “the mosthideous threat to our global well-beingis noise pollution” is his opinion.

2. No. Global warming affects the entireplanet, not just the areas that produceair pollution.

3. No. Even though nuclear power plantsdo not generate air pollution likecoal-based power plants do, theycreate radioactive waste, which is verydangerous and difficult to dispose of.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Ifthe new settlers hunt too many of thewild pigs, the pigs might becomeendangered or possibly extinct. Thiscould disrupt the island’s ecosystem.

5. Answers may vary. Sample answer:No, it is not a good solution. Introduc-ing an alien species to the island ofFez could disturb the ecologicalbalance of the island.

6. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Iwould study the island’s ecosystem,then develop plans that would notcause ecological damage. Forexample, I would use solar cells togenerate all of the island’s electricity.

Section QuizzesSECTION: ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMS1. D 6. E 2. F 7. B3. B 8. D4. C 9. A 5. A 10. C

SECTION: ENVIRONMENTALSOLUTIONS1. B 6. C2. C 7. B3. A 8. A4. A 9. A5. A

Chapter Test A 1. C 14. C2. D 15. A3. C 16. B4. A 17. A5. B 18. B6. C 19. C7. B 20. B8. A 21. F9. C 22. G

10. A 23. E11. D 24. D12. B 25. C 13. C

Chapter Test B1. nonrenewable resources2. overpopulation3. pollution4. renewable resources5. conservation6. recycling7. C8. A9. B

10. D11. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

Reduce pollution; recycling and buyingrecycled products will help reducepollution. Reduce pesticide use; usepesticides that are targeted only forharmful insects, use natural pesticides.Protect habitats; conserve wetlands,reduce deforestation, and preserveentire habitats. Learn about local issues,attend local meetings, and let peopleknow about your concerns. Developalternative energy sources; increase theuse of solar power, wind power, andother renewable energy sources.



ANSWER KEY

6. Answers may vary. Accept all well-reasoned answers. Sample answer:Yes; I think science will eventuallysolve the mysteries of the universebecause scientific tools and technologyare becoming increasingly advanced.

Section QuizzesSECTION: STARS1. B 6. D2. C 7. C3. B 8. A4. D 9. B5. E

SECTION: THE LIFE CYCLE OF STARS1. D 6. D2. C 7. B3. B 8. F4. A 9. A5. E 10. C

SECTION: GALAXIES1. D 6. B2. B 7. D3. A 8. E4. C 9. C5. B 10. A

SECTION: FORMATION OF THEUNIVERSE1. A 4. B2. B 5. C3. A 6. A

Chapter Test A1. B 14. B2. C 15. B3. A 16. D4. D 17. C5. D 18. F6. C 19. E7. B 20. G8. C 21. D9. B 22. B

10. A 23. A11. B 24. C12. A13. D

Chapter Test B1. absolute magnitude2. cosmology3. cosmic background radiation4. black hole5. globular clusters6. A7. A8. B9. B

10. D11. A12. Most galaxies are spiral galaxies,

which have a bulge in the center and afew spiral arms. About one-third of allgalaxies are elliptical galaxies. Theyhave very bright centers and very littledust and gas. New stars do not form inelliptical galaxies. Irregular galaxiesare those that don’t fit into any otherclass. Their irregular shape may be theresult of distortion caused by the grav-itational attraction of spiral galaxiesnearby.

13. The absorption spectra of stars can becompared with the emission spectraproduced by elements. If the spectrallines of the star match certain ele-ments, then it can be concluded thatthese elements are in the star or in itsatmosphere.

14. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Scientists now think that the expan-sion of the universe could continueforever. Stars will age and die, and,after billions of years, it will becomecold and dark but will still continue toexpand.

15. The stars appear to move around theNorth Star because Earth is turning onits axis, which is pointed toward theNorth Star.

16. 1.5 1011 m 3 108 m/s 60 s/min 8 100 minutes 8 minutes. Itwould take about 8 minutes for thelast ray of sunlight to reach Earth.

17. The temperature of the star is justabove 10,000°C, and it has an absolutemagnitude of about 10.5.

18. a. galaxies b. globular clustersc. nebulas d. planets e. supernovas



ANSWER KEY

12. The asteroid belt between Mars andJupiter should be indicated in brown,and the Kuiper belt between Neptuneand Pluto should be indicated in blue.

Critical ThinkingMARTIAN HOLIDAY1. This is an advertisement that was

written to sell trips to Mars. The information is not scientific.

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Mars does have water, but not in liquidform. The atmospheric pressure is toolow for liquid water to exist. Mars’swater is frozen in polar icecaps andpossibly under Martian soil. The wateron Mars therefore cannot be used foractivities like water-skiing, surfing, orsailing.

3. Mars is red, but the color is due to rust,not heat. In fact, Mars is very cold.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Not exactly. Venus has the hottest sur-face of any planet in the solar system,but it does not appear red like Marsdoes.

5. No. A Martian tourist is not likely tosee Olympus Mons erupting. The volcano is extinct and will probablynot ever erupt again.

6. Answers may vary. Sample answer:No, Mars would not be a very pleasantdestination. It is extremely cold andhas no liquid water. People would alsofind it hard to breathe on Marsbecause it has a thin atmosphere.

Section QuizzesSECTION: THE NINE PLANETS1. E 6. B2. B 7. D3. D 8. C4. A 9. B5. C 10. C

SECTION: THE INNER PLANETS1. C 6. D2. A 7. C3. E 8. B4. B 9. C5. D 10. B

SECTION: THE OUTER PLANETS1. E 6. C2. C 7. B3. A 8. C4. B 9. D5. D 10. B

SECTION: MOONS1. C 6. A2. F 7. D3. G 8. B4. E 9. A5. B 10. C

SECTION: SMALL BODIES IN THESOLAR SYSTEM1. F 6. C2. E 7. D3. A 8. A4. B 9. C5. D 10. B

Chapter Test A1. B 14. D2. D 15. I3. C 16. A4. C 17. H5. B 18. F6. D 19. C7. F 20. B8. H 21. C9. D 22. A

10. E 23. B11. A 24. A12. I 25. D13. G

Chapter Test B1. retrograde2. meteorite3. satellites4. terrestrial planets5. comets6. C7. A8. D9. B

10. C



ANSWER KEY

Critical ThinkingDiagrams may vary. Accept all reason-able connections. Students must labeleach line and connect the points totwo other lines. Students may work inpairs or small groups to evaluate anddiscuss each others’ work.

1. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Organ systems have the highest levelof complexity because they are madeup of organs, tissues, and cells.

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The most lines will likely connect tothe most simple structure in thegroup—the tissues. The more basicthe structure, the more organs andorgan systems it will affect.

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Anorganism is a complex system madeup of many parts. No one part can beresponsible for the survival of theorganism. All parts must be in workingand cooperative mode for the organ-ism to succeed.

Section QuizzesSECTION: CELL BASICS1. E 6. C2. F 7. B3. D 8. A4. A 9. C5. B

SECTION: THE CELL CYCLE1. D 6. B2. E 7. C3. F 8. B4. A 9. D5. C

SECTION: THE HUMAN BODY: FROMCELLS TO ORGANISM1. A2. B3. D4. B5. C6. B7. D8. B9. A

10. C

Chapter Test A1. D 14. F2. B 15. E3. A 16. D4. D 17. C5. A 18. A6. C 19. B7. C 20. C8. C 21. B9. D 22. A

10. B 23. F11. A 24. D12. D 25. E13. B

Chapter Test B1. cytokinesis2. connective3. organelle4. cell5. mitosis6. tissue7. B8. A9. D

10. B11. C12. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

Prokaryotic cells copy their DNA andthen simply divide, with each new cellcarrying the same DNA, in a processcalled binary fission. Division ofeukaryotic cells is more complex, withfour stages of mitosis followed bycytokinesis.

13. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Plant cells and animal cells have simi-lar parts, but plant cells have special-ized parts that animal cells do nothave. These include a cell wall thatsupports the plant; the central vac-uole, which stores water and breaksdown waste products; and chloro-plasts where plants make their ownfood.

14. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Ifcells do not respond to signals to stopdividing, a tumor forms.

15. The levels of structural organization inthe human body are cells, tissues,organs, and organ systems.



ANSWER KEY



ANSWER KEY

5. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The introduction of a new plant hybridcould have an impact on the island’secosystem. Any change to a part of anecosystem will affect the web of organ-isms in that system. For example, ani-mals that fed on the original plantsmight be unable to eat the hybrid fruitand would therefore die off.

Section Quizzes

SECTION: MENDEL AND HIS PEAS1. C 5. B2. B 6. C3. D 7. C4. A

SECTION: TRAITS AND INHERITANCE1. C 5. E2. D 6. A3. A 7. C4. B 8. D

SECTION: MEIOSIS1. C 5. A2. B 6. C3. B 7. A4. A

Chapter Test A1. C 13. D2. C 14. C3. D 15. B4. A 16. G5. A 17. E6. B 18. B7. A 19. F8. A 20. A9. A 21. D

10. B 22. C11. B 23. A12. A 24. C

Chapter Test B1. recessive traits2. heredity3. phenotype 4. genotype5. probability6. pedigree7. C

8. D9. A

10. C11. B12. Answers may vary. Sample answer: In

asexual reproduction, organisms canreproduce quickly. Animals that repro-duce asexually do not have to useenergy to find a mate.

13. In mitosis, chromosomes are copiedonce, and the nucleus divides once. Inmeiosis, chromosomes are copiedonce, and the nucleus divides twice.

14. when each allele has its own degree ofinfluence

15. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Self-pollinating was important becauseit allowed Mendel to grow true-breeding plants. Cross-pollinationwas important because he could mixdifferent traits to check results.

16. Answers may vary. Sample answer:The parent cell has 23 pairs of chro-mosomes making a total of 46. Thenew cell has 23 single chromosomes—one from each pair of parent cells.

17. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Inthe first step, chromosomes split intotwo exact copies called chromatids. Inthe seventh step, the chromatids pullapart and move to opposite sides ofthe cell.

18. B19. A20. C

Chapter Test C1. B 11. A2. C 12. B3. C 13. C4. D 14. genes5. B 15. X chromosomes6. B 16. pedigree7. D 17. asexual reproduction8. C 18. D9. A 19. B

10. D 20. A

TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE



ANSWER KEY

4. Answers will vary. Sample answer:Dear Farmer: It does seem reasonableto make some changes to crops sothat they will grow better and be moreresistant to insects. However, the people who are against genetic engineering have some valid concerns.I think we all have a lot to learn aboutusing genetic engineering wisely.Sincerely, Ethics Person

Section QuizzesWHAT DOES DNA LOOK LIKE?1. B 6. B2. C 7. A3. A 8. C4. D 9. A5. C 10. B

HOW DNA WORKS1. C 6. B2. B 7. D3. D 8. B4. A 9. B5. C 10. A

Chapter Test A1. D 14. E2. A 15. B3. C 16. A4. A 17. F5. D 18. H6. B 19. C7. D 20. F8. A 21. A9. C 22. E

10. B 23. G11. G 24. B12. C 25. D13. D

Chapter Test B1. nucleotides2. cytosine3. genetic engineering4. mutations5. mutagens6. C7. B8. B9. D

10. C11. D12. Sickle cell disease affects red blood

cells. These sickle cells are not asgood at carrying oxygen as normal redblood cells are, they can get stuck inblood vessels, and they can causeclots.

13. No, genetic mutations may help anindividual, harm an individual, orcause no change at all.

14. Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffractionimages showed that DNA has a spiralshape. This helped Watson and Crickthink of the double-helix, or twistedladder shape as a possibility for a DNAmodel.

15. The DNA molecule first splits downthe middle, separating the pairedbases. Then the bases on each strandpair up with complementarynucleotides according to Chargaff’srules. Adenine always pairs withthymine, and guanine always pairswith cytosine. This process createstwo identical DNA molecules.

16. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Ourincreasing knowledge of geneticscould solve diseases such as sicklecell disease because doctors would beable to fix the substitution mutationthat causes the disease.

17. Sample answer: In DNA replication theentire DNA strand is reproduced. Inmaking a protein only the segment, orgene, that is needed is reproduced. InDNA replication new nucleotides jointhe two halves of the DNA strand toform new strands. In making a protein,messenger RNA makes a mirrorlikecopy of the gene, and takes that message to the ribosome, where transfer RNA adds the appropriateamino acids to make a protein. Bothprocesses involve the bases ofnucleotides matching with complementary bases.

18. Sample answer: A nucleotide is madeof a sugar, a phosphate and a base.There are four possible bases, makingfour types of nucleotides: adenine,thymine, guanine, cytosine. Adeninebases always pair with thymine.



ANSWER KEY

12. Sample answer: Genetics provides anexplanation of what happens insidecells as organisms evolve.

13. Answers may vary. Student answersmay resemble the description of thespeciation of the Galápagos finchesgiven in the student text.

14. Sample answer: Australia is an island,so the marsupials there have evolvedseparately from other mammals fromaround the world. Some marsupialsfrom Australia may look similar tosome mammals from other parts ofthe world because they may bothshare certain adaptations. Similaradaptations can evolve independentlyin separate populations if the adapta-tions help individuals in those popula-tions survive and reproduce.

15. Sample answer: As the continentsdrifted apart, populations of specieswould have been separated and mayhave had to adapt to new environmen-tal conditions. The separated popula-tions would likely have evolved intoseparate species over time.


17. about 7 lb18. about 7 lb19. Sample answer: The infants who are

best adapted to survive birth are thosethat weigh about 7 lb at birth.

ReinforcementBICENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONAnswers may vary. Accept any reasonableanswer. Sample answer:The Secret of the Galápagos Finches—In1831, Charles Darwin, a natural scientist,traveled around the world on the HMSBeagle. On the Galápagos Islands, 965 kmoff the coast of Ecuador, Darwin discov-ered his finches. The Galápagos finches aresimilar to those found in South America,but they are distinguished by the shape oftheir beaks and the food they eat. Darwintheorized that the finches originally camefrom the mainland but, over many genera-tions, adapted to the different ways thefinches obtain food in the environment of

the Galápagos Islands. Darwin thought thatpopulations of organisms change slowlyover time by a process called natural selec-tion. The four steps in natural selection areoverproduction, genetic variation, thestruggle to survive, and successful repro-duction. During overproduction, organismsproduce more offspring than can survive.Some of the offspring have different traitsfrom each other, and this is genetic varia-tion. During the struggle to survive, organ-isms with certain traits are more likely tosurvive. The organisms that survive passon those traits to their young through suc-cessful reproduction. Over many genera-tions, the process of natural selection cancreate a new species.

Critical Thinking1. According to Darwinian theory,

evolution occurs continuously as animals compete for resources, butthe fossil record suggests that specia-tions and extinctions occur in pulses.

2. The dim pulses represent the appear-ance of a few species, and the brighterpulses represent the appearance ofmany species.

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Environmental forces that change theclimate, the landscape, or the avail-ability of food might increase competition between organisms.

4. Answers may vary. Answers must besupported by knowledge of the fossilrecord, current environmental trends,or recently discovered species.

5. Answers may vary. The symbols thatstudents choose should fit together ina logical and consistent manner.

Section QuizzesSECTION: CHANGE OVER TIME1. C2. A3. D4. E5. F6. B7. C8. A



ANSWER KEY

SECTION: HOW DOES EVOLUTIONHAPPEN?1. E2. B3. G4. A5. F6. C7. D8. D9. C

SECTION: NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION1. D2. A3. E4. C5. B6. A7. D

Chapter Test A1. A 14. C2. D 15. A3. B 16. D4. B 17. D5. D 18. I6. A 19. H7. D 20. C8. C 21. B9. B 22. J

10. B 23. A11. B 24. E12. D 25. G13. A

Chapter Test B1. evolution2. speciation3. ancestors4. resistant5. selective breeding6. selection7. A8. D9. B

10. D11. D12. A

13. Sample answer: Overproduction:Species produce more offspring thanwill survive to be adults. Inherited vari-ation: Individuals in a population willdiffer in their traits. Struggle to survive:Individuals compete and many die.Successful reproduction: Individualswith the best adaptations are morelikely to survive and reproduce.

14. Sample answer: The fossil record isincomplete because specific condi-tions are required for fossils to form.

15. Sample answer: By comparing thetraits, skeletal structure, and DNA ofmodern organisms, scientists candetermine which organisms have common ancestry and obtain clues asto what those ancestors may havebeen like.

16. Sample answer: Evidence for the evolution of whales from land-basedmammals is provided by the existenceof unused hip bones in modernwhales, the fact that whales are mammals, and the sequence of fossilsin the fossil record.

17. Sample answer: Natural selection isinvolved whenever species reproduce.The ability to attract a mate gives anindividual a better chance to repro-duce. Some species have intense com-petition among individuals for mates.This often results in colorful orunusual adaptations to help individuals attract a mate.

18. Sample answer: Evidence for commonancestry might be found in similaritiesin the frogs’ behavior and physicaltraits, the skeletal structure of thefrogs, and the genetic information inthe frogs’ DNA.

19. Whenever a population is attacked bya medication or insecticide, there aresome surviving individuals. These individuals may have a gene whichprotects them from the drug or poison.They are likely to pass this protectionon to their offspring. This will makefuture use of the drug or chemical lesseffective, and possibly useless.

20. a. fossils; b. ancient mammals; c. whales; d. DNA and traits; e. related;f. adaptations; g. separation; h. species



ANSWER KEY

20. The tree is not made of wood becausethe wood tissue in the tree has beencompletely replaced by minerals.

21. An answer to this exercise can be foundat the end of the Teacher Edition.

22. 600 families23. 450 million years ago

ReinforcementWELCOME TO THE GEOLOGY ROCKSCAFÉ!

a. rye breadb. picklesc. tomatoesd. provolone cheesee. turkeyf. mustardg. sourdough breadh. onionsi. lettucej. Cheddar cheesek. haml. mustard

m. sourdough breadn. relisho. provolone cheesep. turkeyq. mayonnaiser. sourdough breads. picklest. tomatoesu. lettucev. ham

w. mustardx. rye bread

Critical Thinking1. a. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

Like one current theory, Dr. Garza’shypothesis states that the extinction ofthe dinosaurs was due partly to theimpact of a huge asteroid.b. Answers may vary. Sample answer:One current theory states that theasteroid struck Earth, causing thedinosaurs to die from a lack of sun-light. Dr. Garza’s hypothesis states thatthe asteroid crashed into the ocean,and that the dinosaurs died as a resultof the destruction of their habitat.

2. Answers may vary. Sample answers:asteroid impact: tsunamis, debris inthe air, blockage of sunlight, forestfires, death of plants and animals massive earthquake: tsunamis, flooding, destruction of habitatdrought: death of plants and animals

3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Dr.Garza should look for disconformitiesin rock layers and extra thick layers ofsediment due to heavy deposition.Sediment layers should contain largenumbers of fossilized plants and ani-mals that were buried and preserved insediment after the flood.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer:Yes, these discoveries support Dr.Garza’s hypothesis. Flowing waterwould cause dinosaur skeletons in low-lying areas to be disrupted. Skeletonson high ground would not be affectedby flooding, so they would remainintact.

Section QuizzesSECTION: GEOLOGIC HISTORY1. B 6. B2. E 7. A3. C 8. A4. A 9. C5. D

SECTION: LOOKING AT FOSSILS1. C 6. B2. E 7. C3. D 8. A4. B 9. C5. A 10. D

SECTION: TIME MARCHES ON1. C 6. D2. A 7. A3. B 8. D4. D 9. A5. D 10. C



ANSWER KEY

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