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Bluetooth Introduction
Guoxin ZhengSchool of Communicationand Information EngineeringShanghai University
Architecture Overview
•Overview•Technically•Topology•Radio/Baseband•Protocol stack•Modules&Silicon•Development Kits•Qualification
World Penetration
50100150200250300350400
1998
2000
2002
2004
Phones Smart Phones
4228 21 16
2237
21 2324 17 16 20
36 3658 61 67
82 73 75 70
9 7 10 9 1011
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
April-M
ay 9
6
Aug-Sep
t 96
Dec-J
an 9
6/97
April-M
ay 9
7
Aug-Sep
t 97
Dec-J
an 9
7/98
Feb-M
arch
98
April-M
ay 9
8
June-
July
98
EntryMidHigh
*70% of total sales volume Source: GFK retailer panelSource: Ericsson official forecast
Replacement
2003
400
100
Market Penetration 1997 & 1998
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Add. 98
1997
(est.)
Industry Forecast in million phones
Source;Ericsson
All (SP,GER, UK, FRA, ITA) - % Distribution by Price segment of Total Sales Volume*(units)
1995
Forecast Worldwide Sales 2005M
illio
n un
its
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
mobile phones
mobile accessories
portable computers and PDA’s
desktop PCs
desktop accessories
printers
cordless phones
telephone answering devices
TV/VCR/DVD
CD-player
Mobile devices Desktop devices Consumer electronics
Source: IDC, Strategy Analytics, Ericsson, Silver Institute
Internet connection device
cameras & misc.Remote control
The Future?• Mobile phones is by far the largest segment within Mobile Devices
– 250 million mobile phones will be sold year 2000
– 630 million mobile phones will be sold year 2005
• Desktop PCs is the largest segment in Desktop Devices
– 80 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2000
– 140 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2005
• Cordless phones is the largest segment in Consumer Electronics Devices
– 150 million cordless phones will be sold year 2000
– 350 million cordless phones will be sold year 2005
Personal Ad-hoc Networks
Cable Replacement
Landline
Data/Voice Access Points
What does Bluetooth do for you?
“Usage Models”
“Design a radio to replace the cable and its connectors…”
• Design Goals– Small implementation size– Low implementation cost – Low power consumption– Secure and robust for open ISM band
• Challenges– Fast frequency hopping– Single chip integration
Global Operation
Industrial - Scientific - Medical
80 MHz at 2.45 GHz
Globally available
Unlicensed and free to use
Unprecedented Cross Industry Commitment
• Special Interest Group
– Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba
• And today there are more than 2000 Bluetooth adopters...
Technically Speaking . . .
Bluetooth Module
• Small Size– 0.5 square inches in production
– Eventually moving to a single chip solution
• Low power– 2.7V (1.62 - 2.75V)
– 300 A standby, 30 A in sleep, 60 A hold/park
– 3 - 30 mA when transmitting
– 1 or 100 mW active power
• Low Price– $25 projected to come down to around $5 OE
M integration cost• Designed for CMOS single chip solution
Bluetooth Radio
BluetoothBluetooth
Bluetooth Link Controller
Technical Features• 2.4 GHz ISM Open band
– Globally free available frequency, 89 MHz of spectrum available– FFH/DS Hybrid Radio
• 10 -100 m range, personal bubble – 8 active devices per piconet (share datarate)– Up to 10 piconets in bubble (full datarate)
• 1 Mbps gross rate – Future version: 2 Mbps
• Simultaneous voice/data capable– 432 Kbps (full duplex), 721/56 Kbps (asymmetric)– or– 3 simultaneous full duplex voice per piconet (CVSD@64 Kbps).– or a combination of data and voice
Battery Life Time• Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery and internal amplifier,
power will vary with implementation and application
• Low power consumption– Standby current 0.3 mA
• > 3 months
– Voice mode 10 mA (one voice channel)• > 60 hours
– Data mode average 6 mA (20% utilization) • > 100 hours
• Low Power Architecture– Programmable data length (else radio sleeps)– Hold and Park modes 60 µA
• Devices connected but not participating
• Device can participate within 2 ms
Robust Data and Voice Transfer
• Bluetooth is designed to be robust
• Open band interference is negotiated by:– 1600 frequency hops/s
– Short and flexible data packets
– Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)
– Forward Error Correction (FEC)
– 16 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check
– Speech coding:• Continuos Variable Slope Delta modulation (CVSD)
Bluetooth Scalable Security• Provides link layer security between any two Bluetooth radios
• Authentication (E1 algorithm)
– Challenge/Response system
• Encryption (privacy)
– Encrypts data between two devices
– Stream cipher with E0 algorithm
• Key management and usage
– Configurable Encryption key length (0-16 bytes)
• Government export regulations
• Radio negotiate key size
– Key generation with E2-E3 algorithms• Authentication and Encryption keys
Topology• Radio range has two varieties
• Short range (10 meters or less)– 0 dBm radio, 1mW
– Optimized for short range devices• Headset, Mouse, Keyboard, etc. ...
• Longer range (100 meters or less)– 20 dBm radio, 100 mW
– Module has a power amplifier built-in
– Optimized for devices changing environments• Notebooks, cellphones, access points, etc. …
Topology• Radio/Baseband
– Master/Slave medium access
– Radio/Baseband is symmetric
– Connected devices can be master or slave
– Could be master and slave concurrently
• Piconet
– All devices in a piconet hop together
– Frequency hopping sequence is determined by the masters ID
– Phase of the frequency hopping sequence is determined by the masters clock
Topology
• Piconet
– Point to Point
– Point to Multipoint
– No base station is needed
– 8 concurrent devices
– More than 200 active devices
– 1 Mb/s gross rate
Topology
• Scatternet
– Devices can share piconets
– Interpiconet communication
– Instant Ad-hoc connections
– 10 Piconets
– Aggregated 10 Mb/s
Topology
• Mobile Topology
– All device are mobile
– Walknet:
– The whole piconet cell is mobile
– Make and Brake Connections
Topology
Frequency HoppingMaster MasterMaster MasterMaster
0
1
2
3
4
5
78
73
74
75
76
77
6
A1
A2
A4
B1
B2
2402
B3
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2480
2479
2478
2477
2476
2475
A3
MHz
7 4
5
16 2
2400 Mz 2483.5 M z
3
Frequency Density
Inquiry Page
C onnectedAMA
T ransm itdataAMA
T typ ica l=0.6s
T typ ica l=2s
H O LDAMA
PAR KPMA
T typ ica l=2 m s T typ ica l=2 m s
R e leasesA M A
A ddress
Low Pow erStates
ActiveStates
Standby
ConnectingStates
UnconnectedStandby
Det
ach
Connection Procedure• Standby
– Waiting to join a piconet
• Inquire– Finding devices
• Page– Connect to a known device
• Connected– Actively on a piconet (master
or slave)
• Park/Hold– Low Power connected states
Page and Inquire Scans
• A radio must be enabled to accept pages or inquires (also in connected state)
InquireScan
Page Scan
T typ ica l=1.25Sleep
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
Standby
InquireScan
Page Scan
T typ ica l=1.25C onnected
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
Connected
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Con
trol
RF
Com
m
HID
TC
P/I
P
Still Image Obex
vCard
WAP
vCal
Basic
Provided
Adapted
Ap
plic
atio
n F
ram
ew
ork
RadioBaseband
Link Man.
L2CAP
Aud
io
HCIHCI
Ericsson Bluetooth CoreFunctional Partitioning
SRAMSRAM
FlashFlash
BASEBAND
Link Control
BASEBAND
Link Control
RADIO
RF Section
RADIO
RF Section
CPU
Link Manager
CPU
Link ManagerHost
Interface
TX-balun
RX-balun
SwitchRF IC Antenna
Filter
VCO-tank
LPfilter
PASwitch
Control &data
Filters and baluns integrated into LTCC substrate RF IC flip chip mounted Laser trimming used to optimize performance 100mW optional version with PA and Optional Gain Control (- 30 to +20 dBm) Small outline BGA type package
– 1mW: 10.2 x 14 x 1.6 mm – 100mW: 10.2 x 16 x 1.6 mm
Radio Module
First Complete Module
RadioRadioLinkController
LinkController (Optional)
FlashFlashHost interface USBUART/PCM
PAPA
Antenna
First Complete ModuleKey Features
• FCC type approved
• Interface through USB, UART or PCM
• Bluetooth 1.0 pre-certified
• USB 1.1 compliant (Voice and Data)
• Small size, 33x17x3.36 mm
• Generic SW (HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM)
Complete Module SW-stack
L2CAP
Radio
BaseBand
Link Manager
HCI
HCI
Higher Layers
Bluetooth host
Bluetooth completemodule
Ericsson Bluetooth Core
What is the Developer’s Kit?
Blu e to o th Radio Bas eband Firmw are
Blu e to o th Radio Bas eband Firmw are
Win 98 PC SerialInterface
Bluetooth Developer KitHardware
• Demonstrator of Bluetooth technology
• Starter kit for product development
• Application software development platform
• Increase integration with option to do embedded SW
Global Market
Qualification Program Regulatory Type Approval
Bluetooth Devices
&Bluetooth Identity 'License to sell'
Qualification and Type Approval
Manufacturer
Blue-tooth Quali-
fication Body
AuthorizedTest houses
Qualification Program - Concept
Bluetooth Administrative
Instance
Product including documentation and declaration (ICS)
Feedback
Logo approval
Test results
Authorize
Accreditation
Preliminary!
Bluetooth Moves Fast...
Web sites for latest news• www.bluetooth.com• www.ericsson.se/bluetooth• WWW.bluetoothinchina.com
ENDEND