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Chapter 2 : Blood Circulation and Transportation
2.1 Transports System in Humans Structure of heart Function of the heart Blood vessels and their functions Comparison between arteries, veins and capillaries Path of blood flow in the circulatory system 2.2 Human Blood Blood constituents and their function Blood group and compatibility 2.3 Transport System in Plants Transport tissues in plants The transportation of water through xylem
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Chapter 2 : Blood Circulation and Transportation
The transportation of food through phloem Transpiration Factors that affect the rate of transpiration Role of transpiration in transport
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2.1 Transport System in Humans Structure of the heart
Aorta From head and body
To head and body
Vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle Septum
Left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Left atrium Pulmonary vein
From lungs
To lungs Pulmonary artery Semilunar
valve
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2.1 Transport System in Humans Functions of the heart
A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the whole body Deoxygenated blood from the whole body flows back to the
right atrium via the vena cava. It then, sends blood to the right ventricle and the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs to picks up oxygen
Oxygenated blood flows to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Then, it is pumped out from the heart into the aorta which distributes blood to various parts of the body
Responsible for distributing oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other waste products
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2.1 Transport System in Humans
Blood vessels and their function
Artery
Vein
Blood capillary
Blood enters
Blood flows out
(a)Capillary joins artery and vein
Direction of blood flow
Valve close to prevent backflow
of blood
Valve opens
(b) Action of semilunar valve at the wall of the vein
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2.1 Transport System in Humans Comparison between arteries, veins and capillaries
Very low Low High Blood pressure Very small Big Small Size of lumen
(diameter)
Very thin and only one cell thick
Thin, less elastic, less muscular
Thick, muscular, elastic
Thickness of wall
Appearance
Capillaries Veins Arteries Characterisitcs Connective tissue
Smooth muscle Lumen
Endothelium tissue
Connective tissue Smooth muscle Lumen
Endothelium tissue
Lumen
Endothelium tissue
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2.1 Transport System in Humans
Connect the arteries and the veins
Transport blood from the body tissues to the heart
Transport blood from the heart to the body tissues
Function
Very slow Slow Fast Rate of blood flow
Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery
Type of blood transported
No Yes No Presence of valve
Capillaries Veins Arteries Characterisitcs
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2.1 Transport System in Humans Path of blood flow in the circulatory system
Head and neck
Hands
Lungs
Liver
Stomach and intestine
Kidneys
Legs
Pulmonary artery
Aorta Vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Heart
Artery
Heart
Vein
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
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The human blood circulatory system is divided into
* Pulmonary circulation : Deoxygenated blood returning from the organs and tissues of the body travels from the right ventricle to the left atrium * Systemic circulation : Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all tissues in the body except lungs and return deoxygenated blood which carries waste products back to the heart
2.1 Transport System in Humans
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2.2 Human Blood
Blood is a vital fluid tissue made up of liquids and solids The liquid component of blood is called plasma, which is light yellow in colour The solid component consists of blood cells, namely red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Plasma and blood cells in blood can be separated from a blood sample by using a centrifuge
Blood constituents and their functions
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2.2 Human Blood
No Yes No Presence of nucleus
Bone narrow Bone narrow and lymph node
Bone narrow Place of production
2 – 3 m 10 m 8 m Estimated size
Shape
Platelets White blood cells
Red blood cells Characteristics
Biconcave disc No fixed shape Cytoplasmic fragment of cells that has no fixed shape
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2.2 Human Blood
About 200 000 to 400 000
About 7 millions
About 5 millions
Number per cubic millimeter (mm3)
Help in blood clotting
Defence and immunity
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Function
No No Yes Presence of haemoglobin
8 – 10 days A few days to many months 120 days Life span
Platelets White blood cells
Red blood cells Characteristics
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2.2 Human Blood
The human blood is divided into four groups namely group A, B, O and AB People with blood type O are called universal donors because they can donate blood to any blood group. They can receive blood from group O only People with blood type AB are called universal recipients because they can receive blood from any blood group. They can donate to group AB only Transfusion is a process of blood transfer from a donor to a recipient Agglutination will occur when the blood of two incompatible groups are mixed together
Blood group and compatibility
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2.2 Human Blood
/ / / / AB
/ O
/ / B
/ / A
AB O B A Recipient’s blood
type
Compability of different blood groups
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Donor’s blood type
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2.3 Transport System in Plants Transport tissues in plants
Transports the product of photosynthesis (glucose) from the leaf to the rest of the plant for consumption or storage
Gives support to plant with its thick and strong wall Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant
Functions
A soft living tissue Rich with protoplasm
A long hollow tissue strengthened by fibre Does not contain protoplasm
Features
Phloem Xylem
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2.3 Transport System in Plants
Root
Leaf
Stem
Dicotyledonous plant Monocotyledonous plant
Xylem
Phloem
Xylem
Phloem
Xylem
Phloem Epidermis
Xylem
Phloem
Cortex
Epidermis
Xylem
Phloem
Epidermis
Hair root Xylem
Phloem Cortex
Hair root
Epidermis Endodermis
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2.3 Transport System in Plants The transportation of water through xylem
Red-coloured solution
Red-coloured part
Red-coloured part
Cross section of a stem
Cross section of a root Balsam plant
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Procedures A balsam plant is immersed into a beaker filled with a red-
coloured solution. The plant is then exposed to sunlight After one day, the epidermis of the stem and leaf is observed A thin slice of the root and stem is cut and observed under a
microscope Observation Some red bands are found at the veins of the leaf and some
part of the stem and root From the cross section of the stem, it is observed that xylem
tissues arranged in rings in each vascular bundle are coloured red
Conclusion Those red bands are xylem tissues which transport water from
the root to the stem and leaves
2.3 Transport System in Plants
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2.3 Transport System in Plants The transportation of food through phloem
Swelling is due to accumulation of product of photosynthesis (food)
Shrinking
After few weeks
First day
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Procedures The phloem tissues of a plant is removed by making a ring at
the bark of its stem The plant is left under sunlight and watered everyday The plant is left for few weeks Observation The bark above the ring swells The bark below the ring shrivels Leaves on the upper part of the ring do not wilt Inference The bark above the ring swells because the food (glucose)
cannot be transported to the lower portion without phloem tissue
2.3 Transport System in Plants
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The bark below the ring shrivels because the food has been used up
Leaves of the plant do not wilt because water and mineral salts can still be transported up through the xylem tissues
Conclusion Phloems tissues transport food (glucose) from the leaf to other
parts of the plant
2.3 Transport System in Plants
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2.3 Transport System in Plants Transpiration Transpiration is the evaporation process where plants lose
excessive water to the atmosphere in the form of water vapour The excess water will be removed through the stomata which
can be found on both surfaces on the leaf Stomata consist of : * Stoma : The pore where water vapour is expelled out of the plant * Guard cell : Two kidney-shaped cells that contain chloroplasts Control the pore size of the stoma The stoma is smaller during hot days and bigger during cold
days The opening of the stoma also allows exchange of gas
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2.3 Transport System in Plants
Stomata on leaf surface
Guard cell
Stoma
Hot day
Stoma is smaller
Cold day
Stoma is bigger
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2.3 Transport System in Plants
Light
Factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Temperature
Relative humidity
Wind speed
Water availability
Altitude
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2.3 Transport System in Plants
Role of transpiration in transport
Transpiration helps in the absorption and transportation of water and minerals in plants As water is lost or used up by the plant, more water is
sucked up from the xylem vessels in the leaves, stem and roots The flow of water is continuous from the roots to the leaves The water in the soil contains minerals which are absorbed
by the roots, tranported up the stem and to the leaves
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The End
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Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan
2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia • Struktur jantung • Fungsi jantung • Saluran darah dan fungsinya • Perbandingan di antara arteri, vena dan kapilari • Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaran 2.2 Darah Manusia • Kandungan darah dan fungsinya • Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian 2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan • Pengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan • Pengangkutan air melalui xilem
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Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan
• Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem • Transpirasi • Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi • Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia
Struktur jantung Aorta
Dari kepala dan badan
Ke kepala dan badan
Vena kava
Aurikel kanan
Injap trikuspid
Ventrikal kanan Septum
Ventrikel kiri
Injap bikuspid
Aurikel kiri Vena pulmonari
Dari peparu
Ke peparu Arteri pulmonari Injap sabit
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia Fungsi jantung
• Organ berotot yang mengepam darah keluar ke seluruh badan
• Darah terdeoksigen daripada seluruh badan mengalir balik ke aurikel kanan melalui vena kava. Kemudian ia menghantar darah ke ventrikel kanan dan ventrikel kanan mengepam darah ke dalam arteri pulmonari. Arteri pulmonari membawa darah ke peparu dan mengambil oksigen
• Darah beroksigen mengalir dari aurikel kiri melalui vena pulmonari. Darah melewati aurikel kiri ke dalam ventrikel kiri. Kemudian, ia dipam keluar dari jantung ke dalam aorta dan darah diedarkan ke seluruh bahagian badan
• Bertanggungjawab untuk mengedar oksigen dan nutrien ke badan dan membawa keluar karbon dioksida dan produk buangan yang lain Keluar Versi BI
2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia
Saluran darah dan fungsinya
Arteri
Vena
Kapilari darah
Darah masuk Darah mengalir keluar
(a) Kapilari menyambungkan arteri dengan vena
Arah aliran darah
Injap tertutup untuk mencegah
darah mengalir balik
Injap terbuka
(b) Tindakan injap sabit pada dinding vena
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia Perbandingan antara arteri, vena dan kapilari
Sangat rendah Rendah Tinggi Tekanan darah Sangat kecil Besar Kecil Saiz lumen
(diameter)
Sangat nipis dan setebal satu sel
Nipis, kurang kenyal, kurang berotot
Tebal, berotot, kenyal
Ketebalan dinding
Rupa bentuk Kapilari Vena Arteri Ciri-ciri
Tisu penghubung Otot rata Lumen
Tisu endothelium
Tisu penghubung Otot rata Lumen
Tisu endothelium
Lumen
Tisu endothelium
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia
Menghubung-kan arteri dengan vena
Mengangkut darah dari tisu badan ke jantung
Mengangkut darah dari jantung ke tisu badan
Fungsi
Sangat perlahan
Perlahan Laju Kadar aliran darah
Darah beroksigen dan darah terdeoksigen
Darah terdeoksigen kecuali vena pulmonari
Darah beroksigen kecuali arteri pulmonari
Jenis darah yang diangkut
Tiada Ada Tiada Kehadiran injap
Kapilari Vena Arteri Ciri-ciri
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia
Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaran Kepala
dan leher Tangan
Peparu
Hati
Perut dan usus
Ginjal
Kaki
Arteri pulmonari
Aorta Vena kava
Vena pulmonari
Jantung
Arteri
Jantung
Vena
Darah terdeoksigen
Darah beroksigen
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• Sistem peredaran darah manusia dibahagikan kepada
* Peredaran pulmonari : Mengembalikan darah terdeoksigen dari organ dan tisu badan yang meneruskan perjalanan dari ventrikel kanan ke aurikel kiri * Peredaran sistemik : Membawa darah beroksigen dari jantung ke semua tisu dalam badan kecuali peparu dan mengembalikan darah terdeoksigen yang membawa bahan buangan kembali ke jantung
2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia
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2.2 Darah Manusia
• Darah adalah aliran tisu yang amat penting yang terbina daripada cecair dan pepejal
• Komponen cecair darah dipanggil plasma yang berwarna kuning muda
• Komponen pepejal terdiri daripada sel darah iaitu sel darah merah, sel darah putih dan platlet
• Plasma dan sel darah dalam darah boleh dipisahkan dari sampel darah menggunakan centrifuge
Kandungan darah dan fungsinya
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2.2 Darah Manusia
Tiada Ada Tiada Kehadiran nukleus
Sumsum tulang Sumsum tulang dan kelenjar linfa
Sumsum tulang
Tempat penghasilan
2 – 3 m 10 m 8 m Anggaran saiz
Bentuk
Platlet Sel darah
putih Sel darah
merah Ciri-ciri
Dwicekung Tiada bentuk tetap Tiada bentuk tetap
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2.2 Darah Manusia
Lebih kurangt 200 000 ke 400 000
Lebih kurang 7 juta
Lebih kurang 5 juta
Bilangan per milimeter padu (mm3)
Membantu dalam pembekuan darah
Mempertahan-kan badan
Mengangkut oksigen dan karbon dioksida
Fungsi
Tiada Tiada Ada Kehadiran hemoglobin
8 – 10 hari Beberapa hari ke beberapa bulan
120 hari Jangka hayat
Platlet Sel darah
putih Sel darah
merah Ciri-ciri
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2.2 Darah Manusia
• Darah manusia dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu kumpulan A, B, O dan AB
• Manusia yang mempunyai darah O dipanggil penderma universal kerana mereka boleh menderma darah kepada sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menerima darah dari kumpulan O sahaja
• Manusia yang mempunyai darah jenis AB dipanggil penerima universal kerana mereka boleh menerima darah dari sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menderma kepada kumpulan AB sahaja
• Pemindahan darah adalah satu proses memindahkan darah daripada penderma kepada penerima
• Pengaglutinatan akan berlaku apabila dua jenis darah yang tidak sesuai dicampurkan
Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian
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2.2 Darah Manusia
/ / / / AB
/ O
/ / B
/ / A
AB O B A Jenis darah penerima
Kesesuaian kumpulan darah yang berbeza
Jenis darah penderma
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan Pengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan
• Mengangkut hasil fotosintesis (glukosa) dari daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan untuk kegunaan dan simpanan
• Memberi sokongan kepada tumbuhan dengan dindingnya yang tebal dan kuat • Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke bahagian lain tumbuhan
Fungsi
• Tisu lembut • Kaya dengan protoplasma
• Salur panjang berdinding tebal • Tidak mengandungi protoplasma
Ciri-ciri
Floem Xilem
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Akar
Daun
Batang
Tumbuhan dikotiledon Tumbuhan monokotiledon
Xilem
Floem
Xilem
Floem
Xilem
Floem Epidermis
Xilem
Floem
Kortex
Epidermis
Xilem
Floem
Epidermis
Akar rambut
Xilem
Floem Kortex
Akar rambut
Epidermis Endodermis
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Pengangkutan air melalui xilem
Larutan berwarna
merah
Bahagian berwarna
merah
Bahagian berwarna
merah
Keratan rentas batang
Keratan rentas akar Pokok keembung
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Prosedur • Pokok keembung direndamkan ke dalam bikar yang berisi larutan
berwarna merah. Tumbuhan ini kemudiannya didedahkan kepada cahaya matahari
• Selepas satu hari, epidermis batang dan daun diperhatikan • Potong keratan rentas yang nipis bagi akar dan batang dan
diperhatikan di bawah mikroskop Pemerhatian • Jalur merah ditemui pada vena daun dan sebahagiannya pada
batang dan akar • Daripada keratan rentas batang, dapat diperhatikan yang tisu xilem
tersusun dalam gelang dalam setiap bekas vaskular berwarna merah
Kesimpulan • Jalur yang berwarna merah adalah tisu xilem yang mengangkut air
daripada akar ke batang dan daun
2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem
Membengkak akibat pengumpulan hasil fotosintesis (makanan)
Mengecut
Selepas beberapa minggu
Hari pertama
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Prosedur • Tisu floem tumbuhan disingkirkan dengan membuat
gelang pada kulit kayu batang tumbuhan • Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan di bawah cahaya matahari dan
air • Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan selama beberapa minggu Pemerhatian • Kulit kayu di bahagian atas gelang membengkak • Kulit kayu di bahagian bawah gelang mengecut • Daun pada bahagian atas gelang tidak layu Inferens • Kulit kayu pada bahagian atas gelang membengkak
kerana tanpa tisu floem makanan (glukosa) tidak dapat diangkut ke bahagian bawah
2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
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• Kulit kayu bahagian bawah gelang mengecut kerana makanan telah habis digunakan
• Daun tumbuhan tidak layu kerana air dan garam mineral masih boleh diangkut melalui tisu xilem
Kesimpulan • Tisu floem mengangkut makanan (glukosa) daripada
daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan
2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Transpirasi • Transpirasi adalah proses penyejatan di mana tumbuhan
hilang air berlebihan ke atmosfera dalam bentuk wap air • Air berlebihan akan disingkirkan melalui stoma yang boleh
dijumpai pada kedua-dua permukaan daun • Stoma terdiri daripada : * Stoma : Liang di mana wap air dibuang keluar dari
tumbuhan * Sel pengawal : Sel yang berbentuk dua ginjal yang mengandungi kloroplas yang mengawal saiz liang stoma • Stoma menjadi kecil pada hari panas dan besar pada hari
sejuk • Bukaan stoma membenarkan pertukaran gas
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Stoma atas permukaan daun
Sel pengawal
Stoma
Hari panas
Stoma mengecil
Hari sejuk
Stoma membesar
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Cahaya
Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
transpirasi
Suhu
Kelembapan bandingan
Laju angin
Adanya air
Ketinggian
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan
• Transpirasi membantu dalam penyerapan dan pengangkutan air dan mineral dalam tumbuhan
• Seperti mana air hilang atau habis digunakan oleh tumbuhan, lebih banyak air disedut daripada salur xilem dalam daun, batang dan akar
• Aliran air berterusan daripada akar kepada daun • Air dalam tanih mengandungi mineral yang boleh diserap
oleh akar, diangkut ke batang dan ke daun
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