BMA Reference Styles

Harvard & Vancouver

BMA: British Medical AssociationUNSW: Univ of New South WalesMonash University

Online tutoring constructing references

• Harvard• Vancouver• American Psychological Association (APA)• Modern Language Association (MLA)• Other styles http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/citecon.htm http://inforskills.port.ac.uk/refcite/refstyle.htm http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/guides/html

http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content

• What is referencing?A system that allows you to acknowledge the sources of information (words, information, ideas) you use in your writing

• There are two main methods of referencing articles in

journal and book publications:1. Harvard (author-date)2. Vancouver (author-number)

• Many professional publications often have their own house style which introduce specific variations with these general conventions

Harvard StyleHarvard Style

This reference system uses the author’s This reference system uses the author’s name and date of publication in the body name and date of publication in the body of the textof the text

The bibliography is given alphabetically by The bibliography is given alphabetically by authorauthor

General principles of Harvard System: General principles of Harvard System: requires you to have BOTH requires you to have BOTH in-textin-text references & a list of references references & a list of references at the endat the end of your workof your work

There are many variations on Harvard styleThere are many variations on Harvard style

1.1. Leicester University, UK Leicester University, UK http://www.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subject3/harvhttp://www.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subject3/harvard.htmlard.html

• Year of publication is not in brackets & is Year of publication is not in brackets & is followed by a full stop.followed by a full stop.

• Article titles are not placed within quotes.Article titles are not placed within quotes.• Volume numbers are in bold and are not Volume numbers are in bold and are not

spelled outspelled out

2.2. Monash University, Australia Monash University, Australia http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/hrvex.htmhttp://www.lib.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/hrvex.htm

• Article titles are in double quotesArticle titles are in double quotes

General Principles of Harvard SystemGeneral Principles of Harvard System

Include 3 pieces of information about a source Include 3 pieces of information about a source within the text (in-text citations):within the text (in-text citations):

1.1. Name(s) of the author(s)Name(s) of the author(s)

2.2. Year of publicationYear of publication

3.3. Page number (when directly quoted)Page number (when directly quoted)

At the end of the text, you must include list of At the end of the text, you must include list of references (all the books, journal articles, etc) references (all the books, journal articles, etc) you have referred you have referred full bibliographical full bibliographical information must be includedinformation must be included

In-text citationsIn-text citations

1.1. Citations may be placed at the end of a Citations may be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) in sentence (before the concluding punctuation) in brackets:brackets:The theory was first developed by Browne The theory was first developed by Browne (Gibbs 1981)(Gibbs 1981)

2.2. To integrate the author’s surname into your To integrate the author’s surname into your sentence, followed by the year of publication, in sentence, followed by the year of publication, in parentheses:parentheses:Gibbs (1981) states that Browne was the first to Gibbs (1981) states that Browne was the first to develop the theorydevelop the theory

In-text citationsIn-text citations3.3. To cite a direct quotation To cite a direct quotation write the text word by word write the text word by word

& place inverted commas at the beginning and end of & place inverted commas at the beginning and end of quote. The author, date, & page number must be quote. The author, date, & page number must be included. included.

””Australia is a settler society” (Hudson & Bolton 1997, Australia is a settler society” (Hudson & Bolton 1997, p.9) p.9)

4.4. To cite a quotation from an author who attributes it to To cite a quotation from an author who attributes it to another source another source you must acknowledge both sources in you must acknowledge both sources in your text.your text.

Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study into student learning Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study into student learning wrote that “because students are aware of their tutor’s wrote that “because students are aware of their tutor’s mastery of the subject matter, it is quite common for mastery of the subject matter, it is quite common for them to assume that their reader has no needs at all” them to assume that their reader has no needs at all” (Gibbs 1981, p.39, cited in Bowden 1985, p.35)(Gibbs 1981, p.39, cited in Bowden 1985, p.35)

In-text citationsIn-text citations

5.5. To refer to more than one work To refer to more than one work separate the separate the references either with a semicolon or the word references either with a semicolon or the word andand(Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969)(Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969)

ororEntwistle (1977) and Haddon (1969) both Entwistle (1977) and Haddon (1969) both demonstrated that …demonstrated that …

6.6. To cite more than one work by the same author To cite more than one work by the same author arrange citations in chronological order arrange citations in chronological order(Smith 1981, 1984, 1985)(Smith 1981, 1984, 1985)

In-text citationsIn-text citations

7.7. To cite more than one authorTo cite more than one author(Sontag & Paglia 1987)(Sontag & Paglia 1987)

ororSontag and Paglia (1987) assert that …Sontag and Paglia (1987) assert that …

8.8. To cite more than three authors To cite more than three authors use the use the surname of the first author and surname of the first author and et al.et al. (‘and (‘and others’):others’):Brown Brown et al.et al. (1987) argued that … (1987) argued that …oror(Brown (Brown et al.et al. 1987) 1987)

In-text citationsIn-text citations

9.9. To cite authors with the same surname who have To cite authors with the same surname who have published in the same year published in the same year use their initials to use their initials to indicate different people:indicate different people:

The theory was first developed early this century The theory was first developed early this century (Smith, AK 1979) but later many of its elements (Smith, AK 1979) but later many of its elements were refuted (Smith, JA 1979) were refuted (Smith, JA 1979)

10.10. To cite an author who published more than one To cite an author who published more than one work in the same year work in the same year attach an a, b, c, d etc. attach an a, b, c, d etc. after the yearafter the year

Dawkins (1972a, 1972b) completed a number of Dawkins (1972a, 1972b) completed a number of studies on …studies on …

In-text citationsIn-text citations

11.11. To cite from newspaper:To cite from newspaper: If there is no author, list the name of the If there is no author, list the name of the

newspaper, the date, year and page numbernewspaper, the date, year and page number

(The Jakarta Post 7 March 1994, p.8)(The Jakarta Post 7 March 1994, p.8)

If there is an authorIf there is an author

(Peters 2000)(Peters 2000)

12.12. To cite a CD-ROM To cite a CD-ROM include the full title and year include the full title and year of publicationof publication

(Microsoft Encarta, 1995)(Microsoft Encarta, 1995)

In-text citationsIn-text citations13.13. To cite a document within a website:To cite a document within a website:

Information should include author’s name or Information should include author’s name or organization responsible for the site and the date organization responsible for the site and the date created/revisedcreated/revised

(United Nations, 1999)(United Nations, 1999)

If the author’s name is unknown, cite the website If the author’s name is unknown, cite the website URLURL

(http://www.aaa.unsw.edu.au)(http://www.aaa.unsw.edu.au)

14.14. To quote from a privately obtained interview or To quote from a privately obtained interview or personal communication personal communication include the abbreviation include the abbreviation ‘pers. comm.’ in your reference‘pers. comm.’ in your reference

(Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug)(Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug)

List of Reference List of Reference Books Books

Present full bibliographic details in the following order:Present full bibliographic details in the following order:1.1. Author’s surname and initial(s)Author’s surname and initial(s)2.2. Year of publicationYear of publication3.3. Name of article (between single quotation marks & with Name of article (between single quotation marks & with

minimal capitalisation)minimal capitalisation)4.4. In: initial(s) and surname(s) of editor(s)In: initial(s) and surname(s) of editor(s)5.5. Title of publication (in italics/underlined with minimal Title of publication (in italics/underlined with minimal

capitalisation)capitalisation)6.6. Edition (if applicable, abbreviated as ‘edn’)Edition (if applicable, abbreviated as ‘edn’)7.7. PublisherPublisher8.8. Place of publicationPlace of publication9.9. Page number(s) if applicablePage number(s) if applicable

Leeder SR, Dobson AJ, Gribberd RW & Patel NK. (1996). ‘Brain Leeder SR, Dobson AJ, Gribberd RW & Patel NK. (1996). ‘Brain sex: the real difference between men and women’, In: sex: the real difference between men and women’, In: The The essential gender differences handbookessential gender differences handbook, ed Chen WF, 2, ed Chen WF, 2ndnd edn, edn, Oxford University Press, New York.Oxford University Press, New York.

List of Reference List of Reference Articles Articles The details required in order are:The details required in order are:

1.1. Author’s surname and initialAuthor’s surname and initial

2.2. Year of publicationYear of publication

3.3. Title of article (between single quotation Title of article (between single quotation marks and with minimal capitalisation)marks and with minimal capitalisation)

4.4. Title of journal/newspaper (in Title of journal/newspaper (in italics/underlined, using maximal italics/underlined, using maximal capitalisation)capitalisation)

5.5. Volume number, if applicableVolume number, if applicable

6.6. Issue number or month (if applicable)Issue number or month (if applicable)

7.7. Page numbers of the article Page numbers of the article

Example of different articlesExample of different articles Journal articleJournal article

Huffman, LM. 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use Huffman, LM. 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as food ingredient’, as food ingredient’, Food TechnologyFood Technology, vol.50, no.2, , vol.50, no.2, pp.49-52.pp.49-52.

Conference paperConference paper

Bohrer S, Zielke T & Freiburg V. (1995). ‘Integrated Bohrer S, Zielke T & Freiburg V. (1995). ‘Integrated obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise control on motorways’, control on motorways’, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles IEEE Intelligent Vehicles SymposiumSymposium, Detroit, MI Piscataway, pp. 276-281. , Detroit, MI Piscataway, pp. 276-281.

Newspaper articleNewspaper article

Simpson, L. 1997, “Tasmania’s railway goes private”, Simpson, L. 1997, “Tasmania’s railway goes private”, Australian Campus NewsAustralian Campus News, 3-9 Oct., p.10., 3-9 Oct., p.10.

List of Reference List of Reference Internet Sources Internet Sources Methods of referencing are changingMethods of referencing are changing

1.1. AuthorAuthor2.2. Date of publication/last date site updatedDate of publication/last date site updated3.3. Title of publication (in italics)Title of publication (in italics)4.4. Name of sponsor of siteName of sponsor of site5.5. Place of sponsor of sitePlace of sponsor of site6.6. Date of viewingDate of viewing7.7. URL or internet address (between pointed brackets)URL or internet address (between pointed brackets)

Winston, J. 1999, Winston, J. 1999, A look at referencingA look at referencing, AAA Educational , AAA Educational Services, viewed 20 October 2002, Services, viewed 20 October 2002, <http://www.aaa.edu.au/aaa.html>.<http://www.aaa.edu.au/aaa.html>.

ASTEC 1994, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource ASTEC 1994, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, description’, D-lib MagazineD-lib Magazine, [Online] Available at: , [Online] Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07weibel.htmlhttp://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07weibel.html

Vancouver StyleVancouver Style Developed by US National Library of Medicine (NLM) & Developed by US National Library of Medicine (NLM) &

adopted by the International Committee of Medical adopted by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Journal Editors (ICMJE) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.htmlhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html

Medical journals (BMJ) generally require the Vancouver Medical journals (BMJ) generally require the Vancouver style style http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/advice/stylebook/basics.shthttp://bmj.bmjjournals.com/advice/stylebook/basics.shtmlml

The NLM abbreviation for a journal title is commonly The NLM abbreviation for a journal title is commonly required by medical journals required by medical journals http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/terms_cond.htmlhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/terms_cond.html

Vancouver StyleVancouver Style Use a number series to indicate referencesUse a number series to indicate references The bibliography lists references in numerical order as The bibliography lists references in numerical order as

they appear in textthey appear in text Journal names are abbreviatedJournal names are abbreviated

Main advantage: Main advantage: • The main text reads more easilyThe main text reads more easily• References in bibliography are directly correlated to References in bibliography are directly correlated to

numbers, saving the readers time in searchingnumbers, saving the readers time in searching• More economical style More economical style • Excessive punctuation, spacing & formatting is Excessive punctuation, spacing & formatting is

absentabsent

Variations on Vancouver style Variations on Vancouver style frequently include:frequently include:

In-text numbers used to cite are often in In-text numbers used to cite are often in superscriptsuperscript

Capitalisation, particularly in book titlesCapitalisation, particularly in book titles Place of publication & publisher may be Place of publication & publisher may be

reversed from the orderreversed from the order Page numbers sometimes elided as 805-9 or in Page numbers sometimes elided as 805-9 or in

full as 805-809full as 805-809 Abbreviations for journal titles or full titlesAbbreviations for journal titles or full titles Punctuation conventions vary considerably Punctuation conventions vary considerably

between publicationsbetween publications

In-text CitingIn-text Citing A number is allocated to a source in the order in which A number is allocated to a source in the order in which

it appears in the text. it appears in the text. If the source is referred to again, the same number is If the source is referred to again, the same number is

used.used. The author’s name can also be integrated into the textThe author’s name can also be integrated into the text Either square [ ] or curved brackets ( ) can be used as Either square [ ] or curved brackets ( ) can be used as

long as it is consistentlong as it is consistent Superscripts can also be used rather than bracketsSuperscripts can also be used rather than brackets Numbers should be inserted to the left of colons and Numbers should be inserted to the left of colons and

semi-colonssemi-colons Full stops are placed either before or after the Full stops are placed either before or after the

reference number reference number whatever format is chosen, it’s whatever format is chosen, it’s important that the punctuation is consistently applied important that the punctuation is consistently applied

Examples of in-text CitingExamples of in-text Citing

……as one author has put it “the darkest days were as one author has put it “the darkest days were still ahead” [1]: which is well documented in the still ahead” [1]: which is well documented in the literature. [2-5] This proves that “the darkest days literature. [2-5] This proves that “the darkest days were still ahead”. [1]were still ahead”. [1]

Scholtz (2) has argued that …Scholtz (2) has argued that …

Ninety percent of diabetics patients are type 2 Ninety percent of diabetics patients are type 2 diabetes.diabetes.33

Reference list Reference list Journal Article Journal Article

Author’s surname Initials. Title of article. Title of Author’s surname Initials. Title of article. Title of journal [abbreviated]. Year of publication Month date; journal [abbreviated]. Year of publication Month date; Volume Number (issue number):page numbers. Volume Number (issue number):page numbers. Journal titles are abbreviatedJournal titles are abbreviated Only first words of article title and words that Only first words of article title and words that

normally begin with a capital letter are capitalisednormally begin with a capital letter are capitalised First 6 authors are listed; thereafter add an First 6 authors are listed; thereafter add an et al.et al.

after the sixth authorafter the sixth author If the journal has continuous page numbering, you If the journal has continuous page numbering, you

may omit month/issue numbermay omit month/issue number

Examples Examples Journal Article Journal Article

Non-continuous paginationNon-continuous paginationSmithline HA, Mader TJ. Determining pretest probability Smithline HA, Mader TJ. Determining pretest probability of DVT: clinical intuition vs. validated scoring systems. N of DVT: clinical intuition vs. validated scoring systems. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 4;21(2):161-2.Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 4;21(2):161-2.

Continuous paginationContinuous paginationGao SR, McGarry M, Ferrier TL, Pallante B, Gasparrini B, Gao SR, McGarry M, Ferrier TL, Pallante B, Gasparrini B, Fletcher JR, et al. Effect of cell confluence on production Fletcher JR, et al. Effect of cell confluence on production of cloned mice using inbred embryonic stem cell line. Biol of cloned mice using inbred embryonic stem cell line. Biol Reprod. 2003;68(2):595-603. Reprod. 2003;68(2):595-603.

Reference list Reference list Books Books

Author’s surname Initials. Title of chapter. In: Editor’s Author’s surname Initials. Title of chapter. In: Editor’s surname Initials, editor. Title of the book. # ed. [if not surname Initials, editor. Title of the book. # ed. [if not 11stst] Place of publication: Publisher’s name; Year of ] Place of publication: Publisher’s name; Year of publication. p.#.[page numbers of numbers]publication. p.#.[page numbers of numbers] Only first words of article title and words that Only first words of article title and words that

normally begin with a capital letter are capitalisednormally begin with a capital letter are capitalised Add editor(s) after the editor’s name(s)Add editor(s) after the editor’s name(s) Abbreviate page numbers to p.Abbreviate page numbers to p. Abbreviate numbers when appropriateAbbreviate numbers when appropriate

Examples Examples Books Books

Personal authorPersonal authorCarlson BM. Human embryology and developmental Carlson BM. Human embryology and developmental biology. 3biology. 3rdrd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2004. ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2004.

Edited bookEdited bookBrown AM, Stubbs DW, editors. Medical physiology. New Brown AM, Stubbs DW, editors. Medical physiology. New York: Wiley; 1983.York: Wiley; 1983.

Chapter in a bookChapter in a bookBlaxter PS, Farnsworth TP. Social health and class Blaxter PS, Farnsworth TP. Social health and class inequalities. In: Carter C, Peel JR (eds). Equalities and inequalities. In: Carter C, Peel JR (eds). Equalities and inequalities in health. 2inequalities in health. 2ndnd ed. London: Academic Press; ed. London: Academic Press; 1976. p. 165-78. 1976. p. 165-78.

Reference List Reference List Other Sources Other Sources

CD-Rom/DVDCD-Rom/DVDThe format is added after the title eg. [DVD]The format is added after the title eg. [DVD]

Conference PaperConference PaperAuthor’s surname Initials. Title of paper. In: Editor’s Author’s surname Initials. Title of paper. In: Editor’s surname Initials, editor. Title of Conference; Date of surname Initials, editor. Title of Conference; Date of conference; Place of publication: Publisher’s name; Year conference; Place of publication: Publisher’s name; Year of publication. p. page numbers of publication. p. page numbers

Website/homepageWebsite/homepageAuthor/Editor/Organization’s name. Title of the page Author/Editor/Organization’s name. Title of the page [homepage on the internet]. Place of publication: [homepage on the internet]. Place of publication: Publisher’s name; [updated yr month day; cited yr moths Publisher’s name; [updated yr month day; cited yr moths day]. Available from: (URL) day]. Available from: (URL)

Examples Examples Other Sources Other Sources

CD-Rom/DVDCD-Rom/DVDCollier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors. Topley and Wilson’s Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors. Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infections [CD-ROM]. 9microbiology and microbial infections [CD-ROM]. 9 thth ed. London: ed. London: Arnold; 1998.Arnold; 1998.

Conference PaperConference PaperAnderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy. In: Tudenhope Anderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy. In: Tudenhope D, Chenoweth J, editors. Proceedings of the 4D, Chenoweth J, editors. Proceedings of the 4 thth Congress of the Congress of the Australian Perinatal Society; 1986 Sep 13-14; Brisbane, Australian Perinatal Society; 1986 Sep 13-14; Brisbane, Queensland: Australian Perinatal Society; 1987. p. 190-6.Queensland: Australian Perinatal Society; 1987. p. 190-6.

Website/homepageWebsite/homepageHeartCentreOnline. Boca Raton, FL: HeartCentreOnline, Inc.; c2000-HeartCentreOnline. Boca Raton, FL: HeartCentreOnline, Inc.; c2000-2004 [updated 2004 May 23; cited 2004 Oct 15]. Available from: 2004 [updated 2004 May 23; cited 2004 Oct 15]. Available from: http://www.heartcenteronline.com/http://www.heartcenteronline.com/