[email protected] ENGR-10_Lec-02_Engineering_History.ppt 1 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10:...

[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-02_Engineering_History.ppt1

Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering

Bruce Mayer, PELicensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer

[email protected]

Engineering 10

EngineerinEngineeringg

HistoryHistory



BackGroundBackGround The Earliest “Technical Drawings” Date

Back to About 4000 B.C. With the Fortress Plans of the Chaldean Engineer Gudea

However, The Engineering Discipline Was Not Formalized Until about the 16th Century; We start There



European RootsEuropean Roots

French Engineering Tradition Resulted From The Strong National Monarchy of the 16th and 17th Centuries. • Tax collection system made possible an

enlarged and permanent military--the first major employment base for engineers– First projects:

Fortresses (strong enough to resist artillery).Road and Bridges (to support movement of armies).



French Roots cont.French Roots cont.

In 1676 the French minister of war created the CORPS OF ENGINEERS in the French army. • Personnel were recruited from the lower

French nobility and the upper middle class

In 1716 the Royal Government Created the Corps of Bridges and Roads. • A Network Of Roads Was Created To

Speed Deployment Of Troops



Early Engineering SchoolsEarly Engineering Schools First Schools Founded in France

• 1747 – école des Ponts et Chausseses (School of Road and Bridges)

• 1749 – école du corps royal du genie (School for Military Engineers)

• 1778 - école des mines (School for Mining Engineers)

• 1794 - école polytechnique (School for Theoretical and Mathematical Engineering)

By 1800 engineering was an established profession in France



Engineering in America Engineering in America

The state remained the primary patron of engineering throughout Europe until Britain's commercial and industrial expansion allowed partnerships and corporations to undertake large and complex projects.

Early American engineering was a blend of French and British engineering traditions.



Engineering in America cont.Engineering in America cont.

The outbreak of the American Revolution created asudden demand forengineers.

In 1775 the 2nd Continental Congress established the Corps Of Engineersin the Continental Army.



Engineering in America cont.Engineering in America cont. Until 1783 the Corps of Engineers was

lead by, and primarily composed of, French engineers. • The Corps was dissolved along with the

army after 1783.

In 1794 Congress authorized the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers and assigned it to the garrison West Point. • This was the First formalized education

program for engineers in America.



Engineering in America cont.Engineering in America cont.

First major Govt-financed transportation project was the 365-mile-long Erie Canal in 1816.

Many transportationprojects followed,thus increasing theneed for professionally trained engineers.



Engineering Workforce Education Engineering Workforce Education

Benjamin Wright, Canvass Wright, and James Geddes were hired by the state of New York to oversee the construction of the Erie Canal (1817 to 1820). • They learned engineering by trial-and-error.

Geddes and the Wrights were authorized to hire assistants to help them. • This set the stage for the Engineer

apprenticeship training program.



Engineering Education cont.Engineering Education cont.

America's Mechanical Engineering needs were met by Engineers trained on-the-job • most starting as machine-shop apprentices

In 1817 superintendent Sylvanus Thayer introduced a standard four-year engineering curriculum at West Point.



Engineering Education cont.Engineering Education cont.

In 1865 the Naval Academy established the Department of Steam Engineering, • One of the First Mechanical Engineering

Programs In America



Civilian Engineering EducationCivilian Engineering Education 1820 - Norwich University, first civilian

engineering school, founded by Alden Partridge. • 1834 a 3-year program was in place.

1824 - Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) founded to train teachers to instruct farmers and artisans on the scientific principles of their vocations. • 1835 Started to Award civil engineering

degrees• Three-year program in place by 1850



American Engineering EducationAmerican Engineering Education West Point remained the major source

of Engineering Educators until the late 1860's.

The Morrill Act of 1862 established the Land Grant institutions to teach Agricultural and the Mechanical arts. • Land Grant institutions significantly

increased the number of Engineering Educational Programs – 70 by 1872 and 85 by 1880



American Engineering EducationAmerican Engineering Education

Mechanical Engineering programs at Land Grant institutions were bolstered when Congress authorized the Navy to detail surplus officers to teach Steam Engineering and Iron and Steel Ship Design (1879 to 1896).



Professional InstitutionsProfessional Institutions

1818 - Institution of Civil Engineers founded in Britain, the FIRST Professional Society for Engineers

1824 - Franklin Institute of Philadelphia was formed to educate crafts persons in the scientific principles of their work

1867 - The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) was formed.



Professional InstitutionsProfessional Institutions

1871 - The American Institute of Mining Engineers was formed when mining engineers split from the ASCE.

1880 - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed.

1884 - American Institute of Electrical Engineers was formed.



American Style of Engineering American Style of Engineering

By the end of the 19th Century the style of engineering in America Diverged From The French and British styles. • American Engineering stressed reduced

labor and economy in design– Commercial Focus

• The European Style emphasized strength, safety, permanency and Style.– Aesthetic Focus



Dawn of the Modern EraDawn of the Modern Era

By 1900 • there were 40,000 practitioners of the

engineering profession in America.

• Four professional societies had emerged

• Nearly 100 educational programs in Full Operation



Growth of Engineering in AmericaGrowth of Engineering in America

The transportation, communication and manufacturing systems designed by engineers in the 19th Century grew into capital-intensive enterprises. • These firms sought to

institutionalize and control the inventive process through Industrial Research Laboratories

Bell Labs – NY, NY

Circa 1925



American Engineering GrowthAmerican Engineering Growth

Electrification of America (the utility industry) was accomplished by system builders such as Thomas Edison, Samuel Insull and S.Z. Mitchell. • These and similar systems formed the core

of engineering employment.

The engineering sciences developed during the late 1800's were now common • Journals & Societies Proliferated



Growth of the USA ProfessionGrowth of the USA Profession 1900 - 40,000 engineers in America (13

engineers per 10,000 workers) 1950 - 500,000 engineers 1960 - 128 engineers per 10,000 wrkrs 1990 - 2,000,000 engineers By 1950 engineering had become the

largest single occupation pursued by American males • Also The second largest occupation

claiming professional status.



Government Employment Government Employment

At the turn of the 20th century the Army Corps of Engineers was the major government employer of engineers • few other agencies employed engineers

The Great Depression created new positions for engineers with the birth of public works projects (TVA).

During the Civil War, the Army Corp of Engineers were responsible for

building roads and bridges for troop transport. Here the 5th New Hampshire Infantry are building a bridge over the Chickahominy River in Virginia



Government Employment cont.Government Employment cont.

World War II and the Cold War further increased federal employment of engineers. • 1900 - 15% of engineers employed by

government

• 1945 - 40% of engineers employed directly or indirectly by government



Institutional DevelopmentInstitutional Development

1907 - The American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) Founded

1908 - Chem Engrs left the American Chemical Society to form the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

1932 - The Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education (SPEE)• Later became the Accreditation Board for

Engineering and Technology (ABET).



Institutional DevelopmentInstitutional Development

1934 - National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) was formed• Focused on economic issues affecting

engineers

• Responsible for passing legislation to require licensing of engineers.

Taken from The Engineer in America: A Historical Anthology from Technology and Culture edited by Terry S. Reynolds. 1991.



All Done for TodayAll Done for Today

EngineersBuildingBridges

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