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BM_M0110/GSLM52700Warehouse Planning and

Operations Systems

Yat-wah Wan Room: C317; Email: ywan; Ext: 3166

Office Hour: Wed 3 5 pm, or by appointment

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Objectives of the CourseObjectives of the Course

the role and effect of warehouses in a supply chain

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Container Terminals

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OutlineOutline

background

container ports

container terminals goods and equipment

an example: HIT

decision problems

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Background

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TerminologyTerminology

TEU twenty-foot equivalent unit, the standard unit to

measure container throughput

a 40 ft container = 2 TEU

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Venues for Container TransferVenues for Container Transfer

container terminal container yard feeder ports and river ports mid-stream operations public cargo working areas

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QuestionsQuestions

How important is containerization? What are the advantages of containerization?

pre-containerization (00:002:47) bulk cargo

What are the functions of container terminals? What facilities and equipment are required in

container terminals?

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Container PortsContainer Ports

world traffic

top 10 containers ports in 2011 how to rank these ports:

Busan, Dubai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Ningbo, Qingdao, Rotterdam, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Singapore

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Ranking of Container Ports

2010 6 of the top 10 busiest container ports in China (units in TEU)

Shanghai (1st, 29.1 m), Hong Kong (3rd, 23.7 m), Shenzhen (4th, 22.5 m), Ningbo (6th, 13.1 m), Guangzhou (7th, 12.6 m), Qingdao (8th, 12 m)

Singapore (2nd, 28.4 m), Busan (5th, 14.2 m), Dubai (9th, 11.6 m), Rotterdam (10th, 11.4 m)

Tianjin (11th, 10.1), Kaohsiung (12th, 9.2 m)

2011 throughput of container ports in Taiwan

in decreasing importance: Kaohsiung (9.64 mill TEU), Keelung (1.75 mill TEU), Taichung (1.38 mill TEU)

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Container Terminals

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A Container Terminal A Container Terminal as a Warehouseas a Warehouse

a special type of warehouse very standardized goods for short term storage

some form of consolidation

flexible layout for the same type of containers

heavy equipment

highly information driven

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A Container Terminal A Container Terminal as a Warehouseas a Warehouse

to “define” a container terminal

goods

equipment

information systems

layout

processes

problems

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Types of Goods Types of Goods

containers various types, of different size, weight, nature,

port of destination, and port of origin, etc.

bulk goods breaking down and building up at a Cargo Freig

ht Station

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Vessels

non-self sustained cellular (NSSC) self sustained cellar (SSC) self sustained non-cellular (SSNC) car carrier/RoRo ships ultimate container carrier (UCC) lighter/barge

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Container Movements Container Movements in and out of a Terminalin and out of a Terminal

Blocks in a Container Yard

import

export“deterministic”

in time and processing order

“stochastic” in time and

processing order

vessel loading

vessel discharging

container picking up

container grounding

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Typical Container Terminal LayoutTypical Container Terminal Layout

QC vesselyard crane

Gate House

Gate House

Temporary Parking Lot for ITs

CFS Offices

Main-tenancy

Yard

block

QCs and container vessel

blocks of containers

IT and QC

Block, IT and YCBlocks, Ycs, and QCs

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Equipment

crane quay

job crane

rubber tyred gantry crane

front loader

rail-mounted gantry crane

bridge crane

other equipment automatic guided

vehicle

straddle carrier

tractors

reach stackers

scaffold platform

chassis

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HIT

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Hongkong International Terminals

relative location a clearer picture

terminals: 4, 6, 7, 9, and 50% of 8 East areas

a total 92 hectares for terminals 4, 6, and 7 30 hectares for terminal 8 19 hectares for terminal 9

> 5 km quay length, 14 ship berths, & 9 barge berths 57 quay cranes, 8 rail-mounted jib cranes, 24 rail-mounted

gantry cranes, 184 rubber-tyred gantry cranes , Hutchison Logistic Centre: 377,741 m2

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Hongkong International Terminals

Example: HIT/COSCO HIT Terminals operations

key facts, terminal layout, work flow,

virtual tour: guided tour and spots light work flow and information systems

throughput: 10.253 mill TEU in 126 ha (2010) 1170 TEU/hour 179,900 TEU/QC/year

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Web Material for Web Material for Container TerminalsContainer Terminals

Singapore Port - World's Busiest Port

Hongkong International Terminals

…. …. ….

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Decision Problems in Container Terminals

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Performance IndicesPerformance Indices

throughput number per unit time

of container, of each type of container, of move

for terminal, cranes, gate house

utilization cranes, space (block, stack, slot), berth occupancies

time in system tractors, vessels, containers

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IT deployment (deploying ITs in real time)

QC allocation (allocating QCs to (bays of) vessels)

storage space allocation (determining the numbers of I/B & O/B containers of each vessel in a block)

location assignment (determining the exact locations of containers in blocks)

RTGC deployment (deploying RTGCs in real time)

schedule and stowage plan of vessels

berth allocation (allocating vessels to berths)

Operations Decisions Operations Decisions in a Container Terminalin a Container Terminal

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Literature Review papers Literature Review papers Related to Container TerminalsRelated to Container Terminals

Murty, K.G., J.Y. Liu, Y.-w. Wan, R. Linn (2005) A decision support system for operations in a container terminal, Decision Support Systems, 39(3), 309-332.

Stahlbock, R., and S. Voss (2008) Operations research at container terminals: a literature update, OR Spectrum, 30(1), 1-52.

Steenken, D., S. Voss, and R. Stahlbock (2004) Container terminal operation and operations research – a classification and literature review, 26(1), 3-49.

Vis IFA (2006) Survey of research in the design and control of automated guided vehicle systems, European Journal of Operational Research, 170(3), 677-709.

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Advantages of ContainerizationAdvantages of Containerization

simplify packaging, loading, unloading, and custom checking of goods

reduce transportation times and costs

increase utilisation of vessels and ports

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Advantages of ContainerizationAdvantages of Containerization

disadvantages of bulk goods in pre-container era loading, unloading, and stacking operations for each carrier

change manually with low efficiency high labor cost, 80% of total cost for bulk goods by 1960’s long vessel porting time good packaging consuming time and costs damages mixing up of goods custom checking at each intermediate ports more paperwork and high insurance charge

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Time Taken for ContainerizationTime Taken for Containerization

not all goods can be containerized the magnitude of changes

a totally new managing and controlling mechanism new port design new loading and unloading operations , replacement of

fork-finger quays replaced by long water front quays small dollies and trolleys by huge shore and yard cranes labourers by skilful equipment operators

Job reduction

huge investment in material handling equipment and human resources

new custom practice for eliminating individual consignments

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Functions of Container TerminalFunctions of Container Terminal

intermodal interface

temporary storage for containers

paperwork for containers

building up & breaking down of containers

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Types of ContainerTypes of Container

ordinary dry container: most common

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Types of ContainerTypes of Container

reefer container temperature control e.g., for frozen meat and diary products

ventilated container holes for ventilation for fruits and vegetables

insulated container keeping heat from the cargoes

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Types of ContainerTypes of Container

open top container loaded and unloaded from top for large-size, heave items

flat rack container bottom part and two small sides for heavy or odd-size items

platform container a plain plate without sides for extra large and/or weight

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Types of ContainerTypes of Container

bulk container for bulk goods

hatch covers on top for loading & unloading

free flowing bulk material container for carrying powder, fluid, or gas

using pumps for loading and unloading

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Types of ContainerTypes of Container

special purpose container, e.g., dress hanger container

for clothes without folding

pen container for animals

with net on its sides