BMP Manual Final Adopted Version

8/7/2019 BMP Manual Final Adopted Version

1/31

The citizen's guide to preserving and protecting our streams

Streamside ProtectionBest Management Practices Manual

Adopted on March 1, 2011 by Ordinance No. 11-5390


2/31

INDEX

Introduction

Ordinance Requirements forProperty Maintenance

LAWN & GARDEN CAREPESICIDE & FERILIZER APPLICAIONREMOVING VEGEAIONIN-SREAM MAINENANCE ACIVIIESADDIIONAL RESOURCES

Helpful Information for PropertyMaintenance

SOIL EROSIONREVEGEAION: WHA O PLAN

PES & PE WASE

Ordinance Requirements forDevelopment and Construction

SREAMSIDE PROECION MEASURES & CONSRUCIONSREAM CROSSINGS FOR RANSPORAIONUILIIESPAVED RAILS & IMPERVIOUS SURFACESSORMWAER OUFALLSMIIGAION PRACICES FOR APPROVED VARIANCESLOW IMPAC DEVELOPMEN

3

69101214

151618

19202225273131


3/31City of Fayetteville: Streamside Protection Best Practices

3

I n t r oduc t i o n

Te City o Fayetteville adopted a Streamside Protection Ordinance

to accomplish several goals:

1) Reduce Pollutants in the Waterways: Pollutants damage ragileecosystems in our citys waterways and increase the costs otreating drinking water, which has a direct eect on water rates.

2) Preserve Flood Capacity: Healthy streamsides result in lessooding by providing greater inltration capacity and slowingdown stormwater that runs into the streams.

3) Protect the Integrity o a Natural Resource: Protecting the

streamsides ensures greater recreational and nature enjoymentor current residents as well as uture generations.

Te ordinance establishes streamside protection zones along manyo our Citys streams and establishes protective requirements withinthose streamside buers. Tis Best Management Practices (BMP)manual provides guidance or complying with the requirementsadopted in the Streamside Protection Ordinance. A streamsidebuer may also be called a riparian or orested buer. It is the

area along a stream that acts as a buer between the waterway andactivities that have a negative impact on the aquatic environment.Tese buers protect natural habitats, reduce the potential orooding and lter pollutants such as sediment, nutrients, bacteria,trash, emerging contaminants and vehicle pollutants.

Fayetteville is home to countless numbers o streams. Te adoptedordinance aects streams that have at least 100 acres draining intothat stream, which means its typically a stream that runs yearround.However, this BMP manual can be used to protect smaller streams.Approximately 25 percent o the area aected by the ordinance ispublic property, oten located in city parks and near trails. Te resto the area is owned by private property owners, which means thatthe entire community has a responsibility to ensure the protectiono Fayettevilles waterways.

Benets of a streamside

buffer

Stabilize streambanks

Filter sediment and the

nutrients, pesticides, an

pathogens bound to the

sediment

Protect groundwater and

drinking water supplies

Improve aquatic habitat

Improve wildlife habitat Provide visual interest

Protect against ooding

Provide shade



4

Streams identied on the Streamside Protection Map will have atleast a 50oot buer applied rom the top o bank. Visit www.accessayetteville.org or the Development Services ofce to view theStreamside Protection Map. I your property contains or borders

a buer zone, the extent o the buer should be measured rom thestreams top o bank, as ollows: 1) Waterside Zone 25 eet romtop o bank, and an additional 20 eet i the slope exceeds 15%*; and2) Management Zone 25 eet rom edge o Waterside Zone or to theedge o the FEMA oodway, whichever is greater.

*[Slope shall be calculated at the upstream and downstream property lines orevery property. Properties that exceed 100 eet in width shall require additionalslope calculations at 100 oot increments.]

Protected Streams

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I-540

WEDINGTONDR

MISS

IONBLVD

HUNTSVILLERD

SCHOOLAVE

GREGG

AVE

JOYCEBLVD

SALEMRD

MARTINLU

THERKI

NGBLVD

CROSSOVERR

D

COLLEGEAV

E

Clear Cree

k

Wh iteR i

ver

Mud Cree

k

Owl C

reek

Town Branch

ScullCreek

Clabber

Creek

HamestringCreek

West

Fork

MiddleFo

rk

CatoSprings B

r

Sublett

Cree

k

Airport Branch

MudCree

k

ClearCreek

WhiteRiver

Goose Creek

College

Br

Tan

gle

woodBr

Spout S

pring

Br

Flynn

Creek

MissouriCrk

Kitty

Crk

North ForkFa

rmington

WardS lo

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WhiteRiver

Niok

aska

Crk

LAKE SEQUOYAH

LAKE FAYETTEVILLE

LAKE

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Y1

Mile

Legend

! Streamside Buffer Start

Streams Within Buffer Zone

Streams Outside Buffer Zone



5

Streamside Zones: Cross section

T.O.B.

WATERSIDE

ZONE

BOUNDARY25'

WATERSIDEZONE

BOUNDARYAT45'

WATERSIDE ZONE: 45' (BOUNDARY MOVESBACK AN ADDITIONAL 20' FOR SLOPE EXCEEDING 15%)

15%SLOPE

GREATHE

RTHA

N15%

SLOPE

WATERSIDE ZONE: 25'

(15% SLOPE OR LESS)MANAGEMENT

ZONE : 25'

WATERSIDE

ZONE : 25'

STREAMSIDE ZONE BOUNDARIES

WITH 15% SLOPE OR LESS

WATERSIDE ZONE BOUNDARIES WITH

SLOPE GREATER THAN 15%

THE WATERSIDE ZONE EXTENDS 25 FEET FROM TOP OF BANK (T.O.B.)

WHEN THE SLOPE IS LESS THAN 15%. THE BOUNDARY MOVES BACK AN

ADDITIONAL 20 FEET FROM THE T.O.B. FOR SLOPE THAT EXCEEDS 15%.

DRAWING NOT TO SCALE.

T.O.B.

Streamside Zones: Slope Diagram(Aerial View)

100'

140'

14%

SLOPE

14%

SLOPE

16%

SLOPE

80'

25'

25'

25'

17%

SLOPE

45'14%

SLOPE25'

25'

TOB

TOB

75'

20'

TOP OF BANK

EDGE OF MANAGEMENT ZONE

EDGE OF WATERSIDE ZONE

PROPERTY LINE

MEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT 100 FOOTINTERVALS AND PROPERTY LINES,

WHICHEVER IS THE SHORTEST DISTANCE.MANAGEMENT ZONE

WATERSIDE ZONE

WATERSIDE ZONE EXTENDED 20FEET WHERE SLOPE EXCEEDS 15%

DIRECTION OF STREAM FLOW

DOWNSTREAM

UPSTREAM

SLOPE MEASUREMENT POINTS

LOT 1

100'MEASUREMENTLINE

LOT 2 LOT 3

Top of Bankis the pointalong a streambank where

an abrupt change in slope

is evident, and where the

stream is generally able to

overow the banks and ente

the adjacent oodplain durin

ows at or exceeding the

average annual high water

stage.



6

Te goal o buer management is to develop a selsustainable,variableaged stand o mixed trees, shrubs and groundcover with

a oor o either lea litter and debris, or mulch. Dense, vigorousvegetation protects the soil rom raindrop impact, a major orce indislodging soil particles and moving them down slope. Te shieldingeect o a plant canopy is augmented by roots that hold the soil,improve its physical condition, and increase the rate o inltration.Plants also reduce the moisture content o soil through their uptakeo water and transpiration, the process by which moisture escapesthrough their leaves and stems, thus increasing the soils capacityto absorb water. Large trees and careully designed buers may

dramatically increase property value. Once established, vegetatedbuers do not require maintenance beyond the routine proceduresand periodic inspections.

LAWN AND GARDEN CARE

Ordinance requirements: Managing your lawn, and garden, is permitted within the

streamside protection zones; however, the best care o a buerarea is a handso approach. In the Waterside Zone, the bestmanagement practices are required; in the Management Zone, thebest management practices are encouraged.

New lawns and gardens may only be created within the buer areai the lawn would not replace woody vegetation. Many propertieshave existing lawns and gardens that already extended into thebuer prior to the establishment o the streamside buer and aregrandathered in under this ordinance.

Some City parks are included in the properties that haveexisting lawns within the buer area. Some o these lawns haveplaygrounds or other recreational uses, which will continue torequire that the lawns be mowed more requently than severaltimes a year or reasons o public saety.

Maintained lawns,

while better than bare

soil, do not provide all

of the required buffer

functions and mayactually contribute to

nonpoint source pollution

through the application

of fertilizers and

pesticides associated with

maintaining a lawn.

Ordinance Requirements for Property Maintenance

Mowing twice during theseason is usually enough.

Mow just before annual

weeds produce seeds

to keep the seed from

maturing.

Soil testing is available

free of charge. Contact

the Washington County

Extension Ofce at

(479) 444-1755.

vegetated stream



7

Why are lawns and gardens discouraged in thestreamside protection zone?

Manicured lawns do not perorm important buer unctions like

preventing erosion and slowing water runo. Te root systems omanicured lawns are not deep enough or strong enough to preventstream banks rom eroding, which can lead to loss o property. Inaddition, lawns typically are not tall enough to adequately slow downwater as it runs into the creek, preventing ltration and causingwater surges during storm events. Additionally, manicured lawns andgardens will oten require the application o ertilizers, herbicides andpesticides, which increases the likelihood that these pollutants willenter the water system.

Leaves and grass clippings naturally contain nutrients such asphosphorus and nitrogen, which means that these pollutants canenter the waterways when leaves and grass clippings are swept intothe buer areas. Leaves and grass can also clog storm sewers anddrainage swales and contribute to localized ooding.

Te nutrients that create ertile soil or gardening also oster algae

growth in waterways. When possible, property owners should locate

gardens and compost piles outside o the streamside protection zones.

What do I do?

Property owners can help protect streams by employing the ollowingbest practices:

Lawn and Garden Management Practices:

Limit treatment with herbicides, pesticides or ertilizers. Mow on the highest setting on your lawn mower. Reduce the requency with which you mow to only severaltimes a year within the buer area, provided the propertydoes not become unsightly or unsanitary as outlined inChapter 95 o the Fayetteville City Code.

Dispose o leaves and grass clippings outside o the

Lawn care consumes moreherbicides per acre than

most farmers broadcast to

grow crops.

- UA Community DesignCenter Low Impact

Development Design

Manual

grass clippings and leaf debris


8/31



9

PESTICIDE AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Ordinance requirements: Fertilizers and pesticides may be permitted when applied in

conormance with the ollowing standards. Storage o hazardous materials or chemicals in the streamside

protection zone is prohibited unless stored in waterproo containersin a garage or shed protected rom precipitation.

In the Waterside Zone, the best management practices are required;in the Management Zone, the best management practices areencouraged.

Why is the use of chemicals on the lawndiscouraged?

Chemicals contaminate the water supply. Chemical treatment maybe required to counter the tenacity o invasive species or insects, butbecause o dangers o unintended damage to the underlying nativevegetation or good insects, chemical use should be the choice olast or extreme resort.

What do I do?

Use in the streamside protection zones should be limited andapproved or use adjacent to a water body.

Pesticides should be applied directly to the roots, bark, leavesand/or stumps using devices such as a hand sprayer, oambrush, wand or hypohatchet.

Applications should occur at least two days prior to a rainevent.

Consult with a knowledgeable source such as a countyextension agent to assure use o the appropriate chemical atthe correct rate.

Adhere to the manuacturers recommendations to ensure thesaety o nearby surace waters.

Complete a soils analysis to identiy the property type andquantity o ertilizer needed. Soil test kits can be obtainedthrough the Washington County Extension Ofce.

chemicals

the application of lawn fertilizer

Fayetteville offers a weekly

curbside Yard Waste

Service to city residents

as an environmentally

conscious means for

disposing of yard waste.

The City collects yard

waste in the form of grass

leaves and brush. The Cit

encourages participation in

some form of yard waste

reuse, whether it is the Ya

Waste Service, backyard

composting, or the use of

mulching lawn mower.



10

Store all chemicals in waterproo containers in a garage orshed protected rom precipitation.

Buy only what you need to reduce the need to store letovers.

REMOVING VEGETATION

Ordinance requirements: Te removal o noninvasive living trees and woody vegetation is

prohibited in the streamside protection zone, unless the removalis needed to maintain drainage capacity in the stream channel.In addition, removing dead vegetation, invasive species, andpruning is allowed. In the Waterside Zone, the best management

practices are required; in the Management Zone, the bestmanagement practices are encouraged.

When should I remove vegetation?

In a natural setting, dead and dying trees are a natural part o orestsuccession. Dead standing trees and logs on the ground provideood and shelter to many organisms and provide nutrients to theyoung orest vegetation as it grows and should not be removed unless

they threaten to undermine the integrity o the stream bank or createooding hazards. Naturally occuring lea litter, twigs, and branchesare an essential part o the buer, unctioning to retard runo andreturn nutrients to the soil. Snags, or dead standing trees, oer nestingand perching sites or many wildlie and bird species. However, treesthat are diseased or inested may have to be removed i the diseaseor insects threaten other trees and other control methods, such aschemical application, are likely to damage the adjacent waterway.

Minimal pruning should be required because trees will selpruneas lower branches get shaded out. rees grow most efciently whenthere is enough canopy to provide plenty o ood or the tree.Overzealous pruning can result in the loss o ood production sothat trees become stunted and may take time to regain optimumgrowth rates.

Removal o vegetation should also be considered when invasivestreamside clearing

woody and non-woody vegetation

near stream

woody and non-woody vegetation

What is woody vegetation?

Woody vegetation includes

noninvasive trees and

shrubs or vines with hard,

thick stems. One way totell if shrubs or vines could

be classied as woody

vegetation is to see if they

have bark on their stems.



11

species threaten to overrun or outcompete native trees andshrubs. Control o nonnative, exotic species, or even invasivenative species, may be justied when this happens.

What do I do?

Leave stumps and roots in place to help bind the soil, i they arenot a danger to lie or property. Leaving an otherwise healthystump can encourage new growth and regeneration.

Contact a certied arborist i a tree is diseased or inested andthreatens other trees in the vicinity. A list o tree pruners/tree services certied by the City o Fayetteville is available ataccessayetteville.org.

Prune trees during late all, winter, or early spring while theplants are dormant. Pruning while the tree is dormant helpsreduce problems with losing ood production while activelygrowing and decreases the risk o inection.

When pruning trees and shrubs:Correct multiple leaders as soon as possible.Leave side branches until they are 1 inch in diameter,

but remove beore they become 3 inches in diameter.Never cut out more than 25% o the crown o a tree.

Retain at least 2/3 o the tree height in live branches toprotect tree health.

bird nesting in a snag



12

IN-STREAM MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES

Ordinance Requirements

Maintenance o drainage capacity in the channel may bepermitted including tree and sediment removal. Te bestmanagement practices are required because the channel is in thewaterside zone.

Why should caution be exercised when removingsediment?

Streams are complex natural systems. Gravel bars are natural

components o some stream types and some locations are naturallysubject to sediment deposition.

When sediment is removed rom a stream channel, urtherdeepening o the channel as well as bank erosion oten occurs. Tiscould lead to property damage or loss during high ow events.Sediment removal at one stream location can also lead to bankailure and property loss at upstream locations as well. Downstreamo where the sediment has been removed, all the newly eroded

sediment collects. Tis restricts the channel ow, oten causingextreme widening o the channel. Tis sediment deposition canresult in property damage or loss during ood events or downstreamneighbors.

Why should caution be exercised when removingtrees within the channel?

Many healthy trees lean over to catch sunlight and remain that wayor many years. Determination o tree removal should consider avariety o actors, including the trees overall condition, its potentialor alling, and the amount o undercutting it may be causing.What Do I Do?

Restore the channel to a width and depth consistent with thewidth and depth observed at a more stable channel location

Sediment in the stream an

banks may range in size

from silt and sand to grave

cobbles and boulders.

widened channel and property loss

resulting from improper sediment

removal

tree over channel



13

in cases where there has been a signicant change in the owarea o the channel.

Remove blockages such as large trees or debris that areunderneath or against a bridge or culvert to maintain or

protect approaches to stream crossing structures. Leave stumps unless the stump is obstructing ow in a harmulway. I possible cut the stump ush with the existing ground.I stump is removed back ll the hole with soil or rock tostabilize and revegetate the disturbed area.

Do not remove large rock and boulders rom a stream. Gravelbars, rocks and boulders all help reduce ood power, keep astream stable and provide valuable aquatic habitat.

Do not place loose gravel and material on stream banks or

build up articial barriers, debris piles or levees. Tis willprevent the stream rom spreading out on the oodplainand will increase water velocities and associated oodingdownstream.

Contact state or ederal resource agencies about obtaining therequired permits or instream activities.

Te Corps o Engineers can provide guidelines or responsiblemethods o sediment removal including how heavyequipment may be used. Heavy equipment in the streamsuch as bulldozers should not be used in the creek withoutproper permits and approvals.

A Corps o Engineers permit is required when more than 25cubic yards o ll material will be used below the ordinaryhigh water mark (the approximate yearly ood level).US Army Corps o Engineers, Beaver Lake Project Ofce,(479) 6361210 or [email protected]

Arkansas Department o Environmental Quality may requirea permit called a Short erm Activity Authorization or streamactivity with the potential to create a water quality standardsviolation such as turbidity.Arkansas Department o Environmental Quality,(501) 6820645 or http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/

Dont remove gravel where

deepening of the channel

is the primary cause of theinstability, as gravel extractio

will only accelerate the

problem.

rocks provide stream stabilization

and natural aquatic habitat

dredging of stream channel



14

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Washington County Cooperative Extension Ofce and

U o A plants database

http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/landscaping.htm4794441755

USDA Plant Databasehttp://plants.usda.gov/

Go Native When You Go Green!http://www.ayettevillenatural.org/userles/le/Northwest%20Ark%20rees%20and%20Shrubs.pd

City o Fayetteville ree and Landscape ManualListed on the City Parks and Recreation website under Urban

Forestryhttp://www.accessayetteville.org/government/parks_and_recreation/documents/

University o Florida & USFS Northern ree Databasehttp://lyra.ias.u.edu/Northernrees/

University o Florida Landscape Plants Databasehttp://hort.ias.u.edu/woody/

National Invasive Species Inormation Centerhttp://www.invasivespeciesino.gov/unitedstates/ar.shtml



15

SOIL EROSION

What's wrong with bare soil?Te Environmental Protection Agency lists sediment as the mostcommon pollutant in rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs, causing$16 billion in environmental damage annually. Area waterways,such as the West Fork o the White River, are listed as impairedor sediment. Sediment entering waterways degrades the quality odrinking water, wildlie and the land surrounding streams in severalways:

Sediment lls up storm drains and catch basins that carrywater away rom roads and homes, which increases thepotential or ooding.

Sediment in stream beds destroys habitats or the smallestorganisms and causes massive declines in sh populations.

Sediment increases the cost o treating drinking water andcan result in odor and taste problems.

Sediment particles carry other pollutants such as phosphorus,pathogens and heavy metals.

What do I do?

Inspect areas or bare soil ater heavy rainall. Focus on

gully erosion, the density o the vegetation, evidence o

concentrated water ow through the areas, and any damage

rom oot or vehicular trafc.

Plant ground cover vegetation or use woodchip mulch or

landscape abric. On steep slopes, plant a vigorous ground cover and avoid tur

grass that requires mowing.

Helpful Information for Property Maintenance

streambank restoration using

landscape fabric

eroded streambank

ood waters and streambank

erosion



16

REVEGETATION: WHAT TO PLANT

Why are plants, and native plants in particular,important in the streamside protection zone?

Te vegetation planted in the streamside protection zone greatly

inuences the eectiveness o the buer. Te vegetations root systems

and density will signicantly aect how well the streambank is

protected. Property owners should be aware o the distinction between

noxious weeds or invasive species and native plants. For the purpose

o this manual, noxious weed encompasses any invasive species

that has gotten out o control and has become harmul to the health

and survival o the woody vegetation in the buer. Invasive plantsdisrupt natural habitats by choking out native plants, altering the

local ecology and potentially threatening local animal species.

I an invasive species is perorming a desirable unction such as

preventing erosion on a bank, it should not be removed without

replacing it with vegetation o at least equal value or erosion

control and water quality unctions. Some common noxious species

are Japanese honeysuckle, kudzu, mileaminute, multiora rose,

English ivy, all privets, and winged euonymus.

What do I do?

Plant native plants, which are already adapted to the area and

generally withstand local weather and soil conditions. Tey

oten require less ongoing maintenance, including watering.Native plants are naturally resistant to insect pests and diseasesand by planting them not only are you are helping prevent the

establishment and spread o invasive nonnative plants, butalso protecting the local ecology.

Replant in such a way that minimizes disturbance to the rootsystems o existing vegetation.

Avoid planting invasive species.

Invasive Species tend

to spread uncontrollably,

overwhelming other,

especially native, species;

some native species may

qualify as an invasive.

kudzu

mile-a-minute vine

japanese honeysuckle

Common invasive species:

Japanese honeysuckle,

kudzu, mile-a-minute,

multi-ora rose, English

ivy, all privets, and winged

euonymus



17

Examples of species suitable for planting in

riparian buffers.Flood Tolerant Trees

Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum Black Willow Salix nigra

Overcup Oak Quercus lyrata Water Tupelo Nyssa aquatica

Swamp Tupelo Nyssa sylvatica var. bifora

Moderately Flood Tolerant Trees

Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Sugarberry Celtis laevigata

Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides American Elm Ulmus americana

Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Water Oak Quercus nigra

River Birch Betula nigra Willow Oak Quercus phellos

Swamp Chestnut Oak Quercus michauxii Nutall Oak Quercus nuttallii

Flood Intolerant Trees

Black Walnut Juglans nigra Shortleaf Pine Pinus echinata

Persimmon Diospyros virginiana White Ash Fraxinus americana

White Oak Quercus alba Sweet Pecan Carya illinoinensis

Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Cherrybark Oak Quercus pagoda

Small Trees

Redbud Cercis canadensis Fragrant Sumac Styrax obassia

American Plum Prunus americana Crabapple Malus spp.

Serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis Flowering Dogwood Cornus orida

Shrubs

Roughleaf Dogwood Cornus drummondii Shrub Willow Salix spp.

Elderberry Sambucus nigra Beautyberry Callicarpa americana

Grasses

Indiangrass Sorghastrum nutans Big Bluestem Andropogon gerardii

Little Bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium Switchgrass Panicum virgatum

black willow

eastern redbud

indiangrass

sycamore



18

pet waste bag dispenser

ANIMAL AND PET WASTE

Does pet waste really affect our streams?

Te EPA has placed pet waste in the same category o nonpointsource pollution as oil and toxic chemicals. It is considered a majorpollutant and contaminant o water supplies and is one o the mostcommon sources o nutrient load in waterways. Pet waste in lakes andstreams can use up and lower oxygen levels, killing sh. Nutrientsrom the waste can encourage weed and algae growth, which isharmul to a healthy balance in an aquatic system.

What do I do?

Kennels are prohibited within the streamside protectionzone and should be located away rom any drainage pathsleading to the stream. Kennels as dened in the UniedDevelopment Code are structures or acilities used or thepurpose o breeding two or more litters within a 12monthperiod or a acility that keeps animals commercially and hasopen dog runs.

Pet waste should be picked up regularly and disposed o in the

trash. While owl would typically be considered livestock, the Cityo Fayetteville does allow singleamily residences to keep upto our hens in a enced enclosure. (See 164.04 o the UniedDevelopment Code.). Just like other pets, these hens would beallowed, but the coop/roost area should be located outside the

Waterside Zone when possible.



19

STREAMSIDE PROTECTION MEASURES ANDCONSTRUCTION

Ordinance Requirements Prior to any land clearing or soil disturbing activity, the Streamside

Protection Zones (SPZ) boundaries shall be clearly delineated onsite by the applicant, and such delineation shall be maintainedthroughout construction activities.

A site inspection ollowed by periodic inspections duringconstruction will be conducted by the City Engineer or designatedrepresentative to ensure compliance with the Streamside

Protection Zones ordinance. Streamside protection zones shall be protected rom construction

activity. o prevent negative impacts, construction vehiculeaccess is prohibited in the SPZ except at permitted crossings.

Storage o construction vehicles, materials, debris, spoils orequipment is prohibited in the SPZ.

Beore commencing any construction activity, the applicantshall install silt encing on the site at the outer edge o the SPZ,or as directed by the City Engineer. Te City Engineer may

require other protective measures based upon the individualcharacteristics o the site and the proposed construction methods. I the required barriers surrounding the SPZ are not adequately

maintained during construction, the City Engineer shall prescriberemedial measures, and may issue a stop work order in accordancewith 153.07.

All remedial measures shall be completed within the speciedamount o time and shall be considered prior to granting utureinspections rom any other city division, nal plat approval or

issuing a certicate o occupancy. Te City Engineer may require other protective measures based

upon the individual characteristics o the site and the proposedconstruction methods.

Ordinance Requirements for Development andConstruction

Construction activities cabe particularly damaging

to the streamside

zone. Some results of

construction disturbances

in the streamside zone

are permanent loss of

vegetation, permanent loss

of water inltration due to

soil compaction, alteration

of natural water runoff

patterns, and an avenue for

noxious weeds to establishthemselves.

Soil compaction by heavy

equipment can reduce

water intake of soils to

5 percent or less of the

original rate.

silt fence along construction zone

soil compaction during construction



20

STREAM CROSSINGS FOR TRANSPORTATION

Ordinance requirements: Stream crossings, including driveways, roadways, trails, or

railroads, are allowed when the City Engineer determines there isno practical and easible alternative.

Minimizing Stream Crossing Impacts

Consideration o the ollowing elements will aid in reducing theimpact o stream crossings:

Minimize or reduce stream crossings through proper planning.

Minimize the amount o excavation and lling. Maintain the dimension, pattern, and prole o the stream. Minimize scour, erosion, and ooding.

Methods to minimize stream crossing impacts:

Construct stream crossings during periods o low ow. Locate crossings where streambed and banks are composed orm, cohesive soils to minimize erosion.

Design crossings to reduce the possibility o obstructions

such as debris and silt blockages through the minimization ochannel obstructions.

Bridges and bottomless arches, wide enough to span the streamand allow or some dry ground or an articial ledge beneath thebridge on one or both sides are preerred and should be usedwhenever possible.

Bridge softs should be a minimum o one oot above theheight o adjacent bankshigh enough to allow wildliepassage.

Exceptionally wide stream crossings may be allowed toutilize piers in the channel under the discretion o the CityEngineer.

clear span trail bridge

streamside low impact bridge



21

Maintain a natural substrate underneath the bridge.I concrete is necessary to prevent scour, then it isrecommended to cover the concrete with a natural substrate.

All disturbed areas shall be revegetated immediately upon

completion o the work Te use of culverts should be avoided. I culverts must beused, the ollowing installation guidelines should be ollowed:

Provide water depths and velocities (at low ows)matching natural areas upstream and downstream o thecrossing.

Create no dropos or plunge pools and no constrictiono the channel.

Te practices listed may be subject to additional regulation perUDC Chapter 168 Flood Damage Prevention Code, Chapter169 Physical Alteration o Land, and Chapter 170 StormwaterManagement, Drainage and Erosion Control.

drainage riprap along streamside



22

UTILITIES

Ordinance requirements: Maintenance and upgrades o existing utility acilities are

allowed in the Waterside Zone i BMPs are ollowed. BMPs areencouraged in the Management Zone.

Installation o new utility acilities are allowed in the ManagementZone, and may be allowed in the Waterside Zone i the CityEngineer determines there is no practical and easible alternative.Tis requirement also applies to the installation o acilities in thewaterway itsel.

Maintenance, Upgrades and Installation of NewUtilities:

Te width o the easement shall be limited to the minimumwidth necessary or the utilitys installation and maintenance.

Once started, carry out and complete construction withoutdelay. Leaving construction work incomplete increases risk oerosion and sediment transport.

Where clearing is required, limit or delay grubbing untilgrading and construction is ready to proceed; the root massesand associated organic matter provide substantial erosioncontrol.

Clearing ahead o the point o construction may notexceed 500 eet.

Except or clearing, the maximum length o disturbedwork area, including grubbing, shall not exceed 300eet beore temporary stabilization is made with, at aminimum, seed and mulch.

Permanent soil stabilization with perennial vegetation

or other permanently stable, noneroding surace shallbe initiated within 14 days ater nal site grading.

Implement erosion and sediment controls that meetor exceed the requirements set orth in UDC Chapter169 and 179 and the Arkansas Department oEnvironmental Quality.

clearly labeled utility

minimized utility easement

work width

sediment lter used during

construction

native plants used for nal

stabilization



23

Access maintenance routes shall be limited to 20 eet inwidth and, where possible, shall approach manholes, risers,valves, or other appurtenances perpendicular to the streamrather than running the length o the utility line to minimize

post installation clearing in the buer. Leave stumps and roots in place when trees are cleared to helpbind the soil, i they are not a danger to lie or property.

Prepare and maintain on site a Stormwater Pollution PreventionPlan (SWPPP) or construction sites over one acre. (Required bythe Arkansas Department o Environmental Quality)

File a Notice o Intent with the Arkansas Department oEnvironmental Quality or construction sites over ve acres.(Required by the Arkansas Department o Environmental

Quality) Sediment and erosion controls shall be installed prior to anysurace disturbance activity, such as clearing or grubbing.

Installation of Utility Stream Crossings:

Crossings shall be contained within the ootprint o anexisting road or utility crossing where possible.

Stream bank stabilization to protect new structures rom

uture channel migration shall be accomplished throughvegetative or exible linings. Te utility installation shall notincrease or decrease the natural rate o channel migration.

For above grade utility crossings, pier locations shall be plannedto minimize or avoid placement in the stream.

Below grade utility crossings:Te installation shall be accomplished by directional

boring or jacking beneath the scour depth o the waterbody and channel migration zone, where easible.

Where directional boring or jacking are not easible,detailed plans showing how ow will be diverted awayrom the area during construction (use o coer dams,temporary culverts, etc.) and how the channel willbe rehabilitated to its prealteration state ollowinginstallation o the utility are required

Utilities shall cross at an angle perpendicular to thechannel centerline, or as near to perpendicular as

above grade piers outside of stream



24

possible, whenever boring under the channel is noteasible.

Below grade utilities shall be encased in steel, tominimize maintenance needs, and buried to a depthsufcient so as not to alter the ow o the stream, catchdebris, or cause erosion or deposition.



25

PAVED TRAILS AND IMPERVIOUSSURFACES

Ordinance requirements: Paved trails or other impervious suraces not exceeding 12

eet in width are permitted in the Waterside Zone when theCity Engineer determines that there is no practical and easiblealternative.

rails, like any impervious surace, prevent inltration and requirethe removal o vegetation, which can compromise the banks stability.However, the trails system also oers multiple benets to riparianareas:

By creating a place or public enjoyment along thestream, the trail brings people in contact with thestream to appreciate the natural beauty and reportdumping or other detrimental activities.

Te AdoptArail program has been very successul atattracting volunteers to pick up litter along the trailsand stream corridors.

Te trail provides educational opportunities alongthe stream by providing easy access to the unique

and diverse riparian corridor. Children can come indirect contact with the streams and grow a strongerappreciation or the natural systems.

Te trail provides access or equipment to remove largedebris or trash and repair impaired areas o the stream toprevent uture stream bank erosion through naturalizedrepair methods.

Te ollowing best management practices are required in theWaterside Zone and encouraged in the Management Zone:

Locate trail as ar rom the top o bank as practicable. Te existing vegetated buer between trail and top o bankshall be maintained to the extent practical to protectsignicant trees and sensitive areas such as stream edges orsprings.

Once started, carry out and complete construction without

stream cleanup volunteers

illegal streamside dumping



26

delay. Leaving construction works incomplete increases risko erosion and sediment transport.

Where clearing is required, limit or delay grubbing untilgrading and construction is ready to proceed; the root masses

and associated organic matter provide substantial erosioncontrol.

Clearing ahead o the point o construction may notexceed 500 eet.

Except or clearing, the maximum length o disturbedwork area, including grubbing, shall not exceed 300eet beore temporary stabilization is made with, at aminimum, seed and mulch.

Final stabilization shall be done using native plants to match

or exceed the quality o vegetation existing prior to trail. Implement erosion and sediment controls that meet or exceedthe requirements set orth in UDC Chapter 169 and 179 andthe Arkansas Department o Environmental Quality.

I a utility easement is established, and has been previouslycleared and disturbed, the impervious surace shall be locatedon the utility easement to minimize the overall amount odisturbance.

Concrete shall be required, in ood prone areas, because it

has a greater resistance to ooding conditions than asphalt,requiring less repair and overall land disturbance. I there is an exposed cut bank or highly eroded stream

bank on the same property as the impervious surace beingconstructed, the bank shall be stabilized using natural channeldesign methods at the time o trail construction. All bankstabilization shall receive approval rom the City Engineer, priorto land disturbance activities.

Sheet ow drainage conditions rom the impervious

surace and its appurtenances are required. Where ow isconcentrated, the methods in the ow diusion section othis manual shall be used.

ur grass is allowed 5 eet rom the edge o the impervioussurace to allow or periodic mowing. Beyond 5 eet romthe edge o the impervious surace, native plants shall beused where revegetation is necessary. 5 turf grass buffer along trail

minimalized trail construction

footprint

existing utility easement and site of

future trail



27

STORMWATEROUTFALLS

Existing stormwater conveyances on site or accessible to the siteare the preerred location to direct stormwater runo rom the site.

Existing conveyences utilized or additional stormwater ows shallbe modied in conormance with best management practices or newacilities.

Ordinance requirements: New stormwater conveyances where no conveyances exist or are

accessible to the site may be permitted in the SPZ when the CityEngineer determines there is no practical and easible alternative.Te standards in the Streamside Best Management Practices

Manual are required or both the Waterside and ManagementZones.

Minimizing Stormwater Outfall Impacts:

All o the ollowing Best Management Practices shall apply to newstormwater conveyances through the SPZ:

Minimize sediment loads and trash prior to entrance into theSPZ through practices such as:

Stilling Basin Outlet Sediment raps Grass Swales Check Dams Bioretention Cells Enhanced Detention Pond (See on page 29)

* Prevent Short Flow Paths* Extended Dry Detention* Retention Ponds/Wet Ponds

* Sediment Forebays* Meandering Low Flow Channels* Micropools* Marshes* Plunge Pools* Pond Buers (25 eet minimum)* Riprap pilot channels



28

Design or a minimum number o discharge locations to thestream and choose an alignment through the SPZ which willresult in minimal clearing o existing vegetation.

Design or minimal amounts excavation and no lling in the

SPZ. Convert ow to a velocity that is nonerosive at the 10yeardesign storm beore the ow enters the stream. Possiblepractices to achieve velocity reduction include:

RipRap Aprons Level Spreaders Check Dams Outlet Sediment raps

Angle the discharge into the direction o ow o the receiving

water to provide a more natural conuence i possible. Design to minimize the longterm impact in the SPZ and thereceiving stream.

Implement erosion and sediment controls that meet orexceed the requirements set orth in UDC Chapter 169 and170 and the Arkansas Department o Environmental Quality.

Discharges must be managed during construction as well andmay use an approved temporary method dierent rom thepermanent postconstruction method used.

Once construction is started, carry out and complete projectwithout delay. Design in accordance with and obtain all required local, state,and ederal permits.

Design in accordance with the Citys Drainage CriteriaManual.

Periodic corrective action to restore a nonerosive velocity oow or to restore stability o the conveyance shall be taken asnecessary to impede the ormation o erosion gullies.

meandering low-ow channel

check dams slow water ow in

swale

level spreader



29

Example of Enhanced Dry Detention Pond

enhanced dry detention in

residential neighborhood



30

BMPs for Sediment Removal and VelocityReduction prior to disharge to the StreamsideBuffer

BMP Function Applicability Limitations

Grassed

Swales

Sediment

Removal

Used after velocity

reduction is achieved.

Small drainage areas, less

than 5 acres.

SedimentForebay

SedimentRemoval

Used for pretreatmentrather than as astandalone BMP.

No minimum or maximumdrainage area. Depths mayrequire removal of bedrock.

MeanderingLow Flow

Channel

Sediment andother pollutant

removal

Used after velocityreduction is achieved.

Requires a wider spacethan a linear channel.

RiprapApron

SedimentRemoval;

VelocityReduction

Used at the end of anoutlet pipe or channel.

Can be used at most

outlets where the ow

speed is high. Notaesthetic.

Check Dam SedimentRemoval;

VelocityReduction

Used within adrainage ditch, swale,

or channel. May usewith steep slopes.

Should only be used inchannels with a drainage

area of 10 acres or less.

Outletsediment

traps

SedimentRemoval;

Velocity

Reduction

Used at the end of anoutlet pipe or channel

No minimum or maximumdrainage area. Depths may

require removal of bedrock.

LevelSpreader

VelocityReduction

Used at the end ofan outlet pipe or

channel to disperse

ow uniformly across

a slope.

Maximum ow of 30 cfs and

maximum slope of 10%.

Notes:(1) BMPs shall be selected and designed ollowing approved technical designguidelines.(2) For technical and design guidelines contact the City o Fayetteville

Engineering Division at (479) 5758206.(3) Additional methods o achieving the above criteria may be approved by theCity Engineer.(4) BMPs may be used in combination to achieve ow velocity reduction andsediment removal.(5) Plantings downstream o the ow diusion device must be adequate toprevent erosion and shall be specied in the design plan.(6) Reestablishment o disturbed vegetation must be accomplished as soon as

stormwater diffusion with plant

materials

Vegetative cover isextremely important in

controlling erosion. It

performs these functions:

Shields the soil surface

from the impact of fallin

rain

Holds soil particles in

place

Helps to maintain the

soils capacity to absorb

water

Slows the velocity of

runoff


31/31

practicable, but in no case longer than 14 days.

MITIGATION PRACTICES FOR APPROVED

VARIANCESOrdinance requirements: I the Planning Commission has granted a variance or a reduction

in the width o the Streamside Protection Zones, it may requiremitigation through installation o structural BMPs. Removalefciencies sited on the Environmental Protection AgencyNational Menu o Stormwater Best Management Practices maybe used to select suitable structural BMPs or combinations o

structural BMPs. Examples o possible BMPs or considerationinclude wet ponds, wetlands, inltration trenches, andbioretention. Structural BMPs selected or mitigation shall beapproved by the City Engineer.

LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT

Te use o Low Impact Development principles throughout thedevelopment is encouraged to reduce the total volume o runocontributed by the development. Reerence the UDC Chapter 179Low Impact Development Code.

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BMP Manual Final Adopted Version

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