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Entrepreneurship & DyslexiaExamining the PossibilitiesBenjamin Powers has no relevant financial or nonfinancial relationships to discloseBenjamin PowersHeadmaster, Eagle Hill Southport School

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Overview

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Background: DyslexiaWorked with LD students for 17 yearsThe Kildonan SchoolThe Westmark SchoolEagle Hill Southport SchoolCreative, empathetic, innovative, problem solversSome successfulbut some notnegatively impacted by self-esteem and/or lack self-confidence?

business owners, inventors, driven enthusiasts, entrepreneurs

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Background: Dyslexia

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Background: Dyslexia

35% 1% 48%

Logan, 2001; Logan, 2009; Moody et al., 2000

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Background: EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship research - shifted from traits-based to understanding that entrepreneurship is teachableOrganizations are offering fewer opportunities for long-term employment (van Gelderen et. al., 2008)Demand for an innovative workforce

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Background: EntrepreneurshipBackground versus specific traitsHow do we create the intentions, motivations, and behavior of becoming an entrepreneur?might these be different for students with dyslexia?

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Background: KnowledgeEntrepreneurial education can increase a persons intention to become an entrepreneurimpact proved stronger for females compared to males (Wilson et. al., 2007)Athayde (2009) identified that enterprise potential in young people can be influenced by participation in entrepreneurship programsaspects like ethnicity, gender can impact a persons desire for self-employment

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Background: KnowledgePeople with literacy difficulties are at considerable risk for poor self-esteem (Burden, 2008; Humphrey, 2002; Riddick et al., 1999)The dyslexic population suffers from lower levels of educational attainment Prevalence of the illiterate and dyslexic population incarcerated in U.S. prisons Juvenile detention centers

. The National Center for Health Statistics (2007) reported on the high percentage of juveniles (85%) in detention centers and the high rate of unemployment (approximately 50%) for youth aged 16 to 21 who are functionally illiterate and many of whom are likely individuals with dyslexia. As those trends have carried into adulthood, a study in Texas prisons found that nearly 48% of the population of inmates exhibited signs consistent with dyslexia (Moody et al., 2000), which is two to four times higher than the prevalence of the general population with dyslexia in the United States.

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Background: KnowledgeSelf-esteem relates to how people feel about their self-efficacy perceptions (Burden, 2008) Self-efficacy: the levels of confidence individuals have in their ability to execute certain courses of action, or achieve specific outcomesPeople with low self-efficacy beliefs experience stress and depression

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Research: QuestionWhat impact does having lower levels of self-esteem have on entrepreneurial self-efficacy perceptions and entrepreneurial intention, and how might we influence them through entrepreneurship education in the population with dyslexia?

Fishbein & Ajzen, 1977

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Gist and Mitchell, 1992 Model of Self-Efficacy-Performance Relationship

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Powers, 2016

Updated Model of Ajzens Theory of Planned Behavior

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Powers, 2016

Relationship between self-esteem and entrepreneurial self-efficacy

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Research: MethodologyDesigned a modified version of Kickul and DIntinos (2004) measure of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention for adolescents 796 students, both with and without dyslexiamore than of the dyslexic students surveyed in LD schools did not identify Analyzed the results using regression analysis and t-tests using SPSS 22

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Research: Survey SampleDescription of Sample: Gender and DyslexiaHave DyslexiaTotalYesNoWhat is your gender?Male336138474Female218104322Total554242796

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Research: FindingsDyslexic (n = 554)Not Dyslexic (n = 242)MSDMSDt-testESE Factor-0.061.050.130.85-2.63*

T-test Comparing Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy with and without Dyslexia*p = .009

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Research: FindingsDyslexic (n = 474)Not Dyslexic(n = 242)MSDMSDt-testProblem solving3.760.964.000.77-3.81**Managing money3.461.113.671.08-2.49*Being creative4.010.973.790.962.98*Getting people to agree with you3.560.973.670.92-1.55Being a leader3.711.113.901.05-2.35*Making decisions3.581.153.681.02-1.22

* p.05 ** p =.003

T-test Comparing 6 Variables Related to Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy

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Research: FindingsDyslexic (n = 328)Not Dyslexic (n = 128)MSDMSDt-testEntrepreneurial Intention3.431.213.681.06-2.24*

T-test Comparing Entrepreneurial Intention for Males With and Without Dyslexia

*p