BnR-Peng.Manajemen-Chap-09 1

Followership

BnR-Peng.Manajemen-Chap-09 2

Followership• Ability to place organization ahead of personal ambition• Allegiance and loyalty up and down the chain of command• Ability to recognize they share responsibility to help

organization to succeed• Ability to know when and how to challenge the status quo

Importance of Followers• Followers’ actions/attitudes influence their leader

– For better or worse• Qualities of effective followers are same ones we want in

leaders• We tend to focus too much on the leader:

– Performance of leaders & followers are variables that depend upon one another

– Followers often have the information, expertise, and ideas that are essential for successStyles of Followership Part 1

• Five styles, categorized by two dimensions– Independent/critical vs. Dependent/uncritical thinking– Active vs. Passive behavior

BnR-Peng.Manajemen-Chap-09 3

First Dimension• Independent thinkers:

– Aware of the significance of their actions– Offer constructive criticism/innovation

• Dependent/uncritical thinkers:– Do not consider possibilities– Accepts leader’s ideas without thinking

Second Dimension• Active Behavior:

– Participates fully (Often beyond limits of job)– Demonstrates sense of ownership– Initiates problem-solving and decision-making

• Passive Behavior:– Does what’s told– Avoids responsibility– Requires constant supervision and prodding

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Styles of Followership

Alienated Effective

Passive Conformist

Independent, Critical Thinking

Activ

e

Dependent, Uncritical Thinking

Passiv

e

Pragmatic

Survivor

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Developing Personal Potential• “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” by Steven Covey• Habit:

– The intersection of knowledge, skill and desire• Arranges seven habits along a continuum from dependence to

independence to interdependence

Maturity Continuum• Dependent people

– Expect someone to take care of them– Blame others when things go wrong

• Independent people– Developed a sense of self-worth/attitude of self-reliance– Accept personal responsibility– Actively work for their goals

• Interdependent people– Realize best results often occur working cooperatively with

others

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Self Reliance and Self Mastery“Private Victories”

• Habit 1: Be Proactive– Be responsible, don’t blame others– Take initiative; Choose how to act– Not what happens to you, but how you respond

• Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind– Start with clear mental image of destination (Vision)– What’s important

• Habit 3: Put First Things First– Gain control of time (Calendar vs. Stop Watch)– Focus on preserving and enhancing relationships and on

accomplishing resultsEffective Interdependence

“Public Victories”• Habit 4: Think Win-Win

– Cooperation = organizational success• Habit 5: Seek First To Understand, then to be Understood

– Key to effective communication– Non-judgmental attitude (Dialogue)– Emphatic listening gets inside another person’s frame of reference

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Effective Interdependence“Public Victories”

• Habit 6: Synergize– Value of the whole is > the sum of the parts– Essence of synergy is to value and respect differences in

order to take advantage/build on strengths and compensate for weaknesses

• Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw– Continuously renew physical, mental, spiritual, and social

aspects of life– Constant Improvement– NEVER BE SATISFIED!

What Followers Want• Leaders to be:

– Honest– Forward-Thinking– Inspiring– Competent

Colleagues to be: Honest Cooperative Dependable Competent

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Styles of Followership Part II

Politician Partner

Subordinate

Contributor

Performance Initiative

Rela

tion

sh

ip

Init

iati

ve

High

HighLow

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Why do people join groups?- Security - Goal Achievement- Power - Affiliation- Self-esteem - Status

What is a Group?• Definitions:

– Webster’s: “a number of individuals assembled together or having some unifying relationship”

– Book: “two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular objectives”

Stages of Group DevelopmentForming:

Orientation and getting acquaintedDefine purpose/rules/structure

• Storming:– Conflict and disagreement– Jockeying for position or sub-

groups form

• Norming:– Resolve conflict, clarify

roles– Builds relationships and

cohesiveness• Performing: Group is fully

functional

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Conflict• Perceived differences resulting in some sort of interference or

opposition– Whether real or not is irrelevantWhether real or not is irrelevant

• Three Views of Conflict:– Traditional – Avoid

• Indicates problems– Human Relations – Natural/Inevitable

• Can be positive– Interactionist – Required, necessary for effective performance

• Functional vs. Dysfunctional

Managing Conflict• Avoidance: Withdraw from or suppress• Accommodation: Place other’s needs above your own• Forcing: Satisfy own needs at the expense of another• Compromise: Each side gives up something• Collaboration: Seek solution that is advantageous for all

(Win/Win)(Win/Win)

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Group Decisions: DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Time - consuming• Possibility of minority domination• Pressures to conform (Groupthink)(Groupthink)• Ambiguous responsibility

• Provide more complete information– Decisions tend to be more accurate

• Generate more alternatives– Diversity of ideas, experience, information

• Increase acceptance of a solution– More involvement = more buy-in

• Increase legitimacy (IAW democratic ideals)

Group Decisions: AdvantagesAdvantages

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Benefits and Cost of Teams• Level of Effort

– Social Facilitation• Satisfaction of Members

– Need for belongingness and affiliation– Increased dignity and self-worth

• Organizational Flexibility– Allows workers to reorganize/reallocate to increase efficiency in

response to changes• Efficiency – attain goals with fewer resources• Quality – fewer defects/exceed customer expectations

• Power Realignment– Workers take responsibility– Leader gives up power

• Free Riding– Not everyone carries their load– More prevalent as group gets larger

• Coordination Costs• Legal Hassles

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Groups vs. Teams

Caring

CollectiveResponsibility

Pride

Trust

Communication • Trust – most important aspect. Confidence in the truth.

• Pride – believe that personal signature is on everything the team does.

• Caring – about each other as a person, employee, teammate, etc

• Communication – often assumed; Talking helps build team mentality

• Collective Responsibility – no finger pointing or excuses

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Groups vs. Teams

• All aspects are important individually, but together they are unbeatable

•Fist is more powerful than the five fingers. Any individual finger can be broken off, weakening the team. Concept of Synergy.

• The “fist” is more important than the technical aspects. Need to monitor to make sure the fist is strong and tight. If not, it can open under stress and one of the fingers can be broken off, weakening the team. If strong, a movement by a finger will be compensated by the other four holding it firm.