11/03/2015 1 FruitstoNuts PrairieFruitReleases: Cherries,Haskap,Hazelnuts,etc. AlbertaFarmFreshProducers,Feb2015 Dr.BobBors Formoreinfovisit: UofSk fruitwebsite:www.fruit.usask.caTosearchforresearchreportsfundedbySaskatchewanAgriculture: http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/ADF/searchHaskapday,PlantSale,PropagationWorkshopsandothereventsarepostedat: http://www.fruit.usask.ca/extension.htmlAcknowledgement:TheUofSaskFruitprogramismainlyfundedthroughgrantsfromSaskatchewanAgricultureandroyaltiesfromthesaleofourvarieties. BobBorsSabbatical • July1,2016toJune30,2016 • WriteaHaskapmanual • Visitmanyhaskapfarmers • Takesoils&Leafsamples,Photos,Interviewgrowers • ObtainmoregrapegermplasmatUSDAGenebank • Attend3nurserysymposiums • Givetalks&workshops Themeof2016issuewillbefruit BobBorsisguesteditor What Fruits should you grow? Hardy Good Quality Easy Care
Transcript
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Fruits to NutsPrairie Fruit Releases:
Cherries, Haskap, Hazelnuts, etc.
Alberta Farm Fresh Producers, Feb 2015
Dr. Bob Bors
For more info visit:
U of Sk fruit website: www.fruit.usask.ca
To search for research reports funded by Saskatchewan Agriculture:http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/ADF/search
Haskap day, Plant Sale, Propagation Workshops and other events are posted at:http://www.fruit.usask.ca/extension.html
Acknowledgement: The U of Sask Fruit program is mainly funded through grants from Saskatchewan Agriculture and royalties from the sale of our varieties.
Bob Bors Sabbatical
• July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016• Write a Haskap manual
• Visit many haskap farmers• Take soils & Leaf samples, Photos, Interview growers
• Obtain more grape germplasm at USDA Genebank
• Attend 3 nursery symposiums
• Give talks & workshops
Theme of 2016 issue will be fruit
Bob Bors is guest editor
What Fruits should you grow? Hardy
Good Quality
Easy Care
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Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada
2000
Does it matter where a variety was developed?
Find out what you can grow & sell Spread out harvestCash flow Better labour useRepeat customers
Reduced risk
June July
Aug
Sept &
Oct
Early Haskap
Saskatoons
Fall bearing Raspberries
Late
Haskap
Raspberries
Sour cherries
Black Currants
Mid
Mid Late
Fall bearing Raspberries
Potential for large scale:GoodQuality & Mechanical Harvesting
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Haskap Saskatoons Seabuckthorn
Black Currants Chokecherries
Apples
Sour Cherries
Plums
Pears
Raspberries
Grapes
Apples
Sour Cherries
Plums
Pears
Raspberries
Grapes
Investigate: Where were they bred? Where do they grow well?Are they well tested?Do they need a special care to survive
Plant a few, if they do well plant more
StrawberriesSandcherriesMany wild berries
Might not survive winter if not insulated
WeedsMost have low yieldBend over to pick
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U of SK fruit program: ~50 acresHaskap occupies ~20 acresEach year: we replace 2 acres of older haskap with new seedlings
0.8 km
Apples
Apples
ApplesCherries
S’toons
Choke
Cherries Grapes
////////
////////
Haskap
Haskap
Haskap
Haskap
Cherries
Cherries
Haskap
Apples
Haskap
Cherries
Hazelnuts
Haskap
Haskap
= recently planted
Hazelnut Breeding
Hazelnut Project
• Hybrids between wild Canada lines and Oregon lines
• 20,000+ Seedlings sold to growers for 12 years• Most sold to Albertans
• 10,000 young seedlings planted at U of SK of 3rdgeneration lines
• 2nd most planted seedlings at our research orchard
• Plan: propagate best from cooperators and let them be the first to test each others
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Traditional Sour Cherry harvesting
Photo by Bob Mason
Ease of harvesting five cherry selections in 2000
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
27 Jul 31 Jul 4 Aug 8 Aug 12Aug
16Aug
20Aug
24AugDate
Fru
it r
ete
nti
on
fo
rce
/ g
7-21-16.3
7-21-31.0
7-32-5.4
SK C.J.
Evans
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Soluble solids of five cherry selections in 2000
9
12
15
18
21
24
27 Jul 31 Jul 4 Aug 8 Aug 12 Aug 16 Aug 20 Aug 24 Aug
Date
So
lub
le s
oli
ds
(B
rix)
7-21-16.3
7-21-31.0
7-32-5.4
SK CJ
Evans
6 years X 6 varieties X 6 harvest times X 6 tests X 4 reps= 5184 tests
Funded only by royalties
Exisiting cards are based on 1 years data
+ Dependable
+ Darkest Cherry
+ Earliest to ripen
+ Good Flavour
+ Productive
+ Good Mech Harvest
‐ Slight winter damage
‐ Smallest fruit size
‐ lowest sugar content most years
+Hardy
+Good flavour
+Tart enough for pies
+Good Size
+Productive
+1st to go dormant in fall
+Good Mech Harvest
‐ 1st bloomer in spring‐ (we didn’t lose any)
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+ Hardy
+sweeter than previous evals
+ best colour for dried fruit
+/‐ larger yield from larger bushes
+/‐ average bloom time
+/‐ only bright red
‐ Some damage from mechharvester (bushes too vigourous, will need more pruning)
+ Darkest Cherry
+ last to bloom
+ Good Flavour
+Good Mech Harvest
+ Hardy
‐ Low Productivity
‐ Slow to come into bearing
+/‐ Fruit so large ½ of fruit wouldn’t fit in pitting machine holes (specialized use?)
‐ Needs extra year to come into production?
+ Best flavour
+ No mech harvester damage
+ production a year earlier than other varieties
+ smaller bushes but good size for mech harvest
+/‐ average bloom time
+/‐medium red
‐ Major winter damage with ‐50 winter
(overproducer?)
+ Excellent flavour
+ Best firm cherry
‐ Major winter damage with ‐50 winter
‐ low vigour & slow to root:‐ Smaller plants>Poor establishment
‐ Lower yields
‐ Bushes too small, making lower yields. Might be best for gardeners.
‘Row 9’ Haskap
• Originally released as 9‐15, 9‐84, 9‐91, 9‐92,9‐94
• ‘Tundra’ was favourite for commercial growers• Firm fruit, large size, good flavour
• ‘Borealis’ was favourite for home gardeners• Best flavour, fruit hides, stays on tightly (can rip)
• Indigos were back ups in case easier to propagate
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‘Borealis’
• Largest Fruit• ‘Best’ flavour• Delicate fruit• Hard to pick• For home gardens
New U of S variety for 2008
‘Tundra’
• 2nd Largest Fruit
• 2nd ‘Best’ flavour
• Durable (rare trait)
• Commercial potential
New U of S variety for 2008
Indigo Gem, Treat, & Yum
• Indigo Gem: preferred in Saskatchewan• some growers say Tundra yields are catching up to Gem
• Indigo Treat: Preferred in Maritimes
• Tundra: preferred in Ontario (highest yield)• Indigo Yum: too hard to propagate
Honey Bee Haskap
• Pollinator for ‘Row 9’ varieties
• Holds onto fruit
• Fast growing
• Bird alternative?
• Good ‘mouthfeel’ for wine?
• Long narrow fruit shape
Tundra and Indigo Gem are good pollinators for Aurora
Aurora berries are bigger and taste sweeter (lower acidity)Aurora bushes are taller, faster growing and more productiveAll bloom at the same time and are compatible
Boreal Blizzardavailable 2016
• World’s Largest Haskap berries
• Largest 3.9g
• Average 2.8g
• Ripens mid July
• Tastes great
• probably needs to be picked soon after ripe
• (twice as heavy as ‘Happy Giant’)
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Boreal Blizzard
Sorted super‐big grown in Japan
Boreal Beautyavailable 2017
• World’s 2nd Largest Haskap berry
• Largest 3.6g
• Average 2.6g
• Last to ripen: Early August
• Tastes great
• Holds on strongly
• Has mechanical harvesting characteristics
Tundra
Boreal BorealBlizzard Beauty
Late June to Early July
Early AugustEarly to mid‐July
We know Tundra and Indigos will pollinate Boreal Blizzard but not optimumWe will test if Boreal Blizzard and Boreal Beauty are compatible in 2015
Most High Sugar / Low Acid apples are:Prairie Sensation x Honeycrisp
10,000 seedlings plantedV. riparia hybrids
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Red Fleshed plums being tested
2 New Projects 2015‐2017½ Funded by Saskatchewan Agriculture
½ funded by Royalties
• Nutritional needs of Haskap for propagation and production
– 100 soil and leaf tests per year
– Nursery and tissue culture enhancements through better mineral nutrition
– Document what happens with excess or deficiencies
• Polyploid Breeding of Prairie Fruits
– Haskap
– Saskatoons
– Seabuckthorn
– Grapes
Polyploid Breeding: Haskap Goals
• Introgress wild species • Faster growing
• Grow one month longer in summer
• Taller Plants
• Might result in larger fruit
Polyploid Breeding: Saskatoon Goals
• Larger Berries
• Later blooming
• Open bush shape
Polyploid Breeding: Grapes Goals
• Seedless fruit
• But this crop has a long way to go for better hardiness
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Polyploid Breeding: Seabuckthorn Goals
• Longshot since no research on this area for this crop
• This crop has no close relatives
• Sterile seeds?
• Larger fruit?
• Seedless Fruit?
• No Fruit?
“Breeding and selection haskap for nutritional and agronomic suitability”
Haskap Research Project in 2012‐2014
• ½ Sask Ag ADF funded • ½ Royalty funded
Haskap at U of Saskeach year since 2006
• Haskap day events
• ~150 combinations of parents crossed
• 5000 to 10000 seedlings produced
• 3000 to 4000 seedling planted at U of Sask after greenhouse screening
• Sometimes some at growers’ sites
• 1 to 2 acres of seedlings planted at very high density,
• 1 to 2 acres of haskap discarded
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22.6.33.0 Low Prod 2013 22.02.56.0 this looked better than 56.5
22.08.31.5 tall sturdy Kurile Prob not Productive 22.02.56.5 hardly any production, birds? Next to
22.10.18.75 Fruit holds on in Early Aug, prod in
2012 & 2013, flat bullet
22.03.37.75***med‐lg size but v firm fruit late in
season
22.11.30.2 flat rectangle, no fruit left 22.04.12.0*** v large fruit
22.11.34.4 v lg bullet, no fruit left 22.04.14.0
20.03.21.5 Elephant, nice but sister plant tastes
much better, about 8 plants east
22.06.25.5 **** were both successful crossed to
25.5
22.08.16.5
14.16.9.25 great aroma 14.17.2.6 lg tasty, kurile like, med low prod?
Aurora 14.19.43.5 tall, prod, firm late in season, med‐lg
size, some hold on flowers? Wow!!
Early Bloomers
Mid Bloomers
Late Bloomers
Very Late Bloomers
Advanced Selections 2013 Notes
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TreasuRed Apple
• Columnar Apple, compact
• Home Gardener type
• Propagated by DNA Gardens
• Prairie Sun x Columnar MacIntosh
Haskap Gelato
Haskap as a food dye
by Bob Bors
Haskap Berrieshave 4x more skin than other berries of similar size
5 % 10% 15% 20% 100%%
Colour of Haskap Juice at various concentrations
Note: Vials are 2cm deep
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3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
Wet
Dry
5% haskap juice at different pH levelsHaskap juice at on filter paper % different pH levels
Dry
Haskap puree in Yogurt
5, 10, 15 and 20%
Haskap flavour was dominant at 20%
Mung Bean NoodlesBoiled in 0, 5, 10, 15%Haskap Juice
20% Haskap Puree Added
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20% Haskap Juice Added
Combining Haskap with other beverages
Tastes like haskap
• Grape Juice
• Apple Juice
• Soy Milk
• Rice Milk
Haskap Flavour overwhelmed
• Orange Juice• Lemonade• Coconut MilkNew Flavour
• Pineapple Juice
Curdled
pH adjusted turned gray
• Whole milk
• 2% Milk
1 cup Haskap Juice substituted for 1 cup water in white Cake Mix
Red/pink : Add Lemon Juice
Purple : Nothing else needed
Green : Add baking soda
Frosting
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Soaking apples and pears in haskap slurry
Rice Boiled in 0, 5, 10, 15%Haskap Juice D
ream
Whip
Whipped
Cream
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Editors Loretta Bors and Lily Sawatzky proudly view their cookbook on display at the award ceremony at the Louvre in Paris. Unfortunately, Cecilia Kachkowski was unable to attend.
