BODIES OF WATER

Water Cycle

The continuous movement of The continuous movement of water from the earth to the water from the earth to the atmosphere and back to the atmosphere and back to the earth.earth.

The sun provides the energy for The sun provides the energy for the water cycle, also known as the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle.the hydrologic cycle.

The water cycle occurs in four The water cycle occurs in four overlapping spheres.overlapping spheres.

Water Cycle

Hydrosphere

Water moves from the earth to the Water moves from the earth to the atmosphere through the processes atmosphere through the processes of evaporation and transpiration. of evaporation and transpiration.

Evaporation is the transformation of Evaporation is the transformation of water from its liquid form to its water from its liquid form to its gaseous form as a result of coming gaseous form as a result of coming in contact with heat or the air.in contact with heat or the air.

Transpiration is the process of Transpiration is the process of plants releasing water through their plants releasing water through their leaves.leaves.

Physical and Chemical Makeup of Water

Water, in its purest form, is Water, in its purest form, is tasteless, odorless, and tasteless, odorless, and colorless. colorless.

It is a chemical compound made It is a chemical compound made up of two atoms of hydrogen up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. and one atom of oxygen.

Its chemical symbol is HIts chemical symbol is H22O.O.

Physical States of Water

Solid form of water is called ice.Solid form of water is called ice. Water freezes at 32Water freezes at 32ººF or 0F or 0ººC.C. Gaseous form of water is called Gaseous form of water is called

water vapor or steam. water vapor or steam. When water boils it turns into water When water boils it turns into water

vapor or steam. Water boils at vapor or steam. Water boils at 212°F or 100°C.212°F or 100°C.

In between the gaseous and solid In between the gaseous and solid form, water is in its liquid form.form, water is in its liquid form.

Chemical Make-up of Water

Water that contains salt is called Water that contains salt is called saline water.saline water. Sodium chloride, potassium, and Sodium chloride, potassium, and

magnesium can raise the level of salts magnesium can raise the level of salts in the water. in the water.

The amount of salt in the water will The amount of salt in the water will determine its usefulness. determine its usefulness.

Water that is too high in salt cannot be Water that is too high in salt cannot be used for drinking or irrigation.used for drinking or irrigation.

Categories of Saline Water

FreshwaterFreshwater SaltwaterSaltwater Brackish waterBrackish water

Freshwater

Water with less than 3.0 parts Water with less than 3.0 parts per thousand (ppt) of salt.per thousand (ppt) of salt.

Most commonly found in drilled Most commonly found in drilled wells, streams, and lakes. wells, streams, and lakes.

Only 3 percent of the water on Only 3 percent of the water on the earth is considered the earth is considered freshwater, of this 3 percent only freshwater, of this 3 percent only 1 percent is available for use.1 percent is available for use.

Saltwater

Water with 16.5 ppt or more of Water with 16.5 ppt or more of salt.salt.

Some ocean and sea water is Some ocean and sea water is as high as 33 to 37 ppt. as high as 33 to 37 ppt.

Saltwater makes up about 97 Saltwater makes up about 97 percent of the earth’s water.percent of the earth’s water.

Brackish Water

A mixture of saltwater and A mixture of saltwater and freshwater.freshwater.

Brackish water is found where Brackish water is found where freshwater flows into the ocean freshwater flows into the ocean or other bodies of saltwater. or other bodies of saltwater.

An estuary is the area where a An estuary is the area where a freshwater stream flows into the freshwater stream flows into the ocean or a saltwater lake.ocean or a saltwater lake.

Usable Water

Two main ways that salt water Two main ways that salt water and contaminated water can be and contaminated water can be turned into usable water: turned into usable water: distillation and desalination. distillation and desalination.

Usable Water

Distillation is the boiling of water Distillation is the boiling of water and collection of its vapor. and collection of its vapor.

The vapor then turns into liquid The vapor then turns into liquid when cooled. when cooled.

The liquid is pure at this point. The liquid is pure at this point.

Usable Water

Desalination is the removal of Desalination is the removal of salt from water. salt from water.

It involves the process of It involves the process of distillation but is not economical distillation but is not economical on a large scale.on a large scale.

Flowing Bodies of Water

One of the most important parts One of the most important parts of the water cycle is the stream.of the water cycle is the stream.

Streams are flowing bodies of Streams are flowing bodies of water that are useful resources water that are useful resources for irrigation, factories, and local for irrigation, factories, and local water systems.water systems.

Food Web in Streams

Most streams Most streams are freshwater are freshwater and they can and they can flow through a flow through a natural or natural or man-made man-made channel.channel.

Types of Streams

Stream type is determined by Stream type is determined by the volume and velocity of the the volume and velocity of the movement of water, or stream movement of water, or stream flow. flow.

The four types of streams are The four types of streams are rivers, creeks, brooks, and rivers, creeks, brooks, and canals.canals.

Cross Section of a Stream

The rate of flow The rate of flow in a stream is in a stream is called a current.called a current.

RiverThe largest The largest stream. stream.

Have high Have high streamflows.streamflows.

CreekA stream that is A stream that is smaller than a smaller than a river. river.

Often flow into Often flow into rivers, lakes, and rivers, lakes, and oceans.oceans.

BrookAA small stream. small stream. Often flow into Often flow into creeks, rivers, creeks, rivers, lakes, and lakes, and oceans.oceans.

CanalAn artificial An artificial waterway built for waterway built for transportation, to transportation, to relieve flooding, or relieve flooding, or to divert the flow of to divert the flow of water.water.

Non-Flowing Bodies

Bodies of water that do Bodies of water that do not flow still have not flow still have water movement. water movement.

The internal movement The internal movement is caused by is caused by temperature changes temperature changes and salinity.and salinity.

Types of Non-Flowing Bodies

Seven types of non-flowing Seven types of non-flowing bodies of water are oceans, bodies of water are oceans, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, sloughs, marshes, and sloughs, marshes, and estuaries.estuaries.

As in flowing streams, non-As in flowing streams, non-flowing bodies of water may flowing bodies of water may contain a variety of contain a variety of ecosystemsecosystems..

OceansLarge bodies of Large bodies of saltwater. saltwater.

Cover almost 75 Cover almost 75 percent of the percent of the surface of the surface of the earth.earth.

LakesBodies of freshwater Bodies of freshwater that are surrounded that are surrounded by land. by land.

Vary in size, some are Vary in size, some are natural and others natural and others are man-made.are man-made.

PondsNon-flowing bodies of Non-flowing bodies of water that are water that are smaller than lakes. smaller than lakes.

Commonly manmade Commonly manmade and used as a source and used as a source of recreation or for of recreation or for use by livestock.use by livestock.

ReservoirsLarge bodies of Large bodies of stored water. stored water.

Commonly used to Commonly used to generate electric generate electric power.power.

SloughsThick, muddy Thick, muddy areas of shallow areas of shallow water.water.

MarshesAreas of land covered Areas of land covered with shallow water and with shallow water and plants such as cattails.plants such as cattails.

Do not contain trees Do not contain trees and are similar in and are similar in nature to sloughs.nature to sloughs.

EstuariesAreas where Areas where freshwater freshwater streams flow into streams flow into the ocean or a the ocean or a saltwater lake.saltwater lake.

estuary

Review / Summary

Describe the water cycle.Describe the water cycle. Describe the physical and Describe the physical and

chemical makeup of water.chemical makeup of water. Identify bodies of flowing water.Identify bodies of flowing water. Identify bodies of non-flowing Identify bodies of non-flowing

water.water.