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BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
Living organisms are made up of cells . This cells need oxygen and nutrients for their
growth. These are supplied through circulatory system. In lower organisms like sponges and hydra
circulation is through water but in higher organisms it through blood and lymph.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD COMPONENTS
Plasma Formed Elements;(a) Erythrocytes(b) Leucocytes(c) Thrombocytes
It has 90_92% of water,6_8% of proteins. There are 3 types of proteins.
Fibrinogen –Helps in coagulation of blood.
Globulin-Involved in defense mechanism.
Albumin- Helps in osmotic balance. It has minerals. Plasma without fibrinogen is called
serum.
BLOOD PLASMA
ERYTHROCYTESHuman RBC Is
devoid of nucleusBiconcave in shape.RBC contains
Hemoglobin.Life span is 120
days.Total count of RBC is
5-5.5 millions/mm3Transport of
respiratory gases.
Leucocytes Colorless. Nucleated. Total count 6000
to 8000mm3.
Short lived.
TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES
• 2-3% of Leucocytes.• Resist infections.• Associated with allergic reactions.
• NEUTROPHILS• 60-65% of Leucocytes.• Phagocytes in nature.
• BASOPHIL• It secretes histomine, serotonin& heparin.
• Involved in inflammatory reactions.
EOSINOPHILS
LYMPHOCYTES
• It forms 20-25 % of formed element.• It is of 2 types• B-Lymphocytes &T-Lymphocytes.• Both are responsible for immune responses of the body.
• MONOCYTES• These are phagocyte in nature .It forms 6 –8% of formed
element.
TYPES OF AGRANULOCYTES
BLOOD CLOTTING
Thrombokinase
Prothrombin Thrombin Calcium
Fibrinogen Thrombin Fibrin Fibrin +Formed Elements Bloodclot
BLOOD GROUPING
Blood group Antigens Antibody DONATE BLOOD TO
A A anti-B A,AB
B B anti-A B,AB
AB A,B -------- AB
O ------- Anti-A,B
ALL
RH GROUPING
Another surface antigen is also present in RBC.
This surface antigen was first reported in Rhesus Monkey. So it is called Rhesus factor or RH factor.
80% of people are Rh+ve ,they have Rh factor.
RH INCOMPATIBILIITY
FEMALE * MALE Rh-ve Rh+ve
FOETUS (Rh+ve) safe
At child birth
Anti Rh antibody
Second Foetus
Destroy the 2nd foetus
LYMPH As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some
water along with many small water soluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells of tissues leaving the larger proteins and most of the formed elements in the blood vessels.
This fluid released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue fluid.
This fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the lymph. It has lymphocytes. It is colorless. Fats are absorbed through lymph.
CIRCULATORY PATHWAY
OPEN CIRCULATION
• In this blood pumped by the heart enters into the open spaces called sinuses.
• Blood flow is not regulated
Closed circulation
• In this blood is confined to the blood vessels.
• Blood flow is regulated.
Structure of Human heart
It is located in thoracic cavity in between 2 lungs.
It is protected by pericardium.
It has 4 chambers (2 Atria& 2 ventricles)
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART
Heart is made up of cardiac muscle.
Right auricle is separated from Right ventricle by means of a septum with 3 flaps called tricuspid valve.
Left auricle is separated from left ventricle by means of a septum with 2flaps called bicuspid valve/mitral valve.
Conducting system of human heart
Cardiac cycle initiates from SA node( Pace maker). It also maintains the rhythm of heart beat.
It is located in the right upper corner of right atrium.
From SA node the electrical impulses reach the AV node.
AV node is located in the lower left corner of the right atrium.
From AV node it reaches the Bundle of His.
Finally it reaches the ventricles through Purkinjee fibers.
Human heart is myogenic in nature.
Cardiac cycle
CARDIAC CYCLE
Diastole0.4sec
A.S(0.1sec)
V.S(0.3Sec)
CARDIAC OUTPUT
• It is the amount of blood pumped by heart per minute is called heart output or cardiac output.
• Cardiac output =72x70 ml
=5040 ml.
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
Carry blood from heart to different parts of the body.
Carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery.
Deeply seated. Valves are absent. Have thick walls
Carry blood from different parts of the body to heart.
Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein.
Superficially seated. Valves are present. Have thin walls.
ARTERIES VEINS
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation
Right Atria Right ventricle Pulmonary artery
Systemic arota Left ventricle Left atria
Pulmonary vein
Body parts
Lungs
Deoxygenated bloodDeoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
oxygenated bloodoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated bloodPULMONARY CIRCULATION
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
ECG; It is the graphical representation of electrical activity of cardiac chambers.P wave-Depolarization of atriaQRS _Depolarization of ventricles.TWAVE Repolarisation of cardiac chambers.
DISORDER OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Angina Pectoris Heart Failure
HYPER TENSION
A persistent rise in diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg and or systolic pressure above 140mmHg is termed as hypertension.
ATHEROSCLEROSISIt is due to the deposition of cholesterol on the walls of
arteries leading to narrowing of arteries.This also causes hypertension.Blood supply to the cardiac muscle is reduced.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries due to ageing.
MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION
Very low blood flow to the cardiac muscle. As a result cardiac muscle cannot sustain its function.
ANGINA PECTORIS
•Acute pain in the chest due to very less supply of oxygen to the heart muscle.
MD. SARWAR AZADTIRTHA MAITRARAZIUR RAHMANS.V.S HEMANT KUMARANUBHUTI CHAURASIA