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BoneBoneFunction of BoneFunction of BoneMovementMovement Can change the position of body parts Can change the position of body partsProtection Protection Hard cases that enclose organs (brain) Hard cases that enclose organs (brain)Support Support Anchor muscles Anchor musclesMineral Storage Mineral Storage Stores phosphate, and calcium Stores phosphate, and calciumBlood cell formation Blood cell formation Bone marrow produces blood cells Bone marrow produces blood cells
BoneBoneBone is the most rigid type of connective tissueBone is the most rigid type of connective tissue
Living bone cells are called osteocytes, Living bone cells are called osteocytes, which are made from collagen and elastinwhich are made from collagen and elastin
Osteocytes, after being made, settle in the Osteocytes, after being made, settle in the open spaces (or cavities) in bone called lacunaeopen spaces (or cavities) in bone called lacunae
Compact BoneCompact Bone•Forms on the outside of bonesForms on the outside of bones•Densely packed with collagenDensely packed with collagen•Outside covering of the bone is called the periosteumOutside covering of the bone is called the periosteum•Compact bone is organized as thin concentric circles called a Compact bone is organized as thin concentric circles called a Haversian System (osteons)Haversian System (osteons)•The channels in the osteons are used for the connection of The channels in the osteons are used for the connection of blood vessels and nerves; they are called Haversian Canalsblood vessels and nerves; they are called Haversian Canals•Osteocytes are connected together by small protrusions called Osteocytes are connected together by small protrusions called canaliculicanaliculi
Osteocytes connected Osteocytes connected together by canaliculitogether by canaliculi
Canaliculi Canaliculi
Osteocyte Osteocyte
Spongy BoneSpongy BoneForms the interior portion of bonesForms the interior portion of bonesFlat lattice fuses together to form a hard interiorFlat lattice fuses together to form a hard interiorInside the spaces of spongy bone is red marrow and yellow Inside the spaces of spongy bone is red marrow and yellow marrowmarrowRed marrow Red marrow synthesizes red; white blood cells; especially in synthesizes red; white blood cells; especially in hip and sternumhip and sternumYellow marrow Yellow marrow synthesizes fat synthesizes fat
Development of BonesDevelopment of BonesCartilage serves as starting point of bone growth
Periosteum covers newly forming osteoblasts and osteocytes
The cartilage then begins to calcify
Each end of a bone is called an epiphysis
At the end of the epiphysis is the epiphyseal plate, which contributes to bone growth
The growth of the epiphyseal plate is controlled by growth hormone, which is released by the pituitary gland
Bone RemodelingBone RemodelingOver time calcium and phosphate are added and Over time calcium and phosphate are added and withdrawn from bone tissuewithdrawn from bone tissue
Osteoblasts deposit bone and osteoclasts Osteoblasts deposit bone and osteoclasts break it downbreak it down
Most bones are cartilaginous during development Most bones are cartilaginous during development
During development, bones grow from the During development, bones grow from the middle outmiddle out
In adulthood, bones grow from either endIn adulthood, bones grow from either end
Each growing end of the bones is called an Each growing end of the bones is called an ossification centerossification center
Calcium in BoneCalcium in BoneCalcium is needed for lots of physiological processes, Calcium is needed for lots of physiological processes, including muscle contraction and nerve including muscle contraction and nerve communicationcommunication
When calcium in blood decreases, parathyroid When calcium in blood decreases, parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to release enzymes hormone stimulates osteoclasts to release enzymes that remove calcium from bonethat remove calcium from bone
When there is an abundance of calcium in the blood, When there is an abundance of calcium in the blood, calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to take in calcium calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to take in calcium from the blood to synthesize new bonefrom the blood to synthesize new bone
Calcium in BoneCalcium in BoneRemodeling also occurs in Remodeling also occurs in response to exercise.response to exercise.
More exercise = increase calcitoninMore exercise = increase calcitonin
Increase in Calcitonin = increase in Increase in Calcitonin = increase in osteoblast formationosteoblast formation
More osteoblasts = increase in bone densityMore osteoblasts = increase in bone density
As you age, bone is broken down As you age, bone is broken down faster than it is renewed. faster than it is renewed.
Calcium is not as readily absorbed Calcium is not as readily absorbed in older womenin older women
Loss of Calcium Loss of Calcium in bones = Osteoperosisin bones = Osteoperosis
Overview of Human SkeletonOverview of Human SkeletonAdult skeleton has 206 bonesAdult skeleton has 206 bones
Bone growth usually stops by age 20Bone growth usually stops by age 20
Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdlepectoral and pelvic girdle
Axial skeleton Axial skeleton bones of the skull, bones of the skull, spine, sternum, and ribsspine, sternum, and ribs
Infant skeletonInfant skeleton
adult skeletonadult skeleton
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonBones of the pectoral girdle are held together by ligamentsBones of the pectoral girdle are held together by ligaments
Bones of the Pectoral GirdleBones of the Pectoral GirdleClavicle Clavicle Collarbone Collarbone
Scapula Scapula Shoulder Blade Shoulder BladeClavicle connects to the sternum in the anterior and the scapula in the posteriorClavicle connects to the sternum in the anterior and the scapula in the posterior
Humerus Humerus single long bone of the upper arm single long bone of the upper armThe joint that connects the humerus to the scapula is very shallow, the The joint that connects the humerus to the scapula is very shallow, the attachment is unstable, often results in dislocated shoulders attachment is unstable, often results in dislocated shoulders
Ulna Ulna small bone of the lower arm; prominent bone in the elbow small bone of the lower arm; prominent bone in the elbow
Radius Radius other small bone of the lower arm; visceral to the ulna (palm down) other small bone of the lower arm; visceral to the ulna (palm down)
Carpals (8) Carpals (8) bones of the wrist bones of the wrist
Metacarpals (5) Metacarpals (5) bones of the medial hand bones of the medial hand
Phalanges (15) Phalanges (15) Bones of the digits Bones of the digits
Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic GirdleCoxal Bones (2) Coxal Bones (2) Hip Bones Hip BonesCoxal bones are wider in females than in malesCoxal bones are wider in females than in males
Sacrum ->Lower spineSacrum ->Lower spine
Coccyx Coccyx tailbone tailbone
Femur -> Thighbone (largest and strongest bone in the body (can withstand ~700 Femur -> Thighbone (largest and strongest bone in the body (can withstand ~700 pounds of downward force)pounds of downward force)
Tibia Tibia shin bone; larger of the 2 lower leg bones shin bone; larger of the 2 lower leg bones
Fibula Fibula smaller lower leg bone that reaches outer anklesmaller lower leg bone that reaches outer ankle
Tarsals (7) Tarsals (7) Bones of the ankle; distributes weight to heels and balls of your feet Bones of the ankle; distributes weight to heels and balls of your feet
Metatarsals (5) Metatarsals (5) bones of the inner foot bones of the inner foot
Phalanges (14) Phalanges (14) bones of the toes bones of the toes
Axial SkeletonAxial SkeletonBones of the Head and FaceBones of the Head and FaceCranium protects the brain & consists of 8 tightly fitted Cranium protects the brain & consists of 8 tightly fitted bones in adultsbones in adults
In infants, bones are not fit together tightly and are held In infants, bones are not fit together tightly and are held together by membranes called fontanels (gone by about together by membranes called fontanels (gone by about 1 year of age)1 year of age)
Infant skullInfant skull
Major Bones of the CraniumMajor Bones of the CraniumFrontal (1) Frontal (1) Forehead ForeheadParietal (2) Parietal (2) Sides of skull Sides of skullOccipital (1) Occipital (1) posterior of skull to its base, leads to foramen posterior of skull to its base, leads to foramen magnum (hole for spinal chord)magnum (hole for spinal chord)Temporal (2) Temporal (2) On sides of skull inferior to parietal bones On sides of skull inferior to parietal bonesSphenoid Bone (1) Sphenoid Bone (1) Anterior to temporal bone Anterior to temporal bone Ethmoid (1) Part of inner orbital wallEthmoid (1) Part of inner orbital wall
Facial BonesFacial BonesMandible Mandible Lower jaw (only movable portion of the skull) Lower jaw (only movable portion of the skull)Maxillary Bones Maxillary Bones Hold teeth and center nose Hold teeth and center nosePalatine Bone Palatine Bone . Make up the posterior portion of the hard . Make up the posterior portion of the hard palate & floor of the nasal cavitypalate & floor of the nasal cavityZygomatic Bones Zygomatic Bones Cheekbones and bridge of nose Cheekbones and bridge of noseLacrimal Bone Lacrimal Bone Lies between ethmoid and maxillary bone Lies between ethmoid and maxillary boneVomer Vomer Flat bone which forms the nasal septum Flat bone which forms the nasal septum
Vertebral ColumnVertebral ColumnExtends from skull to PelvisExtends from skull to Pelvis
Intervertebral disks between the vertebrae act as padding. Intervertebral disks between the vertebrae act as padding. Prevent vertebrae from grinding against one anotherPrevent vertebrae from grinding against one another
These disks allow for flexibility (bending forward and backward)These disks allow for flexibility (bending forward and backward)
The 1st 7 disks (going from superior to inferior) are called the The 1st 7 disks (going from superior to inferior) are called the cervical vertebraecervical vertebrae
The next 12 disks are called the thoracic vertebraeThe next 12 disks are called the thoracic vertebrae
The lowest 5 vertebrae are called the lumbar vertebraeThe lowest 5 vertebrae are called the lumbar vertebraeSacrum connects the lumbar vertebrae to the tailbone (coccyx)Sacrum connects the lumbar vertebrae to the tailbone (coccyx)
JointsJointsJoints areas of contact between bonesEnds of bones are covered with cartilage to reduce friction
Synovial Joints 2 bones separated by a cavityLigaments connected the 2 bones togetherThe cavity is usually filled with fluid (synovial fluid) that lubricate the joint
Example—>The KneeThe knee is a unique synovial joint because it has lots of pieces of small cartilage that hold the knee in place
The added pieces of cartilage are called menisci
Fluid filled sacs called bursa have extra fluid to reduce friction between ligaments and tendons of the knee
Bursitis -> inflammation of the bursa sacs
JointsJointsHinge Joints joints shaped like the hinges of a doorElbow is an example of a hinge joint (moves in one direction)
Ball and Socket Joints allow for rotation in all planesShoulder is an example of a ball and socket joint
Arthritis The synovial membrane (which holds synovial fluid) becomes inflamed and thickens (rheumatoid arthritis)
Osteoarthritis Cartilage at the end of the bone breaks down and wears away the bones