Date post: | 04-Jun-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | maryamkatibeh |
View: | 246 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
1/76
Labs 9 12Bone Physiology and Anatomy
and Skeletal SystemPlease refer to the bone list for
markings to learn
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
2/76
TODAY through 1/28
In the next 3 lab periods: Learn to identify all the bones and
markings on your bone list
Do all exercises Laboratory 9 - 12
Today: Please start by labeling the skeletondrawing with names of all bones as you
compare drawing to real skeleton. SkipOssification and Activity 4 in Lab 9 fornow (well do it on Tuesday after we talkabout it in class).
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
3/76
Classification of Bones
206 bones in the adultAxial - long axis of thebody (skull, vertebralcolumn and rib cage)Lab 9 and 10
Appendicular upper andlower limbs and limb
girdles (hip andshoulders) Lab 11Shapes: Long, Short, Flat
or irregularTypes:
Spongy (cancellous) Compact (lamellar,
haversian)
Axial Appendicular
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
4/76
Bone MarkingsBulges, depressions, and holes that serve as sites of
attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons, jointsurfaces, conduits for blood vessels and nerves.
Muscle/Ligament attachment sites
Tubercle small rounded projection Epicondyle raised area above a condyle Spine sharp, slender projection Process any bony prominence Tuberosity rounded projection Crest narrow, prominent ridge of bone Trochanter large, blunt, irregular surface Line narrow ridge of bone
Form Joints Head bony expansion on a narrow neck Facet smooth, nearly flat articular surface Condyle rounded articular projection Ramus armlike bar of boneHead bony
expansion carried on a narrow neck Depressions (blood vessels and nerves to pass)
Sinus cavity within a bone Fossa shallow, basin-like depression Groove furrow Fissure narrow, slit-like opening Foramen round or oval opening through a bone
Major markings for femur include the head, greater andlesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity, lateral and
medial condyles and epicondyles, linea aspera, patellarsurface, and the intercondylar notch
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
5/76
Bone Markings
Table 61 (2 of 2)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
6/76
Growth inLength of
LongBone
Figure 6.9
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
7/76
80 bones
make upthe axialskeleton
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
8/76
SkullCranial and Facial Bones: 22 bones that
enclose and protect the brain and serve
as attachment sites for head and neckmuscles.
Cranial: made of mainly Flat bones Connected by interlocking joints called
sutures except for the mandible (TMJ) Divided into vault (calvaria) and base with
over 85 openings for blood vessels andnerves. You do not have to learn all ofthem!
Facial Bones: Framework of face Cavities for sense organs (eyes, ears,
tongue) Provides openings for air and food Secures teeth Anchors facial muscles
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
9/76
Skull = 22 bones
Associated = 7 bones
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
10/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
11/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
12/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
13/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
14/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
15/76
Cranium: Frontal Bone
Figure 7.2a
Forms the anterior portionof the cranium
Articulates posteriorly withthe parietal bones via thecoronal suture
Markings you need to know: supraorbital foramen
frontal sinuses (internal and
lateral to the glabella )
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
16/76
Parietal Bones
Four sutures mark the
articulations of the parietalbones Coronal suture
articulation betweenparietal bones andfrontal bone anteriorly
Sagittal suture
where right and leftparietal bones meetsuperiorly
Lambdoid suture where parietal bonesmeet the occipitalbone posteriorly
Squamosal orsquamous suture where parietal andtemporal bones meet
Parietal bone coversparietal and temporal lobesof brain
Figure 7.3a
O i i l B
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
17/76
Occipital Bone
Forms most of skulls posteriorwall and base
Joints include lambdoid(parietal) and occipitomastoid(temporal)
Major markings you need toknow:
foramen magnum (spinalcord exit)
occipital condyles (articulatewith atlas)
Superior and inferior nuchalline which secure many backand neck muscles
Figure 7.2b
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
18/76
Occipital bone Parietal bones (2)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
19/76
Temporal Bones
Divided into four major regions: squamous (by squamous
suture) tympanic (surrounds
external ear canal) mastoid petrous (base with
sphenoid supports temporallobe of brain, houses ear
cavities visible frominside)Major markings you need to know:
external acoustic (auditory)meatus
styloid process
zygomatic process
mastoid process mandibular fossa
jugular foramen
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
20/76
Temporal bones
(2)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
21/76
Sphenoid Bone
Figure 7.6a
Butterfly-shaped bone that spans thewidth of the middle cranial fossa
Forms the central wedge thatarticulates with all other cranial bones
Consists of a central body (w/sphenoidsinuses) and 3 processes:
greater wings lesser wings pterygoid
Major markings you need to know:sella turcicaoptic foramengreater winglesser wingsuperior orbital fissureforamen ovaleforamen rotundumforamen spinosum
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
22/76
Sphenoid
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
23/76
Ethmoid Bone
Deepest of the skull bones; lies between the sphenoid and nasalbones Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the
orbits Major markings you need to know: the cribiform plate (roof of
nasal cavities with opening for olfactory nerves), crista galli (dura
attaches here), perpendicular plate (forms nasal septum)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
24/76
Ethmoid
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
25/76
Skull: Other Bones
Zygomatic: Irregularly shaped bones(cheekbones) that form the cheeks and the
inferior-lateral margins of the orbits
Nasal bones thin medially fused bones thatform the bridge of the nose
Lacrimal bones contribute to the medialwalls of the orbit and contain a deep groovecalled the lacrimal fossa that houses thelacrimal glands
Palatine bones two bony plates that formthe posterior portion of the hard palate, thepostero-lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and a
small part of the orbits
Vomer plow-shaped bone that forms part ofthe nasal septum
Inferior nasal conchae paired, curved bonesin the nasal cavity that form part of thelateral walls of the nasal cavity
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
26/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
27/76
Orbits Bony cavities in
which the eyes arefirmly encased andcushioned by fattytissue
Formed by partsof seven bones frontal, sphenoid,zygomatic, maxilla,
palatine, lacrimal,and ethmoid
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
28/76
Nasal Cavity
Constructed of bone and hyalinecartilage
Roof formed by the cribriformplate of the ethmoid bone
Lateral walls formed by thesuperior and middle conchae of theethmoid, the perpendicular plate of
the palatine bone, and the inferiornasal conchae of ethmoid
Floor formed by palatine processof the maxillae and palatine bone
Nasal septum divides nasal cavity:vomer inferiorly, ethmoid bone
superiorly + septal cartilage. Nasal septum has mucus secreting
epthelia, nasal conchae increase airturbulence traps more particles.
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
29/76
Facial Bones: Mandible and Its Markings
There are 14 facial bones
The mandible (lower jawbone) isthe largest, strongest bone ofthe face
Forms chin
Anchors the lower teeth
Mandibular foramen exit for
sensory nerves from teeth wheredentists inject novocaine
Markings to Know: body
mandibular foramen
mental foramen
mandibular notch
alveolar process (margin)
condylar process (has mandibularcondyle at its superior end)
coronoid process
ramus
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
30/76
Maxillary Bones
Medially fused bones that make upthe upper jaw and the central portionof the facial skeleton
Facial keystone bone that articulateswith all other facial bones except themandible
Holds the upper teeth
Palatine process fuses to form hardpalate (roof of the mouth)
Maxillary sinuses largest ofparanasal sinuses
Markings to know:
palatine process infraorbital foramen
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
31/76
P l
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
32/76
Paranasal Sinuses
Mucosa-lined, air-filled sacs found in five skull bones thefrontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones
Air enters the paranasal sinuses from the nasal cavity and mucusdrains into the nasal cavity from the sinuses
Sinuses lighten the skull and enhance the resonance of the voiceand the mucous membrane moistens, cleans.
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
33/76
Sinuses
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
34/76
Vertebral ColumnFormed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae)
connected in such a way that a flexible curvedstructure results
Cervical vertebrae 7 bones of the neck Thoracic vertebrae 12 bones of the torso Lumbar vertebrae 5 bones of the lower
back Sacrum bone inferior to the lumbar
vertebrae that articulates with the hipbones
Posteriorly concave curves cervical andlumbar (develop as you hold head up, stand up)
Posteriorly convex curvatures thoracic andsacral
Abnormal spine curvatures include scoliosis(abnormal lateral curve), kyphosis
(hunchback), and lordosis (swayback)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
35/76
General Structure of Vertebrae
Body or centrum disc-shaped,
weight-bearing region Vertebral arch composed ofpedicles and laminae that, alongwith the centrum, enclose thevertebral foramen
Vertebral foramina make upthe vertebral canal through which
the spinal cord passes Spinous processes project
posteriorly, and transverseprocesses project laterally
Superior and inferior articularprocesses protrude superiorlyand inferiorly from the pedicle-
lamina junctions Intervertebral foramen lateral
openings formed from notchedareas on the superior and inferiorborders of adjacent pedicles
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
36/76
Vertebra
Markings to Know:
body
vertebral foramen
spinous process
superior and inferior articular processes
vertebral arch (lamina and pedicle)
transverse process
intervertebral foramen
transverse foramen (cervical vertebra only)
dens (axis only) sacral foramina and sacral canal (sacrum only)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
37/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
38/76
Vertebrae
Bodies get larger as you descend (moreweight)
Foramen get smaller as you descend(less information in spinal cord)
Shape of spinous process helps toidentify vertebrae from each region:
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
39/76
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Table 7.2.2
C vic l V t b
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
40/76
Cervical Vertebrae
Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are thesmallest, lightest vertebrae
C3-C7 are distinguished with anoval body, short spinousprocesses, and large, triangularvertebral foramina
Each transverse process containsa transverse foramen
The atlas has no body and nospinous process
It consists of anterior and posteriorarches, and two lateral masses
The superior surfaces of lateralmasses articulate with the occipitalcondyles
The axis has a body, spine, andvertebral arches as do othercervical vertebrae
Unique to the axis is the dens, orodontoid process, which projectssuperiorly from the body and iscradled in the anterior arch of theatlas
The dens is a pivot for the rotation ofthe atlas
C i l V t b Th A i
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
41/76
Cervical Vertebrae: The Axis(C2)
Figure 7.16c
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
42/76
Cervicalvertebrae (7)
Vertebral Column:
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
43/76
Vertebral Column:Intervertebral Discs
Cushion-like padcomposed of twoparts
Nucleus pulposus
inner gelatinousnucleus that givesthe disc its elasticityand compressibility
Annulus fibrosus surrounds the nucleuspulposus with a collarcomposed of collagen
and fibrocartilage
R i l Ch t i ti f
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
44/76
Regional Characteristics ofVertebrae
Table 7.2.1
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
45/76
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Table 7.2.2
T oracic
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
46/76
T oracicVertebrae
There are twelve vertebrae(T1-T12) all of which articulatewith ribs
Major markings include twofacets and two demifacets on
the heart-shaped body, thecircular vertebral foramen,transverse processes, and along spinous process
The location of the articulatefacets prevents flexion andextension, but allows rotationof this area of the spine
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
47/76
Thoracicvertebrae
(12)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
48/76
Lumbar Vertebrae
The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)are located in the small of theback and have an enhancedweight-bearing function
They have short, thick pediclesand laminae, flat hatchet-shapedspinous processes, and atriangular-shaped vertebralforamen
Orientation of articular facets
locks the lumbar vertebraetogether to provide stability
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
49/76
Lumbar
vertebrae (5)
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
50/76
SacrumSacrum
Consists of five fusedvertebrae (S1-S5), whichshape the posterior wall ofthe pelvis
It articulates with L5superiorly, and with the
auricular surfaces of the hipbones Major markings include the
sacral promontory,transverse lines, alae, dorsalsacral foramina, sacral canal,and sacral hiatus
Coccyx (Tailbone) The coccyx is made up of
four (in some cases three tofive) fused vertebrae thatarticulate superiorly withthe sacrum
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
51/76
Sacrum and Coccyx
V b l C l Li
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
52/76
Vertebral Column: Ligaments
Anterior and posteriorlongitudinal ligaments continuous bandsdown the front andback of the spinefrom the neck to thesacrum
Short ligamentsconnect adjoining
vertebrae together
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
53/76
Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
The thoracic cage is composed of thethoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribslaterally, and the sternum and costal
cartilages anteriorly
Sternum
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
54/76
Sternum(Breastbone)
Sternum: A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in theanterior midline of the thorax
Results from the fusion of three bones the superior manubrium, the body, and theinferior xiphoid process
Anatomical landmarks include the jugular(suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, andthe xiphisternal joint
Ribs There are twelve pair of ribs forming the
flaring sides of the thoracic cage. total =24
All ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracicvertebrae
The superior 7 pair (true) attach directlyto the sternum via costal cartilages
Ribs 8-10 (false) attach indirectly to thesternum via costal cartilage Ribs 11-12 (floating) have no anterior
attachment
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
55/76
Ribs and Sternum
parts of a rib head (capitulum), neck,body, tubercle
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
56/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
57/76
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
58/76
Ribs(24)
Appendicular
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
59/76
AppendicularSkeleton
The appendicular skeleton ismade up of the bones of thelimbs and their girdles
Pectoral girdles attach theupper limbs to the body trunk
Pelvic girdle secures the lowerlimbs
The pectoral girdles consistof the anterior clavicles andthe posterior scapulae
They attach the upper limbs
to the axial skeleton in amanner that allows formaximum movement
They provide attachmentpoints for muscles that movethe upper limbs
Cl i l (C ll b )
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
60/76
Clavicles (Collarbones) Slender, doubly curved long
bones lying across thesuperior thorax
The acromial (lateral) endarticulates with the scapula,and the sternal (medial) end
articulates with the sternum Provide attachment points for
numerous muscles, and act asbraces to hold the scapulaeand arms out laterally away
from the body
Scapulae (Shoulder
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
61/76
Scapulae (ShoulderBlades)
Triangular, flat bones lying onthe dorsal surface of the ribcage, between the second andseventh ribs
Scapulae have three borders
and three angles Major markings:
inferior and superior angles
acromion process
coracoid process
lateral (axillary) border
vertebral (medial) border
superior border spine
supraspinous and infraspinous fossa
glenoid fossa (cavity)
The Upper Limb
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
62/76
The Upper Limb
The upper limb consists of the arm(brachium), forearm (antebrachium), andhand (manus)
Thirty-seven bones form the skeletalframework of each upper limb
The humerus is the sole bone of the arm It articulates with the scapula at the
shoulder, and the radius and ulna at theelbow Major markings
Proximal humerus includes the head,anatomical and surgical necks, greater andlesser tubercles, and the intertuberculargroove
Distal humerus includes the capitulum,trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles,and the coronoid and olecranon fossae
Medial portion includes the radial grooveand the deltoid process
F
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
63/76
Forearm The bones of the forearm are the
radius and ulna
They articulate proximally with thehumerus and distally with the wristbones
They also articulate with each otherproximally and distally at smallradioulnar joints
Interosseous membrane connects the
two bones along their entire length The ulna lies medially in the forearm
and is slightly longer than the radius Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the
humerus Its major markings include the olecranon, coronoid
process, trochlear notch, radial notch, and the styloidprocess
The radius lies opposite (lateral to)the ulna and is thin at its proximalend, widened distally
The superior surface of the head articulates with thecapitulum of the humerus
Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch ofthe ulna
Major markings include the radial tuberosity, ulnarnotch, and styloid process
Hand
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
64/76
Hand Skeleton of the hand contains wrist
bones (carpals), bones of the palm
(metacarpals), and bones of thefingers (phalanges) Consists of eight bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, andpisiform proximally
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,and hamate distally
Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal
bones radiate from the wrist toform the palm Their bases articulate with the
carpals proximally, and with eachother medially and laterally
Heads articulate with thephalanges
Each hand contains 14 miniature
long bones called phalanges Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5,
beginning with the thumb (pollex) Each finger (except the thumb) has
three phalanges distal, middle,and proximal
The thumb has no middle phalanx
Figure 7.26a
Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
65/76
Comparison of Male and Female PelvicStructure
Female pelvis
Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing True pelvis defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
Male pelvis Tilted less forward Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
Comparison of Male and
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
66/76
Characteristic Female Male
Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother
Heavier, thicker, and
more prominent
markings
Pubic arch/angle 8090 5060
Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together
Sacrum
Wider, shorter; sacral curvature
is accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral
promontory more ventral
Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves
ventrally
Comparison of Male andFemale Pelvic Structure
Comparison of Male and
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
67/76
Comparison of Male andFemale
Table 7.4.1
The Lower
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
68/76
The LowerLimb
The three segments of the lower limbare the thigh, leg, and foot They carry the weight of the erect
body, and are subjected toexceptional forces when one jumps orruns
The sole bone of the thigh is thefemur, the largest and strongest bonein the body
It articulates proximally with the hip anddistally with the tibia and fibula
Major markings include: lateral and medial condyles
greater and lesser trochanters
head patellar surface
medial and lateral epicondyles
Tibia
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
69/76
TibiaTibia Receives the weight of the
body from the femur andtransmits it to the foot Major markings include
medial and lateral condyles,intercondylar eminence, thetibial tuberosity, anterior
crest, medial malleolus, andfibular notchFibula Sticklike bone with slightly
expanded ends locatedlaterally to the tibia
Major markings include thehead and lateral malleolus
Foot
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
70/76
Foot The skeleton of the foot includes
the tarsus, metatarsals, and thephalanges (toes)
The foot supports body weightand acts as a lever to propel thebody forward in walking andrunning
Body weight is carried primarily
on the talus and calcaneus Talus articulates with the tibiaand fibula superiorly, and thecalcaneus inferiorly
Other tarsus bones include thecuboid and navicular, and themedial, intermediate, and lateral
cuneiforms
Figure 7.31a
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
71/76
Calcaneus
Forms the heel of the foot Carries the talus on its superior
surface Point of attachment for the
calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of thecalf muscles
Metatarsals Five (1-5) long bones thatarticulate with the proximalphalanges
The enlarged head of metatarsal1 forms the ball of the foot
Phalanges The 14 bones of the toes Each digit has three phalanges
except the hallux, which has nomiddle phalanx
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
72/76
Arches of the Foot The foot has three
arches maintained byinterlocking foot bonesand strong ligaments
Arches allow the foot to
hold up weight The arches are:
Lateral longitudinal cuboid is keystone of this
arch Medial longitudinal talus
is keystone of this arch
Transverse runsobliquely from one side of
the foot to the other
Development of Skeletal System
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
73/76
Development of Skeletal System At birth, the cranium is huge
relative to the face Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but
lengthen with age
The arms and legs grow at afaster rate than the head andtrunk, leading to adultproportions
Only thoracic and sacral spinalcurvatures are present at
birth The primary curvatures are convexposteriorly, causing the infant spine to archlike a four-legged animal
Secondary curvatures cervical and lumbar are convex anteriorly and are associated withthe childs development
Intervertebral discs become
thin, less hydrated, and lesselastic as we age Risk of disc herniation increases Loss of stature by several centimeters is
common after age 55 Costal cartilages ossify causing the thorax to
become rigid All bones lose mass
Figure 7.34
Human fetal
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
74/76
Human fetalskeleton
Developmental Aspects: Fetal
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
75/76
Developmental Aspects: FetalSkull
Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull At birth, fetal skull bones are incomplete and connected byfontanels
Fontanels Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal
skull bones
The four fontanels are anterior, posterior, mastoid, andsphenoid
Fetal skull
8/14/2019 bone physiology.pdf
76/76
Fetal skull4 Fontanels