SKELETAL SYSTEM • 1) Components

– Cartilages

– Bones

– Tendons & ligaments

– joints

• 2) FUNCTIONS

– Structural support

– Protection of various regions of the body

– Storage: minerals & bone marrow

• 3) Movements???? 1

Cartilage and Bone Tissues

2

Cartilage • 1) characteristics

– Avascular & No innervation

– Chondroblast vs. chondrocytes

– Lacuna

– Extracellular matrix - “Resilient tissues”

• Semi-solid

• dense collagen

– Perichondrium

• 2) types

• 3) Location

– throughout the body 3

4

5

Hyaline Cartilage

6

Elastic Cartilage

7

Fibrocartilage

8

Growth of Cartilage • 1) Cartilage stops growing when the skeleton

stops growing

• 2) Growth pattern

– A) Appositional growth

• From periphery

• Perichondrium – external: dense irregular CT

– internal: chondroblasts

– B) Interstitial growth

• From within

9

10

Bone • 1) Characteristics

– A) Extracellular matrix

• Minerals + fibers

– B) cells

• Osteogenic cells

• Osteoblasts vs. Osteocytes

• Osteoclasts

• 2) Functions

– Supports and protects

– Muscle attachment site

– Storage 11

Compact Bone

12

Compact (dense or cortical) bone • 1) characteristics

– dense outer layer

• 2) osteon (Haversian system)

– A) Osteons run parallel to the shaft of the bone

– B) Components

• perforating (Volkmann's) canals

• central (Haversian) canal

• Canaliculi

• Lamella

13

14

Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone

• 1) characteristics

– internal network of bone

• Trabecula: thin plates of matrix

15

16

Classification of Bones

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones Irregular bones

Sutural or Wormian bones

•Carpal •tarsal •patella

•Skull •Scapula •Sternum •Ribs

•Vertebrae •Ethmoid •Sphenoid •pelvic

17

Figure 6.3 18

Long Bone

• 1) Diaphysis

• 2) Metaphysis

– epiphyseal line vs. plate

• 3) Epiphysis

• 4) Medullary cavity

• 5) Nutrient artery

• 6) Membrane

– Periosteum vs. endosteum

• 7) Sharpey’s fibers 19

20

Flat bones, short bones, and irregular bones

• 1) Contain bone marrow

– no marrow cavity

• 2) Diploë

– Internal spongy bone of flat bones

21

bone development

• 1) Intramembranous

– bone develops from fibrous CT

– flat bones of skull, clavicle

• 2) Endochondral

– bone develops from a pre-existing cartilage model

22

Bone Growth

• 1) bone growth

– Appositional

– interstitial

23

Bone Remodeling

• 1) dynamic living tissue

– Bone deposit and removal

• At periosteal and endosteal surfaces

– Age

• Osteoblastic activity

• Osteoclastic activity

• Protein synthesis

• 2) Osteoporosis

– low bone mass

24

Skeleton

• 1) Bones

– 206 or 210???

• 2) divisions

– Axial skeleton

– Appendicular skeleton

25

Axial Skeleton

26

Skull

• 1) Houses brain & special sense organs

• 2) Structures

– A) Cranium • Paranasal sinuses

• cranial fossae

• Fontanels

– B) Face • framework of the face

27

28

29

Cranial Bones

• 1) Temporal Bone

– Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

– zygomatic arch

• 2) Sphenoid bone

– keystone of the skull

– Sella turcica: pituitary gland

• 3) Ethmoid

– Nasal septum

30

Facial Bones

• 1) Vomer

– Nasal septum

• 2) Palatine bone

– palate

• 3) Zygomatic bone

– Zygomatic arch

• 4) Maxillary

– palate

– “keystone” bones of the face

• 5) mandible

– Largest, strongest bone of face

• 6) Lacrimal bone

– Lacrimal fossa • lacrimal sac

31

32

Hyoid Bone

• 1) Characteristics

– Acts as a movable base for the tongue

33

Vertebral Column • 1) Functions

– protects spinal cord

– Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs

• 2) major segments

• 3) Curvatures

– ↑flexibility and stability

– Primary vs. Secondary curvature

• 4) intervertebral disks

– nucleus pulposus

– Anulus fibrosus

34

Thoracic Cage • 1) bony framework of

chest

• 2) Structures

– A) vertebrae

– B) Ribs • Classification

• Intercostal spaces vs. subcostal space

– C) Sternum • Jugular notch

• Sternal angle

• Xiphisternal joint

– D) costal cartilages 35

Landmarks

36

Appendicular Skeleton

• 1) structures

– A) Pectoral girdle • Clavicle

• scapula

– B) Pelvic girdle • Transmits weight of upper

body to lower limbs

• Pelvic bones

37

38

Upper Limb

• 1) Brachium

– Humerus • Glenohumeral joint

• 2) antebrachium

– Ulna

– radius

• Hand

– Wrist (carpus)

– Palm (metacarpus)

– Fingers (digits)

39

Pelvic Girdle

• 1) Coxal bones

– A) bones

– B) Acetabulum

40

bony pelvis

• 1) True vs. false pelves

– A) Pelvic brim

• 2) Openings

– A) Pelvic inlet

– B) Pelvic outlet

• 3) gender differences

– A) Female pelvis • Childbearing

• Lighter, wider, shallower

41

42

Lower Limb • 1) Carries the weight of

the erect body & locomotion

– A) thicker and stronger bones

• 2) Femoral

• 3) Leg

– A) Crural vs. sural

• 4) Foot

– A) Arches • distribute the weight of

the body

43

Arthrology • 1) joint vs. articulation

• 2) Place of contact between parts of the skeleton

• 3) Inverse relationship: stability vs. mobility

– axial skeleton vs. appendicular skeleton

44

Classification of Joints

• 1) Structural classification

– A) Fibrous joint

– B) Cartilaginous joint

– C) Synovial joint

• 2) Functional classification – range of motion

– A) Synarthrosis: FIXED JOINT

– B) Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable

– C) Diarthrosis: freely movable

45

Fibrous Joints • 1) Sutures

– Short CT fibers

– Synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis

• 2) Syndesmoses

– longer CT fibers

– Diarthrosis (radius –ulna)

– Synarthrosis (Tibia-fibula)

• 3) Gomphoses

– periodontal ligament

– Synarthrosis

46

Cartilaginous Joints

• 1) Synchondroses

– Hyaline cartilage

• 2) Symphyses

– Fibrocartilage

47

Synovial Joints

• 1) Joint cavity

• 2) articular capsule

– Fibrous capsule

– Synovial membrane

• 3) Articular cartilage

• 4) Reinforcing ligaments

• 5) Articular Discs

– Temporomandibular joint

– Knee join

48

movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

• 1) Gliding

• 2) Angular movement

– A) Abduction vs. adduction

– B) Flexion vs. extension

– C) Rotation

• Medial vs. lateral rotation

• Pronation vs. supination

– D) circumduction

• circular movement (rotation around another bone)

• distal end of the limb moves in a circle, while the proximal end remains stationary

49

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Subclassification of Synovial Joints

• 1) Uniaxial

– bone moves in 1 plane

• 2) Biaxial

– bone moves in 2 planes

• 3) Multiaxial

– bone moves in >2 planes

Uniaxial plane • 1) Planar (Gliding) Joints

– Side-to-side motion

– Intercarpal & intertarsal

– sacroiliac joints

• 2) hinge Joints

– flexion & extension

– Elbow, knee

– interphalangeal joints

• Pivot joints

– Rotation

– Atlanto-axial joint

– Radioulnar joint 56

Bi-axial plane

• 1) Condylar joint

– Wrist joint (radiocarpal)

– Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle)

– atlanto-occipital joint

• 2) Saddle joint

– Carpometacarpal joint

60

Multi-axial

• 1) Ball-&-Socket Joint

– Angular and rotational movements

– Hip & shoulder joints

61

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

• 1) bags of lubricant between

– muscle & ligament

– tendon & bone

Special movements

Elevation vs. depression protraction vs. retraction

Special Movements

supination vs. pronation opposition

Special Movements

Inversion and eversion Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.