Book 5_waste Incinerators

8/12/2019 Book 5_waste Incinerators

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Section V: Guidelines/guidance by source category: Part II of Annex C

Waste Incinerators

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Short note by Siegmund Bhmer:

At first I want to apologize for presenting a draft version where the headings are not inthe right numerical order (as you can see in the table of contents ! I had serioustroubles with the format when restructuring the waste incinerator chapter! "owever# Ipromise to correct that in the ne$t draft!

%hat also remains is to do the layout (i!e! number of tables and figures # to add thecorrect cross&references and to write the summary! In addition I have indicated somepoints where according to my opinion further information should be added!

According to my opinion the section about process descriptions for hazardous wasteand sewage sludge incineration can be improved but before doing that I'm waiting foryour comments!

I have used the structure proposed by S )*A# but applied this structure to +S%I# "%Iand SSI only! If it wor,s well and the e$pert group consider it appropriate# also medicalwaste incineration will be structured accordingly!

I have wor,ed hard to include all the comments received always having in mind# thatthe companion document on waste management has a very strong connection towaste incineration! %hen this companion document is available the )$pert -roupshould wor, to harmonise the respective chapters!

I have deleted Anne$ I since in my opinion it provides no additional information.instead I have added a sentence at the beginning of the BA/ section where it isrecommended to study the )uropean B0) carefully when determining BA/!

I have not added information about costs due to several reasons. my proposal is toadd again a lin, to the )uropean B0) which contains a very e$tensive chapter aboutcosts!

I have also included an estimation of dio$in emissions into all media and emission datainto air# water and soil! "owever# especially for water emissions and emission limitvalues for dio$ins in solid residues (if there are some # more data would we needed!

*lease see this draft version as a wor, in progress!


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Table of Contents

1 I2/034 5/I32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6

7 *035)SS 4)S50I*/I32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8

7!1 +unicipal solid waste incineration!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!82.1.1 Operational considerations for municipal solid waste incinerators..... .... .... ...72.1.2 Delivery, storage and pretreatment of municipal solid waste.........................82.1.3 Municipal solid waste incinerator designs ....................................... ..............8

7!7! "azardous waste incineration!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 92.1.1 Design and operation of ha ardous waste incinerators...................... ....... ....!

2.1." Dedicated #captive$ ha ardous waste incinerators........................ ...... ....... .1%2.1.& Delivery, storage and pretreatment of ha ardous waste.......... ...... ....... ......1%

7!7 Sewage sludge incineration !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!112.2.1 Design and operation of sewage sludge incinerators ...................... ....... ....112.2.2 'retreatment of sewage sludge......................................................... ...... ....13

S3 05)S 3 2I2/)2/I32A; *3*S 30+A/I32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!16

< A;/)02A/I=)S /3 /") I25I2)0A/I32 3 + 2I5I*A; S3;I4 %AS/)#"A>A043 S %AS/) A24 S)%A-) S; 4-)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!19

6 B)S/ )2=I032+)2/A; *0A5/I5)S 30 %AS/) I25I2)0A/I321?6!1 %aste management practices!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1?&.1.1 (aste inspection and characteri ation............................................. ....... ....1!&.1.2 (aste minimi ation.................................... ............................. ...... ....... ....... 2%&.1.3 )ource separation and recycling.............................................. ....... ....... ..... 2%&.1." *emoval of non+com usti les at the incinerator.......................................... 2%&.1.& 'roper handling, storage and pretreatment.................................... ...... ....... 2%&.1.- Minimi ing storage times............................................... .................... ....... ...21&.1.7 sta lishing /uality re/uirements for waste+fed facilities ............................21&.1.8 (aste loading................................................................... ......................... ..21

6!7 Incinerator operating and management practices!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!71&.2.1 nsuring good com ustion.................................. ............................. ...... ..... 21&.2.2 0voiding cold starts, upsets and shutdowns....................... .................... .....22&.2.3 *egular facility inspections and maintenance..................................... .........22&.2." Monitoring....................................................................................................22&.2.& andling of residues..................................................................... .............. .22&.2.- Operator training................................................................ ...... ....... ...... ...... 23&.2.7 Maintaining pu lic awareness and communication.............. ....... ...... ....... ...23

8 B)S/ A=AI;AB;) /)5"2I@ )S 30 I25I2)0A/I32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7 tons !er day #aste through!ut' uro!ean Commission ; .(" Certain ha&ardous #astes$ !articularly s!ent sol ents$ are also

burnt as fuel in cement kilns" %his latter a!!lication is co ered under section V"8" of the !resent guidelines" 4edicated 'ca!ti e( ha&ardous #aste incinerators use a ariety of

incineration$ !yrolysis and !lasma treatment techni tons !er day ca!acity' uro!ean Commission ; .(" 4ue to the ha&ardous 'and often uncertain( com!osition of theincoming #aste streams$ there is a greater em!hasis on acce!tance criteria$ storage$ handlingand !retreatment than #ith munici!al solid #aste" 7or lo#,energy, alue #astes$ auxiliaryfuels may be re


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to the incinerator by !i!eline" Some #astes may be fed directly to the incinerator in theirtrans!ort containers" Pum!s$ !i!elines and other e


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igure 4. 5a+ple of a +ultiple hearth sewage sludge incinerator

Source: uro!ean Commission ; ."

o Multiple hearth furnaces

Dulti!le hearth furnaces #ere originally de elo!ed for ore roasting" %he furnace is cylindricalin sha!e #ith multi!le le els and a central rotating shaft #ith attached agitating arms" %hesludge is su!!lied at the highest le el and mo es do#n through the multi!le hearths byrotation and agitation" Combustion air is in+ected at the bottom of the furnace and mo escountercurrent to the sludge"

4rying takes !lace in the u!!er hearths of the furnace as a result of the countercurrentcombustion gases" Dost of the incineration takes !lace in the central hearths at an o!timaltem!erature of -. 01B. 0 C" %his tem!erature is maintained by an auxiliary fuel start,u!

burner as needed" Counterflo#ing air from belo# cools the ash to 2. 0 C on the lo#erhearths$ #here it is remo ed$ and the flue gases are fed into a !ost,combustion chamber #ithade


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through the multi!le hearths" %he multi!le hearth/fluidi&ed bed has the ad antage of lo#ering 95 x emissions by a oiding higher tem!erature differences bet#een the head and the foot ofthe incinerator ' uro!ean Commission ; .("

igure 7. Co+bination +ultiple hearth6fluidized bed furnace


o C/cloid furnace

%he cycloid technology #as originally de elo!ed to treat residues from #aste incineration !lants" 7or se#age sludge incineration the material must be dried and a ailable in granularform 'si&e 21. mm(" %he granules are fed into the lo#er !art of the incineration chamber #ith

!rimary air !ro ided at arious le els" Secondary air is in+ected tangentially abo e the fuelfeed and creates a circular flo# to com!lete incineration" %em!eratures are maintained

bet#een B 0 and 2$ 0 C to kee! the ash belo# the softening !oint" Ash is remo ed from belo# #ith a lock system ' uro!ean Commission ; .("

o Co8incineration of sewage sludge with +unicipal solid waste

Se#age sludge is co,incinerated #ith munici!al solid #aste in both fluidi&ed bed and mass burn 'grated( incinerators" In the latter case$ a ratio of 2: 'sludge to #aste( is ty!ical$ #ith

dried sludge introduced into the incineration chamber as a dust or drained sludge a!!lied tothe grate through s!rinklers" In some cases$ drained or dried sludge may be mixed #ithmunici!al solid #aste in the bunker or ho!!er before being charged to the incinerator" %hefeeding methods re!resent a significant !ro!ortion of the additional ca!ital in estmentre


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Conditioners 'for exam!le$ flocking agents( are often added before de#atering to facilitatedrainage" Dechanical de#atering can routinely achie e ; 1 .@ dry solids ' uro!eanCommission ; .("

4rying introduces heat to further de#ater and condition the sludge" 6eat for drying at theincineration facility is often !ro ided by the incineration !rocess itself" 4rying !rocesses can

be direct 'sludge contacts thermal carrier( or indirect 'for exam!le$ heat su!!lied by steam !lant(" In direct drying the a!our and gas mixture must be subse


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4 #%"C # %!I!T !TI#!A* '#' #"MATI#!

7or mechanisms of P5Ps formation !lease refer to section xxx 'cross cutting considerations("

Chemicals listed in annex C of the Stockholm Con ention are released into the air$ into the

#ater 'in case #et flue gas cleaning systems are installed( and by solid residues"Solid residues from munici!al solid #aste incineration are mainly bottom ash$ boiler ash andfly ash" Solid residues from ha&ardous #aste incinerators are similar to those of munici!alsolid #aste incinerators #ith the exem!tion of slag resulting from rotary kiln incineration"Solid residues from se#age sludge incineration are mainly fly ash and bed ash 'from fluidised

bed incineration( as #ell as residues from flue gas treatment 'see descri!tion of munici!alsolid #aste incineration("

In addition residues from flue gas treatment arise #hich sho# different characteristicsde!ending on the systems 'dry$ semi,#et$ #et( installed" In case #et systems are a!!lied alsofilter cake from #aste #ater treatment and gy!sum #ill accumulate" 7urthermore residuesfrom air !olishing ha e to be considered"

5!tions for treatment of the latter de!end on the adsorbent used 'acti ated carbon$ cokes$lime$ sodium bicarbonate$ &eolite(" %he residue of 'acti ated( carbon from fixed bed reactorsis sometimes !ermitted to be incinerated in the #aste incineration !lant itself$ if certain

!rocess conditions are fulfilled" %he residue of entrained bed systems can also be incinerated$if the a!!lied adsorbent is acti ated carbon or o en cokes only" If a mixture of other reagentsand acti ated carbon is used$ the residue is generally sent for external treatment or dis!osal$since there might be risks of corrosion"

In many countries #aste fractions generated by #aste incineration !lants are classified asha&ardous #aste #ith the exce!tion of gy!sum from flue gas desul!hurisation and ferrous andnon,ferrous metal scra!"

%able illustrates the relati e solid residue olumes for a ty!ical munici!al solid #asteincinerator"

Table 4. Waste and solid residues fro+ +unicipal solid waste incineration

ource9 uropean Co++ission &::1

%y!ical concentrations of organic com!ounds in the arious solid residues are com!iled in thenext table:

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Concentration ranges of organic co+pounds in botto+, boiler and filter ashes fro+ +odernfacilities ( uropean Co++ission, &::1)

4ata for PC44/7 for 2 Dunici!al solid #aste incinerator o!erated in the 9etherlands o er .years are gi en in the next table:

'C$$6 concentrations in 2arious M WI incineration residues in !* (data &::: ; &::7)( uropean Co++ission, &::1)

%he table belo# gi es sur ey data of an o er ie# of the PC44/7 content in residues fromDSWI !lants" %he data excludes !eak high and lo# results:

Source: uro!ean Commission '; .(

Dy suggestion is to merge the last t#o tables"

missions to air from #aste incineration !lants de!end strongly from the firing conditions andthe design and o!erating conditions of the flue gas treatment systems" Whereas emissionsfrom modern #aste incineration !lants are ery lo# 'in the range of " - 1 " . ng/9m )see =m#eltbundesamt$ ; ; and section about 8A%$ xxx( emissions can be high 'u! to 2.ng/9m ( in case of badly designed and o!erated !lants"

missions to #ater only occur #here #et systems are a!!lied for flue gas treatment" Dodern#aste #ater treatment !lants include ste!s such as 9eutralisation$ Preci!itation$ 7locculationand acti ated coke filters to remo e organic substances" Generally emissions of that !lants arein the range of " 2 1 " ng/l 'e"g" in the uro!ean 4irecti e on Waste Incineration$ an FVof " ng/l is !rescribed("

%y!ical concentrations of PC44/7 found in the #aste itself are re!orted to be in the range of. 1 ;. ng/kg % for munici!al solid #aste$ u! to 2 " ng/kg % for ha&ardous #asteand -$. 1 > ng/kg % for se#age sludge ' uro!ean Commission$ ; .("

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%he next table gi es an estimation of PC44/7 'I,% ( releases into different media based onty!ical !arameters of Dunici!al solid #aste incinerators 'for !arameters see=m#eltbundesamt$ ; ; and uro!ean Commission$ ; .("

%able xxx: stimation of releases of PC44/7 into different media from Dunici!al WasteIncinerators

DediumAccumulation !er t #aste =nit

A erageconcentration =nit

S!ecific release 'Jg/t#aste(

8ottom ash ;; kg $ 3* Jg/kg 2 $2;

7ly ash ; kg ;$B. Jg/kg .B

7ilter cake 2 kg 3 Jg/kg 3

Waste #ater 3. l $ ng/l $2 .

Air .$ 9m $ ; ng/9m $2

%otal release > $ ..

7rom the data !resented in the table abo e it becomes clear$ that dioxins and furans aremainly released by solid #aste from incineration" 7ilter cake 'e"g" by underground storage($and fly ash ha e to be dis!osed of in dedicated landfills in most countries 'sometimes after

!re,treatment( #hereas bottom ash is used in some countries 'e"g" for road construction( 1usually after !re,treatment"

%he dedicated landfills should be regarded as final sinks for ha&ardous substances$ so that therisk of further release and re,ex!osure to that chemicals is strongly reduced" Pro ided thatsolid #aste from incineration is dis!osed of in an en ironmental sound manner$ emissionsfrom modern #aste incineration !lants are ery lo#"

1


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7A*T "!ATIV T# T I!CI! "ATI#! #M%!ICI'A* #*I$ WA T , A-A"$#% WA T A!$

WA3 *%$3

See also cross cutting issues xxxxIn addition to urging Parties to gi e !riority to a!!roaches that !romote recycling andreco ery of #aste as #ell as minimi&ing #aste generation$ the Stockholm Con ention stressesthe im!ortance of considering alternati e dis!osal and treatment o!tions that may a oid theformation and release of chemicals listed in Annex C" xam!les of such alternati es$including emerging technologies$ are listed belo#"

7or munici!al #aste$ !ossible alternati es to incineration are:

Kero #aste management strategies$ #hich aim to eliminate the generation of #astethrough the a!!lication of a ariety of measures$ including legislati e and economicinstruments)

Waste minimi&ation$ source se!aration and recycling to reduce the #aste olumere


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1< T !VI"#!M !TA* '"ACTIC #" WA TI!CI! "ATI#!

Well,maintained facilities$ #ell,trained o!erators$ a #ell,informed !ublic$ and constantattention to the !rocess are all im!ortant factors in minimi&ing the formation and release ofchemicals listed in Annex C from the incineration of #aste" In addition$ effecti e #astemanagement strategies 'for exam!le$ #aste minimi&ation$ source se!aration and recycling($

by altering the olume and character of the incoming #aste$ can also significantly im!actreleases"

1. WA T MA!A3 M !T '"ACTIC

1. . Waste inspection and characterization

A thorough kno#ledge of the characteristics and attributes of the incoming #aste is essential"%he characteristics of a !articular #aste stream may ary significantly from country to

country and region to region" If certain #astes or #aste constituents are consideredina!!ro!riate for incineration$ !rocedures should be in !lace for detecting these materials inthe #aste stream or residues" Checking$ sam!ling and analyses should be !erformed" %his is

!articularly true for ha&ardous #astes" Danifests and audit trails are im!ortant to maintain andthey should be ke!t u!dated" %able 2 illustrates some of the techni


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Se#age sludges Periodic sam!ling and analysis for key !ro!erties and substances

Checking for stones/metals !rior todrying stages

Process control to ada!t to sludgeariation


1. .& Waste +ini+ization

educing the o erall magnitude of #astes that ha e to be dis!osed of by any means ser es toreduce both the releases and residues from incinerators" 4i ersion of biodegradables tocom!osting and initiati es to reduce the amount of !ackaging materials entering the #astestream can significantly affect #aste olumes"

1. .4 ource separation and rec/cling

Lerbside or centrali&ed sorting and collection of recyclable materials 'for exam!le$ aluminumand other metals$ glass$ !a!er$ recyclable !lastics$ and construction and demolition #aste(also reduces #aste olume and remo es some non,combustibles"

1. .7 "e+o2al of non8co+bustibles at the incinerator

%he remo al of both ferrous and non,ferrous metals on site is a common !ractice at munici!al

solid #aste incinerators"

1. .1 'roper handling, storage and pretreat+ent

Pro!er handling$ !articularly of ha&ardous #aste$ is essential" A!!ro!riate sorting andsegregation should be undertaken to enable safe !rocessing '%able ;("

Table &. 5a+ples of segregation techni=ues

Waste t/pe egregation techni=ues

Dixed munici!al #astes Segregation is not routinely a!!lied unless arious distinct #aste

streams are recei ed$ #hen these can be mixed in the bunker 8ulky items re


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Cyanide from acids

7lammable materials from oxidi&ing agents

Daintain se!aration of !resegregated !acked deli ered#astes

Se#age sludges Wastes generally #ell mixed before deli ery to !lant Some industrial streams may be se!arately deli ered and re Mini+izing storage ti+es

Although ha ing a constant su!!ly of #aste is im!ortant for continuous o!erations and stablefiring conditions in large munici!al solid #aste incinerators$ stored #astes are unlikely toim!ro e #ith age" Dinimi&ing the storage !eriod #ill hel! !re ent !utrefaction and un#antedreactions$ as #ell as the deterioration of containers and labelling" Danaging deli eries andcommunicating #ith su!!liers #ill hel! ensure that reasonable storage times 'for exam!le$four to se en days for munici!al solid #aste( are not exceeded"

1. .? stablishing =ualit/ re=uire+ents for waste8fed facilities

5!erators must be able to accurately !redict the heating alue and other attributes of the#aste being combusted in order to ensure that the design !arameters of the incinerator are

being met"

1. .@ Waste loading

7or facilities that acce!t heterogeneous munici!al solid #aste$ !ro!er mixing and loading ofthe feed ho!!er is critical" Foading crane o!erators must ha e both the ex!erience and thea!!ro!riate antage !oint to be able to select the a!!ro!riate mix of #aste ty!es to kee! theincinerator !erforming at !eak efficiency"

1.& I!CI! "AT#" #' "ATI!3 A!$ MA!A3 M !T '"ACTIC

1.&. nsuring good co+bustion

%o achie e o!timal !re ention of formation$ and ca!ture$ of chemicals listed in Annex C$ !ro!er care and control of both burn and exhaust !arameters are necessary" In continuous feed

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units$ the timing of #aste introduction$ control of burn conditions and !ost,burn managementare im!ortant considerations 'see also section about 8A% xxx("

1.&.& A2oiding cold starts, upsets and shutdowns

%hese e ents are normally characteri&ed by !oor combustion$ and conse


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also ser e as an indicator of incinerator !erformance or the introduction of illegal orun!ermitted #astes or fuels 'for exam!le$ the detection of high metal content in the ash as aresult of burning construction debris in an incinerator !ermitted to burn only irgin #ood("

Scrubber effluents$ including the filter cake from #et flue gas cleaning$ is regarded asha&ardous #aste in many countries and must be treated and dis!osed of in an en ironmentalsound manner 'e"g" underground dis!osal("

1.&.> #perator training

egular training of !ersonnel is essential for good o!eration of #aste incinerators" In the=nited States$ for exam!le$ training and certification of o!erators is !ro ided by the AmericanSociety of Dechanical ngineers" 'See also section III"C 'i ( of the !resent guidelines(

1.&.? Maintaining public awareness and co++unication

Creating and maintaining !ublic good#ill to#ards a #aste incineration !ro+ect is critical tothe success of the enture" 5utreach should begin as early in the !lanning of the !ro+ect as

!ossible" %he !ublic and citi&ens? ad ocacy grou!s #ill ha e understandable concerns aboutthe construction and o!eration of a facility and dealing #ith these o!enly and honestly #illhel! !re ent misinformation and misunderstanding"

ffecti e !ractices for im!ro ing !ublic a#areness and in ol ement include: !lacing ad ancenotices in ne#s!a!ers) distributing information to area households) soliciting comment ondesign and o!erational o!tions) !ro iding information dis!lays in !ublic s!aces) maintaining

!ollutant release and transfer registers) and holding fre


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>< T AVAI*A


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o the !articular nature of the #aste's( that arise locally and the im!act of the #astemanagement infrastructure u!on the ty!e and nature of #aste arri ing at theinstallation

o the cost and technical !ossibility of im!lementing a !articular techni.& .4


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>.4. 3eneral co+bustion techni=ues

2" nsure design of furnace is a!!ro!riately matched to characteristics of the #aste to be !rocessed"

;" Daintain tem!eratures in the gas !hase combustion &ones in the o!timal range for

com!leting oxidation of the #aste 'for exam!le$ -. 01B. 0 C in grated munici!alsolid #aste incinerators$ 2$ 012$; MC #hen chlorine content of #aste is high("

" Pro ide for sufficient residence time 'for exam!le$ ; seconds( and turbulent mixing inthe combustion chamber's( to com!lete incineration"

3" Preheat !rimary and secondary air to assist combustion"

." =se continuous rather than batch !rocessing #here er !ossible to minimi&e start,u!and shutdo#n releases"

*" stablish systems to monitor critical combustion !arameters$ including grate s!eedand tem!erature$ !ressure dro! and le els of C5$ C5; and 5;"

>" Pro ide for control inter entions to ad+ust #aste feed$ grate s!eed$ and tem!erature$olume and distribution of !rimary and secondary air"

-" Install automatic auxiliary burners to maintain o!timal tem!eratures in thecombustion chamber's("

B" =se air from bunker and storage facilities as combustion air"

2 " Install system #hich automatically sto!s #aste feeding #hen o!timum tem!erature isnot reached"

>.4.& Municipal solid waste incineration techni=ues

22" Dass burn 'mo ing grate( incinerators are #ell demonstrated in the combustion ofheterogeneous munici!al solid #aste and ha e a long o!erational history"

2;" Water,cooled grated incinerators ha e the added ad antages of better combustioncontrol and the ability to !rocess munici!al solid #aste #ith higher heat content"

2 " otary kilns #ith grates can acce!t heterogeneous munici!al solid #aste but a lo#erthrough!ut than the mass burn or mo ing grate furnaces"

23" Static grated furnaces #ith trans!ort systems 'for exam!le$ rams( ha e fe#er mo ing !arts but #aste may re


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;" Water,cooled kilns can be o!erated at higher tem!eratures and allo# acce!tance of#astes #ith higher energy alues"

" Care should be taken to a oid formation of chemicals listed in Annex C in #aste heatreco ery boilers" Such boilers should be a oided unless facilities are !re!ared toinclude PC44/PC47 control 'for exam!le$ acti ated carbon in+ection/adsor!tion("

3" Waste consistency 'and combustion( can be im!ro ed by shredding drums and other !ackaged ha&ardous #astes"

." A feed e.7


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;" lectrostatic !reci!itators and fabric filters ha e demonstrated effecti eness asca!ture techni


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*" Inlet tem!erature to the fabric filter in such combinations is im!ortant" %em!eraturesabo e 2 0123 0 C are normally re


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rele ant to !re enting releases to the en ironment of these substances$ once !resent in theresidues"

o 8ottom and boiler ash treatment techni


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>.1 */ C(

In the uro!ean 4irecti e on the Incineration of Waste '; />*/ C( the limit alue forPC44/7 emissions into #ater is set at a alue of " ng/l

5ne #aste,#ater,free techni


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chemicals listed in Annex C$ they should gi e O!riority consideration to Oalternati e !rocesses$ techni.?.4 Additional factors in the siting of new sewage sludge incinerators

2" 4o I ha e an accurate !rediction of the nature and olume of se#age sludgegeneration in the area to be ser edQ

;" Will the su!!ly allo# for continuous o!eration of the incineratorQ

" 6a e I determined #hether the se#age sludge in the ser ice area is mixed #ithindustrial or other #astesQ

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3" 4o I intend to co,incinerate the se#age sludge #ith munici!al solid #aste or as asu!!lemental fuel in a utility generating facilityQ

." 4o I ha e a ailable markets for excess steam or electricity generated on siteQ

*" 4o I ha e en ironmentally sound o!tions a ailable for the treatment and dis!osal of

residuesQ

>.@ M#$I ICATI#! # I TI!3 WA T I!CI! "AT#"

Significant modifications to an existing #aste incinerator may be considered for se eralreasons" %hese could include an ex!ansion of ca!acity$ the necessity of ma+or re!airs$enhancements to im!ro e combustion efficiency and energy reco ery$ and the retrofitting ofair !ollution control and #aste #ater treatment de ices" Dany #aste incineration !lants ha ealready been retrofitted #ith such de ices$ greatly im!ro ing their en ironmental

!erformance" 8efore undertaking such a modification$ in addition to the O!riorityconsideration noted abo e$ the follo#ing factors #ill be im!ortant to consider:

2" 6o# #ill the modification affect the !otential releases of chemicals listed in AnnexCQ

;" If the modification is the addition of an air !ollution control de ice$ is it designed !ro!erly for the facilityQ

" Is there sufficient s!ace to install and o!erate it according to 8A%Q 7or exam!le$a ailable s!ace may dictate the retrofit of a double filtration 'filters in series$ thoughnot necessarily ad+acent( techni


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?" " !C

uro!ean Commission" ; ." Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques forWaste Incineration " 8A% eference 4ocument '8 7($ 7inal 4raft$ Day ; ." uro!eanIPPC 8ureau$ Se ille$ S!ain" ei!!cb"+rc"es/!ages/7Acti ities"htm"

=m#eltbundesamt" ; ;" State of the Art for Waste Incineration Plants" Vienna" ; ;

5ther eferences #ill be added 'es!" comments from Working Grou! Dembers(


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6os!itals generate large amounts of #aste that fall into different categories" 6ealth,care #astecan also originate from other sources$ such as emergency medical care ser ices$ transfusion ordialysis centres$ laboratories$ animal research and blood banks" 8et#een >.@ and B @ of the#aste !roduced is non,risk or general health,care #aste$ #hich is com!arable to domestic#aste" It comes mostly from the administrati e and housekee!ing functions of health,careestablishments and may also include #aste generated during maintenance of health,care

!remises" %he remaining 2 1;.@ of health,care #aste is regarded as ha&ardous and maycreate a ariety of health risks" Fess than 2 @ of this #aste is of an infectious nature" 5therty!es of #aste include toxic chemicals$ cytotoxic drugs$ and flammable and radioacti e#astes" %his section is concerned almost exclusi ely #ith infectious health,care #aste) #astescom!arable to domestic #aste should be dealt #ith by the munici!al #aste dis!osalmechanisms"

.4 Waste +anage+ent

ach hos!ital should de elo! a #aste management !lan that !ro ides for thorough

segregation and treatment of #aste" %his can lo#er the costs of the ultimate dis!osal" A #astemanagement !lan of one hos!ital can also include treatment of certain fractions of #aste fromother hos!itals to lo#er costs and to increase the en ironmental !erformance of o erall #astemanagement"

%he main aims of hos!ital #aste management are:

Dinimi&ing risk for !ersonnel$ the general !ublic and the en ironment)

Dinimi&ing the amounts of #aste being generated)

Pro iding for segregation and se!aration of #astes)

4esignation of de!osit areas in the #ards)

stablishment of safe routes for the trans!ortation of the #aste)

stablishment of a safe and !ro!er area for tem!orary storage)

n ironmental sound #aste treatment and dis!osal"

=nder the frame#ork of the 8asel Con ention on the Control of %ransboundary Do ementsof 6a&ardous Wastes and %heir 4is!osal$ Technical Guidelines on the EnvironmentallySound Mana ement of Biomedical and !ealth"#are Waste has been !ublished '8aselCon ention Secretariat ; ;(" =se and a!!lication of these guidelines$ #hich !ro ide detailedinformation on the ha&ards of health,care #aste$ safe management of health,care #aste$ the

!ro!er segregation and collection of #astes$ treatment and dis!osal methods$ and ca!acity building$ is strongly ad ised"

& T/pes of health8care waste

Infectious health,care #aste 'ha&ardous()

Chemical$ toxic or !harmaceutical #aste$ including cytotoxic drugs 'antineo!lastics('mostly ha&ardous()

Anatomical and !athological #aste 'body !arts$ etc"()

Shar!s '!artly ha&ardous()

adioacti e #aste)

5ther #aste 'glass$ !a!er$ !ackaging material$ etc"(

8


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4escribe the a!!ro!riate treatment o!tions for the different #aste fractions)

Pro ide for !ro!er documentation and control of #aste dis!osal)

4escribe the trans!ort of the #aste fraction to the final dis!osal location and the ty!eof final treatment)

Calculate the costs for the different acti ities"In this document only a brief o er ie# of common best !ractices is gi en"

4. ource reduction

Source reduction means minimising or eliminating the generation of #aste at the source itself"Source reduction should ha e a higher !riority than recycling or reuse" Dedical staff$ #astemanagers$ and !roduct standardisation committees should be a#are of #hat !ro!ortions of the#aste stream are generated by the !roducts they buy" Indeed$ the close in ol ement of

!urchasing staff is critical to the effecti eness of any source reduction scheme" Ste!s should be taken to reduce at source regulated medical #aste$ ha&ardous #aste$ lo#,le el radioacti e#aste$ as #ell as regular trash" Some s!ecific source reduction techni


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#aste management !lan" 6ealth,care #aste incineration lines o!erated on the same site as$ forexam!le$ munici!al #aste incineration #ill result in synergy effects and increased economic

iability"

7 5isting sources4ue to the !oor design$ o!eration$ e


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o %y!es of #aste treated

o Dicrobial inacti ation efficacy

o n ironmental emissions and #aste residues

o S!ace re


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treatment acuum/dehydration) cooling of treated #aste) and high,efficiency !articulate airfiltration and/or carbon filters to remo e odours"

Ad anced systems #ith internal shredders or grinders are ca!able of treating shar!s #aste as#ell as !athological #aste$ including anatomical !arts" 4ra#backs include the relati elyhigher ca!ital costs$ and the noise generation and higher maintenance costs associated #iththe shredders and other mechanical de ices"

As #ith steam sterili&ation ad anced steam sterili&ation re


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>.> .? *andfill

4is!osing of infectious #astes into a landfill greatly increases the risks to human health andthe en ironment of ex!osure to infection from this source" If the #aste is disturbed by anymeans$ or not !ro!erly co ered$ further risks #ill arise" It is therefore not good !ractice todis!ose of infectious #aste directly into a landfill" %o guard against these risks$ #here landfillis the only a ailable o!tion$ infectious #astes should be treated in order to destroy theirinfecti ity$ !referably at the site of generation of the #aste" %his can be done by using kno#neffecti e techni


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6nfectious health+care waste#includinginfectious

iological waste#human anatomicalwaste$, waste with

lood and odyfluids not

)harps #notinfectious$

:hemical, to5ic orpharmaceuticalwaste including

cytoto5ic drugs

*adioactive waste

Other ha ardouswaste #not

e5clusive to the

ealth+care wastewith the same

composition ashousehold and

a ardous=medical wasteincineration

)pecial treatment #e.g.

crematoria for amputatedody parts$

)

(

3

"

(

3

A

T

I

#

!

igure 1! Segregation and treatment options for health&care waste

Appropriate treatment

0lternative techni/ues>sterili ation, microwavetreatment, al9alinehydrolysis #su se/uenttreatment of residues$

Municipal waste incineration#specially adapted for thispurpose$C Medical wasteincineration

0lternative techni/ues>sterili ation and shredding,microwave treatment,al9aline hydrolysis#su se/uent treatment of

0lternative techni/ues>grinding and shredding#su se/uent landfill$

Municipal waste incineration#specially adapted for thispurpose$C medical wasteincineration

*eturn of old

4on+ha ardouspharmaceutical waste>munici al waste dis osal

o5ic and cytoto5ic waste>ha ardous waste

Municipal waste disposal

a ardous waste disposal

)uita le storage for decay

*eturn to supplier forre rocessin etc.

"ealth&carewaste

Diagram 1. )egregation and treatment options for health+care waste

/ypes of health&carewaste


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?


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)team

(aste water


igure &. i+plified flow sche+e of an incinerator

%he follo#ing firing technologies are considered best a ailable techni


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Grate incinerator s!ecially ada!ted for infectious health,care #aste 'munici!al #astedis!osal line()

7luidi&ed bed incinerator)

Dodular systems"

Single,chamber$ drum and brick incinerators are not considered best a ailable techni


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the !lant is similar to that of a grate firing system" otary kilns and afterburning chambers arein most cases constructed as adiabatic$ ceramically lined combustion chambers" After thecombustion chamber flue gases !ass a oid &one until a tem!erature of about > MC isreached" Subse


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%he modular excess air system consists of a !rimary and a secondary combustion chamber$ both of #hich o!erate #ith air le els in excess of stoichiometric re

%he follo#ing flue gas cleaning measures ha e to be combined in a suitable manner to ensurethe a!!lication of best a ailable techni


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be dis!osed of in safe landfills" Fandfilling in !ro!er double,#alled containers$ solidificationand subse


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Incinerator #ith grate'munici!al #asteincinerator(

=se of #ater cooling for grates$incineration in munici!al #asteincinerators re


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Well,trained !ersonnel

5!eration and monitoring of the incinerator by !eriodic maintenance 'cleaning of combustionchamber$ declogging of air inflo#s and fuel burners$

!ersonnel should #ear !rotecti e clothing(

egular and/or continuous measurement of therele ant !ollutants

4e elo!ment of en ironmental monitoring'establishing standard monitoring !rotocols(

4e elo!ment and im!lementation of audit andre!orting systems

General infrastructure$ !a ing$ entilation

n ironmental im!act assessment$ !ublic hearingsand community in!ut !rior to siting of ne#incinerators

5!eration of incinerators re


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Manage+ent options for opti+izationof co+bustion conditions

"elease characteristics #therconsiderations

6igh turbulence of exhaust gases andreduction of air excess: e"g" in+ection of

secondary air or recirculated flue gas$ !reheating of the air streams$ regulated airinflo#

5!timi&ed air inflo#contributes to higher

tem!eratures

'5n,line( monitoring for combustion control'tem!erature$ oxygen content$ C5$ dust($o!eration and regulation of the incinerationfrom a central console

As it is unlikely that a !erformance le el lo#er than "2 ng % /mR can be met solely #ith !rimary measures$ the secondary measures outlined in %able * should be considered" 8est

a ailable techni


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Manage+ent options "eleasecharacteristics

Applicabilit/ #ther considerations

emissions$ reduction of heatreco ery

6igh,!erformance adsor!tionunit #ith added acti atedcharcoal !articles'electrodynamic enturi(

7or fine dust remo al

Reduction of emissions of chemicals listed in Annex C by:

Catalytic oxidation 6igh efficiency

'N "2 ng % /m (

6ighin estment$lo# o!eratingcosts

5nly for gaseouscom!ounds$ !re iousremo al of hea y metals anddust necessary$ additional

95 x reduction if 96 isadded) high s!ace demand$catalysts can be re!rocessed

by manufacturers in mostcases$ o erheating #hen toomuch C5 !resent$ higherenergy consum!tion due toreheating of flue gas) nosolid residues

Gas


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?. . "eferences

8asel Con ention Secretariat" ; ;" Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Mana ement of Biomedical and !ealth"#are Waste$ 8asel Con ention on the Control of

%ransboundary Do ements of 6a&ardous Wastes and %heir 4is!osal$ =9 P$ Gene a"CCD 'Canadian Council of Dinisters of the n ironment(" ; 2" #anada"Wide Standards

for Dio%ins and &urans for Incineration$ CCD $ Winni!eg"###"ccme"ca/initiati es/standards"htmlQcategoryTid . U; "

PA '=nited States n ironmental Protection Agency(" 2BB>" Standards of 'erformance for (e) Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for E%istin Sources* !os+ital,Medical,Infectious Waste Incinerators* &inal Rule " 3 C7 Part * " PA$Washington$ 4"C" ###"e!a"go /fedrgstr/ PA,AI /2BB>/Se!tember/4ay,2./a; - ."htm"

PA '=nited States n ironmental Protection Agency" ; " &ederal 'lan Requirements for !os+ital,Medical,Infectious Waste Incinerators #onstructed on or before -une ./0 1223*

&inal Rule$ 3 C7 Part *;" PA$ Washington$ 4"C" ###"e!a"go /fedrgstr/ PA,AI /; /August/4ay,2./a; 32"htm"

PA '=nited States n ironmental Protection Agency(" ; 3" (ational Emission Standards for !a4ardous Air 'ollutants* 'ro+osed Standards for !a4ardous Air 'ollutants for !a4ardous Waste #ombustors$ 4raft" PA$ Washington$ 4"C" ###"e!a"go /fedrgstr"

uro!ean Commission" ; " O4irecti e ; />*/ C on the Incineration of Waste" 5fficial -ournal of the Euro+ean #ommunities F ;:B2"

uro!ean Commission" ; ." Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration$ 8A% eference 4ocument '8 7($ 7inal 4raft$ Day ; ." uro!ean IPPC8ureau$ Se ille$ S!ain" ei!!cb"+rc"es/!ages/7Acti ities"htm"

6ealth Care Without 6arm" ; 2" (on"Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technolo ies$Cha!ter 22" 6ealth Care Without 6arm$ Washington$ 4"C"www!noharm!orgDnonincineration "

6ealth Care Without 6arm uro!e" ; 3" (on"Incineration Medical Waste TreatmentTechnolo ies in Euro+e$ Hune ; 3" ###"noharm"org"

=9 P '=nited 9ations n ironment Programme(" ; " Standardi4ed Tool6it for Identification and 7uantification of Dio%in and &uran Releases " =9 P$ Gene a"###"!o!s"int/documents/guidance/%oolkitT; "!df"

W65 'World 6ealth 5rgani&ation(" ; " !andboo6 for Safe Mana ement of Wastes from !ealth #are Activities " W65$ Gene a"

#ther sources8DF7=W/=m#eltbundesamt" ; " State of the Art for Waste Incineration 'lants " Vienna"

Giroletti " and Fodola F" 2BB " Waste Treatment and Mana ement " Dedical Waste%reatment) ISP A courses" uni! "it/#ebgiro/ricerch/Public/ISP AB ,medicalWaste"!df"

Institute for n ironmental Dedicine and 6os!ital 6ygiene" ; " OPractical Guide for5!timising the 4is!osal of 6os!ital Waste: eduction and =tilisation of 6os!ital Waste$ #iththe 7ocus on 6a&ardous$ %oxic and Infectious Waste" 8I&E23E(9,D,1/ " =ni ersity ClinicalCentre$ 7reiburg"

=9 C '=nited 9ations conomic Commission for uro!e(" 2BB-" 'rotocol to the 12:2#onvention on 8on "Ran e Transboundary Air 'ollution on 'ersistent 5r anic 'ollutants "

9e# ork and Gene a" ###"unece"org/en /lrta!/full@; text/2BB-"P5Ps"e"!df"

68
http://www.noharm.org/nonincinerationhttp://www.noharm.org/nonincinerationhttp://www.noharm.org/nonincineration


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