ANLEITUNG ZUR ALLGEMEINEN UND POLARISA-TIONS-MIKROSKOPIE DER FESTKOERPER IMDURCHLICHT. By Rinne-Berek. Third edition byHilmar Schumann, with assistance from Franz Kornder.E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart,1973. xii f 323 pages, 212 figures, one colored plate.DM49.

The first edition of this work appeared in 1933 just afterthe death of F. Rinne who had prepared the X-ray part.The second edition came in 1953; it was mainly the workof M. Berek (who died in 1949'). There was no sectioncovering X-rays, but xiii + 366 pages dealt with opticalcrystallography, including both transmitted and reflectedlight. In this third edition the material has been extensivelyrearranged by Professor Schumann; the portions dealing withreflected light (pp. 294-346,2nd ed.) have been omitted,and these will appear in a later volume.

This third edition rates as a first class textbook in opticalcrystallography (by transmitted light). Section A of 95pages covers basic crystallography (17 pp.; could well beomitted), wave theory, the compound microscope and ge-ometrical optics, the refractometer and other auxilliaryequiprnent, as well as sample preparation. Section B (33pp.) deals with observations in non-polarized light. Here onpage 717 appears Berek's fine diagram to explain centralillumination phenomena, but unfortunately his drawing eluci-dating the Becke fringe (2nd ed., p. 172) is missing. SectionC, work with polarized light, is in two parts: orthoscopic(84 pp.) and conoscopic (85 pp.). U-stage work has 37pages in the former, 10 pages in the latter. Berek would beno happier than I am to see that this new edition no longeruses his simplified "international" method of designating U-stage axes; instead the Reinhard scheme has been resur-rected. The spindle stage is not mentioned.

A 15-page appendix covering projections, erc, is followedby a 7-page bibliography (which omits Hartshorne andStuart's excellent work; see Am. Min:eral., 59, 216). The3-page index is unsatisfactory; it is far less complete thanthat of the 2nd, edition (11 pp.). The fold-out coloredMichel-L6vy chart of iirterference phenomena is a desirableinnovation. The book has no determinative tables. It shouldbe emphasized that solving the equations of optical crystal-lography using an electronic slide rule type of portable ordesk calculator is generally quicker and of course far moreaccurate than the use of nomograms. References to otherparts of the book are common; they are indicated by sectiondesignations involving as many as five characters; at leasteight of them are erroneous; they should be replaced withpage nurnbers. SI units are not used, and indices are repre-sented by n with a subscript a, p, or .y. This valuable text-book will be welcome to those dealing with this subject whocan handle German; the excellent coverage of interferencefigures is to be noted.

D. Jerontp FrsssnArizona State U nioersity

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DATA OF INORGANIC COM.POUNDS. By Wolfgang Pies and Alarich Weiss. Part a:Key Elements F, CI, Br,1 (VII. Main Group) Halides andComplex Halides. Part g: Relerences for III/7. EditedbyK.-H. Hellwege and A. M. Hellwege. Volume 7, GroupIII: Crystal and Solid State Physics, of Landolt-Brirnstein:Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Scienceand Technology, New Series, edited by K.-H. Hellwege.Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1973.Part a: xxxii ! 647 pages,$178.50; Part g: 457 pages, $90.20.

Group III, Volume 7, of the Landolt-Biirnstein Tablessummarizes tho crystal structure data of inorganic com-pounds as determined by X-ray, neutron, or electron diffrac-tion studies wherein the lattice constants, at least, have beenmezrsured. Substances are also included whose isostruc-turalism with well known crystal structures has been con-firmed. For each substance listed, there is given: the formula,the space group and unit cell parameterg the density whenknown, the structure type, and an abbreviated reference tothe source literature. The Preface, Table of Contents, andIntroduction are written in German and in English. Thetabulated data constituting the bulk of the volume is inGerman, but most of the words used have English cognatesso that, except for the footnotes, English-speaking readerswill have no difrculty in reading the tabulated material.

Part a summarizes data for compounds which contain atleast one of the following elements-F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, andP-but are not considered organic because they lack suchgroups as C-H, C-C, C-NH,, C-NH, or C-X (where Xsignifies F, Cl, Br, or I).

Volume III,/7g contains the keys to the abbreviated litera-ture citations given in the remaining parts (a) to (f) ofVolume IIII7.

F. DoNero BrossVirginia Polytechnic Institute

and State Uniuersity

GEOLOGICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES. ByMichael Allman and David F. Lawrence. Arco Publish-ing Company, Inc., New York, 1972. 335 pages. 925.fi)cloth.

As anyone knows who has ever attempted in a text,pamphlet, or quarter or semester cours€, to compile andpresent an overyiew of laboratory techniques, the task ofsuch synthesis is formidable. The authors of GeologicalLaboratory Techniques are to be complimented upon theirattempt to give justice to this task.

Although the dust cover claims it to be "the first com-prehensivo handbook [of] practical information" and that "itcovers advanced and sophisticated procedures," an examina-tion of individual chapters reveals that this claim does nothold for each chapter or topic.

The topics described include specimen cutting and grind-ing, the preparation of thin sections of rock for microscopic

American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages I142-1149, 1974

BOOK REVIEWS

l t 4 2

BOOK REYIEWS tl43

study, the petrological microscope, microfossil separationfrom various matrices, isolation of minerals from mixedpowders, molding and casting methods to reprbduce fossils,and modern embedding techniques for specimen display.

The chapter on cutting and grinding contains sections onabrasives, diamond tools, coolants, and machines. It givesspecific information on such things as diamond bond typeand rim speed to cutting efficiency for various rock types. Itdescribes a number of machines. some of which are far moresophisticated than needed in the average college laboratory.The chapter on thin section preparation gives step by stepinstructions for making sections using the simplest equip-ment. Four pages of color photographs show progressivecolor changes in thin sections as they are ground from 90 to30 microns. The authors also describe what they considerto be the ideal thin section laboratory. This turns out to,in-clude considerable machinery that apparently was customdesigned and built for their own laboratory. They fail tomention a number of "thin section machines" marketed inthis country such as the Ingrahm-Ward, Hillquist, and others.It is also unfortunate for the American reader that nearly allof the suppliers they list are British. These shortcomings aremoie than compensated by the excellent section on impreg-nation and treatment of difficult rock types.

In their excellent discussion of staining, the authors haveperhaps for the first time systematized with flow charts,recipes, and outlines, the procedures of the multitude ofcarbonate, feldspar, and clay staining techniques and elusiverecipes.

With their chapter on separation, the authors make animportant impact with a discussion of methods of preparingsamples for heavy liquid separation, including centrifugationand their necessary time-rate charts. The worker will findvery helpful the listing of main mineral types, their specificgravity range, and separation liquids together on one chart.Also included are recipes for preparing disaggregationsolutions, peptizers, and dispersives as well as heavyJiquidhandling and dilution.

The above-followed by an absolutely "top-notch" effortin moulding and casting and a chapter on peel techniques-Ieave no doubt that the authors have absolutely "done theirhomework" and have made strong contributions repletewith dozens cf excellent cross-sections, diagrams, photo-graphs, and figures. These chapters certainly make the hand-book worthwhile.

On the idea of not necessarily covering "advanced andsophisticated procedures," cases in point iould be made forthe sections on "elements of optical microscopy" where it isreally all that is entitied; however, it overemphasizes parts ofmicroscopes and their function to the nth degree. However,the "how-to," or techniques, leave much to be desired. Theinformation on the universal stage could be better obtainedfrom just two or three pages from Bloss's or Phillips's opticattexts than can be gained from this entire chapter, partly be-cause the chapter is more instrument description thanmethodology or technique.

The chapter on X-ray and spectrographic methods is anexcellent example of overemphasis on instrument descrip-tion. It appears to be explanatory gloss of some X-ray meth-ods and instruments, whereas the technician would be moreinterested in Table 34 of that chapter-"suggested equip-

ment setting for major element analysis," or in a graphicalplot of the effect of mounting pressure on count rates (Fig.145). Finally, the portion devoted to IR and AA is, at best,cursory and offers little or no technique.

Laboratory work in geology serves a wide variety ofpurposes. Some is for sample preparation, some is for datagathering on prepared rock or fossil samples, some is forrock or mineral synth€sis, and some is for manuscript prepa-ration. The authors of Geologicol Laboratory Techniqueshave, for the most part, concentrated on methods of samplepreparation. To this end they have produced seven excellentchapters on cutting and grinding, thin section preparation,staining techniques, crushing and sieving, separation meth-ods, molding and casting techniques, and peels and embed'ding. These reviewers know of no other source where somuch information on these very useful techniques is soreadily and completely available to the geologist. Two otherchapters on elements of optical microscopy, and X-ray andspectrographic methods, however, are inadequate substitutesfor many excellent texts and equipment manuals on thesesubjects. The authors purposefully omitted discussion of "wetchemical analysis, photography, cartography and curatingas they are . . well covered in existing literature." Theyalso have omitted techniques used in experimental synthesisof rocks and minerals. What results is seven excellent chap-ters on sample preparation.

Fnsoenrcr H. Mlxrev, AND W. RonBnr PownnGeorgia S tate U nioersity

GEOLOGY OF THE LEECH LAKE MOUNTAIN-BALLMOUNTAIN REGION, CALIFORNIA. A Cross Sectionof the Northeastern Franciscan Belt and Its Tectonic Im-plications. By John Suppe. University of California, Pub-lications in Geological Sciences, 1973. 82 pages, maps.

This report documents the geology of about 450 squaremiles (1,170 sq km) of rugged terrain uhderlain by rocks ofthe Franciscan assemblage in the northern Coast Ranges ofCalifornia. It gives the results of Ph.D. thesis and post-doctoral work extending over about 6 years and includingfield mapping, petrographic studies, K/Ar dating, and a fewelectron probe examinations. The accompanying map coversparts of three l5-minute quadrangles, Anthony Peak,Covello, and Paskenta.

The Franciscan rocks are divided into, the intertonguingHellhole Graywacke Facies and Williams Chaos Facies, theTaliaferro Metamorphic Complex, South Fork MountainSchist with Chinquapin Metabasalt Member, and an incon-sequential serpentinite unit not considered further in this re-view. These units are distinguished by different bedding'metamorphic textures, and metamorphic mineral assem-blages. The author believes that each occupies separatethrust plates lying beneath the Coast Range thrust and itsoverlying rocks of the Great Valley Sequence. On the basisof foasil and K/Ar dates, and postulated P-T conditions re-sponsible for the metamorphic mineral assemblages, he sug-gests that the plates are shuffied so that neither theirstratigraphic order nor metamorphic grade shows a con'tinuous sequence.

The study of the metamorphic mineral assemblages will beof greatest interest to mineralogists and petrologists. AII of

l l 44 BOOK REVIEWS

the units are high Plow ? blueschist in that they contain thekey index mineral, lawsonite. Details of mineral assemblagesfor metagraywackes and metabasalts for each unit obtainedfrom study of hundreds of specimens are presented in tabu-lar form and also on convenient maps showing plots ofdistribution of a mineral or of related minerals. Jadeite plusquartz is confined to the Taliaferro Metamorphic Clmplex.Aragonite and lawsonite occur in all units. Fumpellyite iscommon in the lowest unit; closely related celadonite alsooccurs in the lower part of the pile but tends not to occur insamples having pumpellyite. Stilpnomelale is found in mostmetagraywacke in plates below the highest, which containsSouth Fork Mountain Schist. Blue amphibole, generallycrossite, is common in the highest plate and in the TaliaferroMetamorphic Complex but rare in other units. Epidote is re-stricted to the metabasalts of the South Fork MountainSchist and the Taliaferio Metamorphic Complex. On thebasis of the mineral assemblages, the plates are assigned toP-7 fields between 5.5-9 kbar and 200-300'C. Althoughthere is considerable overlap in the P-7 fields assigned eachplate, in general the lowest pressure and temperature assem-blage is at the base of the pile. The Taliaferro MetamorphicComplex, which is assigned the highest pressure field, how-ever, occupies an intermediate position within the pile.

The shuffied plates are interpreted in terms of a sub-duction zone model, operative through the entire period ofdeposition and metamorphism from 150 to 70 m.y. ago.Suppe suggests that after subduction and metamorphism, the"deep-seated metamorphic blocks were emplaced ashuge sheets, slabs, and smaller tectonic blocks upwSrd alongyounger thrusts . . . (pumpkin-seed kinematics). A mechani-cal explanation for the process remains, to be discovered."The closing paragraph giving the author's belief that theTaliaferro Metamorphic Complex and perhaps the SouthFork Mountain Schist were deposited east of the 'loceanic"

Great Valley Sequence does not seem to fit with the restof the tectonic model presented.

The report unfortunately suffers from lack of good editingand proofreading, which make it confusing in places and erro-neous in others. For example, there-is no list of illustrations,and the folded maps and sections in the pocket have no fig-ure numbers, so it is difficult to know which map is beingreferred to by figure number in the text. The most important,large, "Preliminary Geologic Map" is printed at an irrationalscale (1 inch to a little less than I mile), which perhapscaused the author to write (p. 1) that he mapped an areameasuring 80 X 40 km, although the map covers an areaonly 43.8 X 23.7 km. Apparently, the map explanation andtext distinguish Williams Chaos Facies from other units bythe absence of bedding, but on the map there are dozens of"attitude of bedding" symbols within areas shown as Wil-liams Chaos Facies. In addition, on the map the pattern forSouth Fork Mountain Schist shown in the explanation isomitted entirely. Typographical errors are few, though wefind "ultramaphic" on page 30 and on page 72, ". . . dimen-sions of the place" instead of ". . . of the plate," which couldlead to misinterpretation. The new unit names HellholeGraywacke Facies, Williams Chaos Facies, and TaliaferroMetamorphic Complex would have been better without"Facies" and "Metamorphic" as part of the formal namesand are in fact used in the text without these extra words.

Although many would disagree with the author's modeststatement that "The FIRST major Mesozoic structures tohave been discovered within the Franciscan Terrain . . aredocumented," this is a useful contribution to CaliforniaCoast Range tectonics and to better understanding thepluzzling problem of "inverted metamorphic zones" so com-monly reported for blueschist terrains. All those dealingwith Pacific Margin plate tectonics or details of internalstructure in subduction zones will find it a useful reference.

Encen H. BerrnvU.S. Geological Suroey, Menlo Park

GENESIS OF PRECAMBRIAN IRON AND MANGA-NESE DEPOSITS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE KIEVSYMPOSIUM, 20-25 August 1970. UNESCO, 1973.Unipub, Inc., Box 433, New York, N.Y. 10016. 382pages. $41.50.

Geologists have been interested for many years in theorigin, occurrence, and history of Precambrian iron-forma-tions as an indicator of the early history of the earth as wellas important sources of iron ore. The publication of the KievSymposium on the "Genesis of Precambrian Iron and Man-ganese Deposits" held in 1970 brings to the geologic publicimportant information concerning iron-formation, manga-nese and iron ore deposits. Thirty-nine papers presented atKiev are published in this volume. The reports concerniron-formation and iron ores of Australia, Brazil, Canada,Gabon, India, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Sweden, Unionof Soviet Socialistic Republics, and the United States ofAmerica and manganese deposits of Brazil, Gabon, theGuianas, India, Morocco, and the U.S.S.R. This volume isespecially noteworthy in that it includes 15 papers dealingwith the geology of iron and manganese deposits in theU.S.S.R. The papers are published in English with summariesin French.

Papers are arranged into 4 topic areas with a ratherpeculiar grouping of papers that at times seems illogical.This does rrot detract from the papers, but requires the readerto check all papers for general subject matter. The followingdiscussion is by topic groupings but does not attempt toindicate papers in order within each group.

(l) "Genesis and types of iron-silicate and lerruginouscherty lormations, their position in geosynclinal sedimentaryor uolcanic sequences, and the relation between these andanalogous manganese-bearing formations." This section in-cludes 15 papers of which 5 are concerned with U.S.S.R.deposits. The introductory paper by G. A. Gross deals withthe depositional environment of principal types of Pre-cambrian iron-formations. Gross groups iron formations intothe "Algoma Type" associated with eugeosynclinal volcanic-sedimentary rocks and the "Lake Superior Type" associatedwith miogeosynclinal rocks. The paper presents a fairly de-tailed account of the Snake River iron-formation of theYukon-MacKenzie District. It concludes with a suggestionthat Precambrian iron-formations may be related to "majordeepseated fault and tectonic systems of global dimensions."The other papers in this section are concerned with thetime-distribution and type-distribution of iron-formationsand the jaspilitic iron ores of Australia; Archean iron de-posits of Canada associated with volcanogenic rocks; iron

and manganese deposits of Brazil, iron ores of India; thePrecambrian iron and manganese deposits of the Anti-Alasregion, Morocco; the sedimentary iron ores of Sweden;and the iron deposits of Krivoyrog, Kursk, and the BalticShield areas of the U.S.S.R.

(2) "Absolute Age dating of iron-silicate and ferruginousformations and thetr position in the Precambrian strati-graphic sequence and analogous lormations from thePhanerozoic." This section is largely concerned with depositsin the U.S.S.R. with absolute age dating a very minor con-sideration in the papers. This section includes a paper byN. P. Semeneko that summarizes information on the iron-chert formations of the Ukrainian Shield; a paper on thehigh-grade iron ores of the Krivoyog type; iron depositsnorth and west of Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan; the MalyKhingan iron deposits near the Amur River in Siberia; andthe Uda area near the Sea o'f Okhofsk in far eastern U.S.S.R.The section also includes an interesting paper on the Altaiiron deposits of Devonian age found in Western Siberia andEastern Kazakhstan. These deposits consist of compact, inter-laminated hematite and tumte that locally contains plantfossils. These iron deposits are associated with ignimbrites,tuffs, volcanogenetic sediments, sandstones, shales, and locallenses of dolomitic lirrrestone. The hematitic beds are highin alkalis. This section includes one non-Russian paper byB. Chaubert which summarizes the geology of manganesedeposits in the Guianian Shield area of Brazil, FrenchGuiana, Guyana, and Surinam. These deposits are associatedwith metavolcano-sedimentary rocks that give a metamor-phic age of from 2050 to 1,700 m.y. The paper presents thebroad regional geologic setting of the manganese-bearingrocks of northeastern South America.

(3) "Difrerinq degrees of metamorphism, the mineralfacies and petrographic nontenclature ol ferruginous rockssuch as ferruginous quartzites, taconites, jaspilites, anditabirites." This section includes a summary paper on theMesabi, Gunflint, and Cuyuna ranges in Minnesota; a briefreview of iron-formations of the Aldan Shield of easternSiberia; and iron and manganiferrous-iron deposits ofPrecambrian to Middle Paleozoic age north and west of LakeBalkhash in Kazakhstan. The section also includes a discus-sion by Y. P. Melnik and R. L Siroshtan of the metamor-phism of cherty-iron rocks. Their paper makes separatecalculations for silicate iron-formation, carbonate iron-for-mation, silicate-carbonate iron-formation and oxide iron-formation. Included in the section is an interesting paper byW. Scarpelli on the Serra do Navio manganese deposits,Amapa, Brazil, that describes the stratigraphy, structure,metamorphism, and secondary enrichment of the manganese-bearing metasediments to manganese ore and a paper byS. Roy that presents a comprehensive summary of the originand metamorphism of Precambrian manganese deposits ofIndia. He shows the possible changes in manganese min-eralogy with increasing ,temperature and uses microphoto-graphs to illustrate manganese mineral relationships.

(4) "Genesis of high-grade secondary iron and manga-nese ores from iron-siltcate and ferruginous formations andores, metasomatic processes and processes ol oxidation inthem." This section includes a particularly interesting seriesof papers. A. F. Trendall discusses the possible origin ofHammersley Group cherty iron-formations as varved

tr45

evaporites; W. N. Macleod describes the iron ores of theHammersley area, Australia; G. E. Tolbert et al describethe vast high grade iron ores of Serra Dos Caraj6s of Par6,Brazil: and F. G. Percival describes the iron ores of Kediad'Idjil, Mauritania, discusses possible time of ore enrichment,and suggests that leaching may have started in the Precam-brian and continued for a long period of time. S. J. Simssummarizes the origin and occurrence of the Belinga ironore deposit in the Mekambo District, Gabon. H. Gruss pres-ents an interesting comparison of the geology of itabiriteiron ores of Liberia and Sierra Leone and Venezuela andindicates that the iron deposits occur in similar geologicalenvironments and are of similar age, 2,500 and 3000 m.y.The author includes brief summaries of the El Pao, CerroBolivar, and San Isidro deposits in Venezuela, the BomiHills, Bong Range, Mona River, and Nimba deposits inLiberia, and the Marampa deposit in Sierra Leone. G. V.Tokhtnev describes the variety of structural situations relatedto folds and faults that control high grade iron ores atKrivoyrog, U.S.S.R. J. E. Gair presents a summary reviewof the iron deposits of Michigan, U.S.A., that brings to-gether information on the geology and occurrence of irondeposits of the Gogebic, Iron River-Crystal Falls, Meno-minee, and Marquette Districts. F. Weber gives an informa-tive paper concerning the extensive Moanda manganesedeposits of Gabon which occur in unmetamorphosed, Pre-cambrian sediments with some associated volcano-sedi-mentary rocks that are dated at 1740 m.y. Weber suggestsa source of manganese in volcanic rocks with subsequentsedimentary enrichment in manganiferrous carbonate shalesand dolomite and a final enrichment to ore by weathering to

high grade manganese ore. A paper by E. C. Perry, Jr., andF. C. Tan on carbon isotope variations in carbonates of theBiwabik iron-formation, Minnesota, seems out of place inthis section as it is concerned with variations in carbonisotopes and the possible relationship of carbon isotopes tothe transportation and deposition of iron.

The Symposium papers are followed by a brief discussionof "Problems of nomenclature for banded ferruginous'cherty sedimentary rocks and their metamorphic equiva-lents." This addition to the volume presents the problem ofdifterent usage in various parts of the world with differentterms used for the same rock and the same terms for differ-ent rocks. There is an evident need to standardize thenomenclature used to describe banded, ferruginous-chertysedimentary rocks. As a result of the Kiev symposium an AdHoc Committee was established. The results of this commit-tee's work are published in Economic Geology, Volume 67tpages 682-684, 1972. The problem of usage was not solv€dby the committee and exists to some degree in the papers

of the Kiev Symposium.As mentioned previously, the order of papers in this

volume is confusing and requires that the reader peruse

many of the papers to determine whether the paper containsthe type of information he is seeking. Many of the papers

are reviews of extensive work or very brief summaries of

complex geological situations. Readers will find the geology

and occurrences described in some papers, dealing with un-known deposits and districts, difficult to understand. Several

of the papers, particularly a number of papers describing the

U.S.S.R. deposits, do not contain maps to show the general

BOOK REVIEWS

tt46 BOOK REVIEWS

geographic location and do not show a scale for maps orsections. Often maps do not locate geographic sites referredto in the text. The reviewer had difficulty in locating somedeposits, except very generally, on readily available maps ofthe U.S.S.R.

This volume contains much very useful information con-cerning iron and manganese deposits of the world. Eventhough there is an uneven quality of papers, this publicationis an important addition to the geological literature of ironand manganese,

Rerpx W. MrnsorNUniuersity of Minnesota, Duluth

INTERNAL WORLD OF GEMSTONES. DOCUMENTSFROM SPACE AND TIME. By E. Giibelin. ABC Edi-tion, Zurich, 1973. 234 pages, 360 color illustrations.Swiss fr. 168. - -$53.00.

This is the long-awaited successor to the author's previouswork on inclusions in gemstones published by the Gemo-Iogical Institute of America in 1953 under the title Inclu-sions as a Means ol Gemstone ldentification. Whereas thelatter was illustrated largely in black and white, the pres€ntbook is entirely in color, utilizing superbly precise photo-graphs which often are very beautiful in the artistic sense,quite aside from their illustrative value to the serious stu-dent of gemology. Indeed one need not even be a gem-ologist or mineralogist to obtain pleasure from viewingsome of the fantastic arrays, of inclusions in striking colorwhich appear upon these pages.

This work is aimed primarily at the gemologist whowishes to examine microscopic inclusions in transparentgemstones from the diagnostic viewpoint. Hence the textis written in simple language principally to acquaint thereader with the genetic factors which are responsible forinclusions, with detailed descriptions of the inclusions them-selves following, and all of it nailed down by provision ofnumerous examples illustrated in the photographs,

The introduction discusses the history of prior investiga-tions into crystal inclusions and the means by which theymay be investigated now, including the use of the electronmicroprobe for chemical analysis of naturally exposedinclusions or of those that are exposed by lapidary tech-niques to provide sufficiently large areas for microprobework. While the technical portions are too brief to be ofpractical value, the methods have been adequately de-scribed in other publications and need not be repeatedhere, although specific references to where such techniquesare described would have been helpful.

The next major text section concerns itself with thegenetic classification of inclusions; the author divides theminto protogenetic, syngenetig and epigenetic typs and dis-cusses the formation and significance of each type of inclu-sion. Specific mineral examples are provided. Inclusions arecatego:rized as solid, liquid, gas, negative crystals, twinning,banding, asterias, cracks, cleavages, etc, again with exampleswhich prominently appear in well known gemstones.

The third section takes up principal gemstones in whichinclusions commonly form distinctive features, namely dia-mond, corundum, beryl, feldspar, garnet, peridot, qvartz,spinel, topaz, tourmaline, and zircon. Inclusions character-

istic of synthetics are described in the final section, i.e.,inclusions in corundum, emerald, spinel, rutile, Strontiumtitanate, yttrium aluminate, and glass. A five-page glossaryand a bibliography of about 85 entries complete the work.Unfortunately, there is no index.

Aside from its obvious value to gemologists, Giibelin'sbook should prove helpful to mineralogists who seek cluesto the identity of inclusions in mineral crystals under inves.tigation. Admittedly the species discussed are restricted tothose of greatest interest as gemstones, but the inclusionsthemselves may well appeax within other associates in theparageneses in which the described gemstones are typicalmembeis. In any event, everyone is sure to enjoy this highquality, beautifully illustrated, and authoritative work, re-gardless of his degree of interest in gemology as such.

fonN SrNxeNxesEarth Sciences Literature

MINERALOGY OF SOIL CLAYS AND C.LAY MIN-ERALS. Edited by S. K. Mukherjee and T. D. Biswas.Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi, Bulletin No. 9,1974. vi ! 262 pages and "Soil Clay Minerals Map ofIndia."

This volume is dedicated to Dr. J. N. Mukherjee on occa-sion of his 82nd birthday. It consists of 14 chapters by 24Indian authors and co-authors writing on their specialities,plus the introduction and a final chapter in glorious tributeto the eminent Dr. Mukherjee. Topics covered includegenesis, structure, mineralogy, ion exchange, electro andcolloid chemistry, and distribution of clay minerals, espe-cially in soils. Four chapters are devoted to applications ofclay minerals in industry.

The introduction correctly states that in the volume, "Thecontributions of Indian soil scientists refer mainly toinvestigations on Indian soils in the background of theavailable world literature on the various topics." "The Bul-letin covers two broad and somewhat overlapping themes,namely mineralogy of soil clays, and properties and tech-nological utilization of clay minerals."

Accordingly the papers are structured mainly as intro-ductions and reviews of the world literature within the sub-ject area, plus special applications to Indian occurrences. Thepapers thus are not primarily reports of individual investiga-tions but are excellent reviews independently prepared. Thereis some overlap, as the Introduction states. The reviews arebroad in approach informing the reader, for example, of suchfundamentals as the basal spacing of kaolinite being about7A as well as the latest publications on clay synthesis, plantnutrition via clay minerals, and the use of carboxymethylcel-lulose to reduce filtration loss of drilling mud. Likewise, onereads that "the adsorption of basic dyestuffs, like methyleneblue and malachite green, on clay minerals provides a com-paratively easy methd of clay mineral identification" (p.

231) but also finds a discussion on the use of electron dif-fraction for identification and analysis (p. 123) of clayminerals.

Readers in India will naturally find the volume more use-ful to them locally than will those of us overseas. We will bemost favorably impressed by the thorough familiarity ofclay scientists in India with world literature on clays and

clay minerals. A foreign visitor likewise will need thisvolume to inform himself of the most active Indian publish-ers and their fields of study. It is fitting, by this volume, forhis colleagues to highly honor world-wide the exemplaryachievements of Dr. J. M. Mukherjee during his pioneeringand long, illustrious career in clay service.

W. D. KeusnU niu e rs ity ol M is souri-C olumb ia

NATURE OF EARTH MATERIAIS. By Anthony C.Tennissen. Prentice-Hall. New Jersev. 1974. vii + 439pages. $11.95.

The major purpose of this book, to serve as a text for acollege course on earth materials, has been attained. Up tothe time of this review, the reviewer had come in contactwith no other book having such a wealth of information con-cerning earth materials, including even petroleum andwater. Although there are many fine features, unfortunatelythere are also a few that detract from the quality of thisbook.

This text has been divided into four sections. The first.comprising 42 pages, deals with atoms, ions, and crystals.-The second, 167 pages, concerns properties and descriptions'of 114 minerals. The third includes 136 pages about origins,characteristics, and descriptions of igneous, sedimentary, andmetamorphic rocks. The last part, 67 pages, covers uses ofearth materialg origins of ore deposits, classification of oredeposits, exploration and discovery of economic earth ma-terials, mining, quarrying, processing, beneficiation, and re-fining of earth materials. There is a three-page bibliographyand a very brief appendix containing 1970 data concerningU.S. metals, nonmetals, industrial rock, and fuels production.In addition, there is a 2l-page index.

The most disturbing feature of this book is the series ofphotographs of each of the 114 minerals described. If thephotographs had been in color, and taken by a mineralogistskilled in photography, their value would be inestimable forthe student using this book. However, they were taken inblack and white by the director of photographic services atthe college where Tennissen teaches, and for the most partthey are useless. For example, what good is a black and whitepicture of very poorly crystallized sulfur associated with un-named minerals? Or of a rounded octahedral diamondcrystal measuring about 2" X 2" on the photograph withno scale given? Undoubtedly the photograph has been en-larged, but how will the student know this when no informa-tion is given in the legend accompanying the photograph?Many of the captions are inadequate. One states that fluoritehas both cubic and octahedral cleavage. (If this is so, almostevery mineralogy textbook now in print should be revised.)

In places there is too much detail and in other places treat-ment is inadequate. For example, is it necessary in a bookon earth materials to list the crystal forms for each crystalsystem, including such unusual ones as the tristetrahedron,and omitting the disphenoid of chalcopyrite? In the discus-sion of the crystal systems the hexagonal system is described,but nothing is said about the rhombohedral division. Theauthor does not state that the c axis is perpendicular to theplane containing the three horizontal axes. In addition, heerroneously states, "crystals in this system are six-sided, or

l t 47

at least display a hexagonal (six-sided) outline when viewedparallel with the vertical axis." Yet in describing tourmalinehe states that it has a triangular cross-section. He saysnothing about hemimorphism or enantiomorphism.

The selection of minerals for discussion is very good andthat of rocks is fairly complete. However, there are numer-ous minor errors, indicating poor editing and perhaps hur-ried writing without enough attention to correctness andlatest information. He has included nothing about the syn-thesis and commercial production of quartz crystals. Theuse of quartz in timepieces is not mentioned. Graphite hasnot been mined in New York State for at least 25 years, yetthis state is listed as producing graphite. Nothing but acaption on a photograph reveals the location of garnet inNew York state, which has the largest working garnet minein the world and some of the largest, if not the largest,garnet crystals in the world. The photograph shows "finedeep red garnet from Warren County, New York," but onewould have to have an excellent imagination to see thegarnet in the picture. The correct locality of the large garnetcrystals is Gore Mountain, New York. The author's treat-ment of abrasives comprises a mention of emery, onesentence under the mineral description of garnet, and oneword under the section on sandstone.

A feature which the reviewer found a nuisance was theseparation of uses from descriptions of the minerals. Per-haps the author could have included at the bottom of eachmineral description the page number where its use wouldbe given, and then, where the uses were discussed, havegiven the page numbers of the descriptions. Instead, eachtime further information was desired, this reviewer had togo to the index, a time consuming process.

There are a number of inconsistencies or inaccuracies.For example, (l) on page 389 appears the statement "dia-monds can be broken with a hard blow because they lacktoughness in certain directions," yet on page 100 diamondis said to have octahedral cleavage; on page 389 he states,"diamonds have a high melting point" yet gives nothingabout diamond burning at 1000 degrees. (2) Turquoise ismentioned as having geometric perfection. How can this beso when the largest turquoise crystals (triclinic) are noteven one centimeter long and are very rare? (3) A varietyof corundum, sapphire, is said to be blue. Sapphire can alsobe yellow, green-almost any color except red-but thereader is given the impression that the only color of sapphireis blue.

The diagrams are of good quality and well labelled. How-ever, a rear face has its Miller indices as ( 111) when theyshould be (111). This will cause confusion as a front face iscorrectly labelled on the same diagram. An attempt shouldhave been made to show the angles involved on the diagramsarrd photographs of the rhombohedral cleavage of calcite.As it appears in the text, the cleavage too closely resemblescubic and by the uninitiated will probably be so interpreted.

On page 79, a formula is given for calculating the specificgravity from data obtained with the Jolly balance. Theformula is S.G. r= nL - (n/n') - n{ n - reading with thespring carrying both pans, n' = reading when small mineralfragment is placed on upper pan in air, ,?, ,= reading whensame mineral fragment is on lower pan. In each case, thelower pan is submerged in water. The principles involved in

BOOK REVIEWS

r 148 BOOK REVIEWS

the operation of the Jolly balance are omitted. The formuladoes not work, as the reviewer tried it on data obtained withthe Jolly balance. A search of the literature for this formulawas fruitless. A formula based on the Archimedes principle,which does work, is the following: S.G. - (n, - n)/(n,- n " ) .

The section on rocks appears to have fewer errors thanthat on minerals. One noted by this reviewer is that exfolia-tion is attributed to diurnal change in temperature, andnothing is mentioned about the role of hydration in exfolia-tion. As a matter of fact, temperature change alone in thelaboratory has not produced exfoliation, and as yet noexfoliatio'n has been found on the moon, whereas, and iflarge temperature changes were responsible for exfoliation,the moon would certainly have examples.

In the description of loess, nothing is stated about theangularity of the grains and the role that this shape plays inmaking the loess in many localities so stable that it will havean angle of repose in road cuts of 90 degrees.

In the bibliography there is an error in the title ofAzaroff's and Buerger's book. The correct title is The PowderMethod in X-ray Crystallography. The fourth edition ofDana's Textbook of Mineralagy revised by William E. Fordpublished by Wiley was copyrighted, in 1932, not 194E. It isshange that with the excellent books on gems, not one bookdevoted solely to gems appears in the bibliography. Alsoomitted are the set of five volumes on Rock-forming Mineralsby Deer, Howie, and Zussman, and reference works onpetroleum, coal, and water.

In his preface the author writes that the book should havegeneral appeal to geologists and rockhounds as well. The re-viewer does not agree. There are numerous excellent min-eralogy books and some fine petrology texts which wouldserve geologists and rockhounds in a far better manner.However, the reviewer does agree that, despite the de-ficiencies and minor errors, this is the single book whichwould most suit those students enrolled in a course dealingwith earth materials, provided that they were not geologymaJors.

M. Ine DuerNsState Uniuersity of New York Collegeat Oneonta

RON:TGEN-, ELEKTRONEN- UND NEUTRONENBEU-GUNG AN GLASERN. Edited by H. Wondratschek.Fachausschussbericht Nr. 68 der Deutschen Glastechnis-chen Gesellschaft E.V., Frankfurt (Main), 1973. vii a104 pages. DM 40.00.

Rdntgen-, Elektronen-, und Neutronenbeagung an Gliisernis one of a series of committee reports of the Deutsche Glas-technische Gesellschaf t. The volume (format 8 X 12 inches)contains three review articles and a useful introduction bythe editor in which the merits of diffraction studies ofglasses are evaluated and put into perspective.

The first and longest article (68 pages, 402 references) isby H. Kriimer. It deals with X-ray diffraction of glasses andconsists of 4 main chapters: X-ray diffraction on amorphoussubstances (10 pages), experimental (3 pages), evaluation ofmeasurements and interpretation of results (10 pages), re-sults of X-ray studies of glasses (28 pages). This review

covers studies dealing with the X-ray determination of theatomic dimensions of glasses, namely by analysis of theradial density distribution. Sources of experimental errorand limitations of the method are discussed. In some casesthe results are compared with results of NMR and smallangle scattering studies. A short review of the closely relatedstructural investigation of liquids, liquid crystals, and organicpolymers is also given.

The reviews on electron diftraction (by E. Deeg andH. Bach, 15 pages, 54 references) and neutron diffraction ofglasses (H. Bcihm and W. Hoffmann, 19 pages, 34 refer-ences) are similarly arranged but much shorter than theX-ray article, because less has been published in these fieldsand because the general diffraction theory has been coveredin the first review.

The volume is useful as a critical and fairly complete in-troduction to the literature on the subject (references up to1972 are included). However, it cannot be called authorita-tive because none of the authors of the reviews is a leadingpractitioner in the field being reviewed. Unfortunately, noindex has been provided.

. Y#)'x,l,f i^ii,',,, ChicagoSTABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY. By Jochen Hoefs.

Vol. 9, Minerals, Rrcks, and Inorganic Materials.Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, 1973.ix f 140pages. $14.50.

Professor Rankama's Isotope Geology and Progress inIsotope Geology played a very important role in the develop-ment of isotopic studies in earth sciences. Isotopic tech-niques for the study of earth sciences have been used evenmore widely in the 1960's and early 70's than when Pro-fessor Rankama was writing, and it is becoming increasinglydifficult for active researchers to keep up with the newinformation being published.

This new publication by Dr. Hoefs gives recent develop-ments in isotopic studies in earth sciences, and will play thesame role as did Professor Rankama's books. Readers willespecially dppreciate the bibliography of about 500 papers.

The text is divided into three parts. Section A briefly dis-cusses isotope effects and the basic principles of mass spec-trometry. Section B describes sample preparation for isotopeanalysis, isotope reference samples, and isotope fractionationmechanisms of light elements in nature. As Hoefs acknowl-edges, the discussions are too short to give more than ageneral idea to readers who are not familiar with these sub-jects. Section C (6O percent of the volume) gives a detaileddescription of the isotopic variations in extraterrestrial ma-terials, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.This section is valuable for a reader who is looking for up-to-date knowledge of these topics, as the author has succeededin reviewing thoroughly the present status of research.

As one title in the monograph series of "Minerals, Rocks,and Inorganic Materials," the book has to cover too manyimportant subjects to give the detailed information onisotope geology and geochemistry that this reviewer ex-pected. Because of the importance of knowledge of bothequilibrium and kinetic isotope effects and mass spectrom-etry, this reviewer hopes that a book on theoretical and

BOOK REVIEWS ll49

experimental isotope geochemistry will be published laterin this series. For a clear understanding of these latter sub-jects, a beginner in this field is advised to consult the originalpapers which are referenced in this book.

YosHro HonrgeOcean Research Institute,Uniuersity of Tokyo

WORLD DIRECTORY OF MINERAL COLLECTIONS,prepared by the Commission on Museums of the Inter-national Mineralogical Association, Pieter C. Zwaan,Chairman, Ole V. Petersen, Secretary, Marjorie Hooker,I.M.A. Secretary.

A listing of mineral collections within the member coun-tries of the International Mineralogical Association, namelyAustria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan,Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America.For each museum listed there is given its name and address,its year of founding, the person in charge, the total numberof specimens, the uses that the museum serves, its specialties,whether it will loan material to qualified investigators,whether it has material for exchange, whether a catalogueof its holdings is available, and its hours of admission. Thepreface notes that

"We are well aware that this first edition is incomplete. Wehope, however, that publication will encourage those whohave not cooperated up to this time to submit completedquestionnaires so that they will appear in a future edition.Questionnaires can be obtained from Dr. O. V. Petersen,Mineralogical Museum, @ster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350Copenhagen, Denmark."At present only 3 museums are listed for the United

Kingdom and only 9 for the United States. This directorydeserves to grow. Those going abroad will find it a greatconvenience if they wish to visit mineral collections.

F. DoNero BrossV irginia PoIy technic I ttstitute

and Steile Uniuersit t

List of Books Received

FUNDAMENTALS OF COSMIC PHYSICS. Volume 1,Numbers l/2, 1974. Edited by A. G. W. Cameron. Pub-lished by Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, NewYork. $ 17.50/year, U.S.A.

GEOSCIENCE CANADA. Volume 1, Number l, March1974. Edited by G. V. Middleton. Published by GeologicalAssociation of Canada Publications, Business and Eco-nomic Service Limited, 111 Peter Street, Toronto 1,Ontario. $10.00 per year (nonmembers); $3.00 per copy.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES. Volume 1,No. 1, 1974. Edited by A. K. Saha. Published by Depart-ment of Geology, Presidency College, Calcutta 700012,India. $10.0O/year, U.S.A.

THE NOMENCLATURE OF PETROLOGY. By ArthurHolmes. Facsimile of the 1920 edition. Hafner PublishingCompany, New York, 1971.284 pages. $9.95.

THE SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF DR. TOKITI NODA ANDHIS COLLABORATORS. 1973. Published in Japanese,with some abstracts in English. Available from Dr. T.Noda, 15-3 Shikannonmichi Nishi, Tashiro'cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464.Japan-

SOLID STATE MATERIALS: PREPARATION ANDPROPERTIES. VOLUME 1, ASPECTS OF CRYSTALGROWTH. Edited by R. A. Lefever. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, 1971. 284 pages. $18.50.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA INDUSTRIAL MINERALS.Published by MINOBRAS, P. O. Box 4870, Irvine, California92664. 1973. 112 pages. A Directory of mines, deposits, andoccurrences for the 13 counties of Southern California.

SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS. By E. S. Fedorov. Translatedby David and Katherine Harker. American CrystallographicAssociation, 1971. 315 pages.