TECHNICAL NOTES

Book Reviews

Chemical Applications of Spectroscopy

W. WEST, EDITOR, with chapters by A. B. F. DUNCAN,WALTER GORDY, R. NORMAN JONES, F. A. MATSEN, C.SANDORFY, AND W. WEST. Published as Volume IX ofTechnique of Organic Chemistry. Interscience Publishers, Inc.,New York, 1956. Pp. 787. Price $15.00.

This reference work on the Chemical Applications of Spectros-copy might require another title, were it not a part of a seriesof books on Technique of Organic Chemistry, edited by ArnoldWeissberger. By itself it would have been called Organic ChemicalApplication of Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy. As in otherbooks in this series, the separate chapters are authored by wellrecognized authorities in the subject matter covered. An introduc-tory chapter on "The Theory of Molecular Spectra" by W. Westprovides a rapid introduction for organic chemists to the theoryof molecular spectroscopy and may even lose some organicchemists who have not had a very strong background in physicalchemistry and mathematics. It is obvious that this reference workhas been directed in part not only toward introducing chemistsinto chemical applications of spectroscopy, but also introducingphysically trained experts into this field.

The low-frequency (long wavelength) area, which essentiallylimits chemical spectra at one end of the radiant energy spectrumand which is known as microwave and radio-frequency spectro-scopy, is covered in a chapter by Walter Gordy. The limitation ofinformation in this field confines most of the experimental datato simple molecules, some of which could hardly be classed asorganic molecules. In addition to the recognized area of microwaveand radio-frequency, there has been included a discussion onnuclear magnetic resonance. While it is admitted that spectro-chemical analysis of organic compounds in these regions is stillin the future, the information presented convinces one that thisarea will ultimately be of considerable use, particularly in analysesinvolving isotopic ratios.

The "Theory of Infrared and Raman Spectra" by A. B. F.Duncan, as is the case with the general introduction, does notappear to be written for the organic chemist, whose knowledge ofmatrices and differential equations is limited. In the chaptertitled "The Application of Infrared and Raman Spectrometry tothe Elucidation of Molecular Structure," written by R. NormanJones and C. Sandorfy, it is recognized at the outset that therigorous mathematical treatment carried out for simple moleculesin the preceding chapter cannot be extended with our presentknowledge to the more complex molecules which constitute themain body of organic compounds. The application of broadgeneral principles can, however, be made with success, and thischapter should prove most valuable to organic chemists who areconcerned with prediction of structure from observed infraredspectra. Excellent examples of application are given in suchseries as sterols and other polynuclear compounds as well ascarbonyl derivatives and other constituent linkages. This chapteris 333 pages in length, or nearly half of the entire book, andcontains many useful tables for reference and application.

The section on "Electronic Spectra in the Visible and Ultra-

violet Regions" is in two parts, with a theoretical section byA. B. F. Duncan and an application section by F. A. Matsen.The theoretical section, like the infrared theoretical section,is designed for physical chemists rather than organic chemists.The section on application does not provide as useful a compilationof information as does the applied infrared section, since theexamples have been previously confined to those cases subjectto mathematical analysis rather than the broader functionaleffects as covered in the infrared discussion.

The book concludes with a short chapter by W. West on"Fluorescence and Phosphorescence" in which a rather generaldiscussion of theory is included with a more detailed discussionof organic structure producing these effects.

In general this book will be a most useful reference for physicalchemists and physicists who may venture into the area of organicabsorption spectra; the applied infrared section will be mostuseful for those organic chemists working on the determination ofstructure from the observed spectra.

WALLACE R. BRODENational Bureau of StandardsWashington, D. C.

Technical Notes

Fifth Meeting on Mass Spectrometry

The Fifth Meeting on Mass Spectrometry, under the sponsor-ship of ASTM Committee E-14, will be held at the CommodoreHotel in New York City during the week of May 20, 1957. Eachyear these meetings provide a gathering place for people interestedin mass spectrometry and closely allied fields.

Contributed papers are welcome on all phases of mass spec-trometry. A special effort is being made to arrange severalsymposia of theoretical and analytical interest. A symposium onnegative ions will definitely be held.

Fourth Ottawa Symposium on Applied Spectroscopy

The fourth Ottawa Symposium of the Canadian Associationfor Applied Spectroscopy is to be held at the Victoria Museum,Ottawa, on September 11, 12, and 13, 1957.

Papers are invited for presentation on the subjects of appliedspectroscopy and closely related fields of instrumental analysis.Titles and brief extracts of papers should be submitted beforeJune 15, 1957 to J. H. D. Howarth, Canada Metal Company,Limited, 721 Eastern Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Newly Organized Free Radicals Section atNational Bureau of Standards

Dr. Herbert P. Broida has been selected to head the newlyorganized Free Radicals Section at the National Bureau of Stand-ards. Dr. Arnold M. Bass was named Assistant Chief. The sectionwill serve as the central laboratory for a national program ofbasic research in the field of free radicals. The object of theprogram is to increase fundamental knowledge of the formation,properties, and storage of these highly reactive molecular frag-ments.

Dr. Broida will be serving in a dual capacity as Chief of thenew section and as technical coordinator of research on freeradicals throughout the Bureau. In the latter field, he will beresponsible for the fostering of interest on the part of individualsin the various NBS technical divisions, furnishing of technicaladvice to those undertaking free radicals research, and mainte-nance of a comprehensive information and communication serviceon this program. Dr. Broida joined the Bureau staff in 1949 afterteaching at Wesleyan and Harvard. With the exception of a yearat Imperial College as a Guggenheim Fellow in 1952-1953, Dr.Broida has pursued his research interests at the Bureau in thefields of spectroscopy, kinetics, medical instrumentation, andrecently, as an outgrowth of his work in flames, free radicalproduction and stabilization. He is a fellow of the AmericanPhysical Society and a member of the Optical Society of America,the American Association for the Advancement of Science,

329April 1957

TECHNICAL NOTES

Washington Academy of Sciences, and the Philosophical Societyof Washington. In 1956, he received the Arthur S. FlemmingAward of the Washington Junior Chamber of Commerce as oneof the five outstanding young scientists in Government.

Dr. Bass came to the National Bureau of Standards in 1950 tocarry on his interests in high temperature research. His societyaffiliations include the Optical Society of America, the AmericanPhysical Society, the Philosophical Society of Washington, andthe Washington Academy of Sciences.

American Institute of Physics Handbook

The American Institute of Physics Handbook was publishedJanuary 15, 1957. The Handbook was compiled under the auspicesof the American Institute of Physics as a service to scientists,engineers, and students. It brings together in one volume anextraordinary amount of useful data that exist otherwise onlyin diverse and scattered reference works and research reports.The Handbook consists of the following sections: Section 1"Mathematical Aids to Computation," Albert A. Bennett andThomas J. Derby; Section 2 "Mechanics," Editor, R. BruceLindsay; Section 3 "Acoustics," Editor, Floyd A. Firestone;Section 4 "Heat," Editor, Mark W. Zemansky; Section 5 "Elec-tricity and Magnetism," Editor, D. F. Bleil; Section 6 "Optics,"Editor, Bruce H. Billings; Section 7 "Atomic and MolecularPhysics," Editor, G. H. Dieke; and Section 8 "Nuclear Physics,"Editor, Franz N. D. Kurie.

Summer Course in Infrared Spectroscopy

An intensive program in Infrared Spectroscopy will be givenfrom June 17 to June 28 during the 1957 Summer Session at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology. The program, to be offeredjointly by the Institute's Spectroscopy Laboratory and Depart-ment of Chemistry, is designed for those who wish an introductionto infrared instrumentation and laboratory methods and for thoseinterested in the use of infrared spectra in the solution of chemicalproblems. It will consist of two integrated one-week courses, oneon the Technique of Infrared Spectroscopy and the other on theApplications of Infrared Spectroscopy. Both are to be under thedirection of Dr. Richard C. Lord, Director of the M.I.T. Spec-troscopy Laboratory, assisted by Dr. Foil A. Miller of theSpectroscopy Laboratory at the Mellon Institute of IndustrialResearch, and Professor E. R. Lippincott of the Department ofChemistry, University of Maryland.

Guest experts from academic and industrial laboratories whowill participate in the presentation of material related to theirspecial fields include Dr. R. Norman Jones, of the Division ofPure Chemistry, National Research Council of Canada, and Dr.Willis J. Potts, Spectroscopy Laboratory, Dow ChemicalCompany.

In the course on Technique of Infrared Spectroscopy (June17-21), lectures will be devoted to the elementary theory ofinfrared spectra, a survey of infrared instrumentation, anddiscussion of techniques for measurement of spectra. Afternoonlaboratory exercises will be carried out by small groups with avariety of infrared instruments and related equipment. This workwill be supervised by experienced academic personnel from theSpectroscopy Laboratory and by technical personnel frommanufacturers of infrared equipment.

The course on Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy (June24-28) will cover the theory of infrared absorption by molecules,the interpretation of infrared absorption spectra, and the relationbetween spectra and molecular structure. Particular attentionwill be paid to hydrocarbons, high polymers, natural products,and other substances whose infrared spectra have proved es-pecially valuable. Afternoon hours vill be devoted to supervisedpractice in the intepretation of infrared spectra of complexmolecules. Instruction in the use of the generally availablecatalogues of infrared spectra and in punched-card methods willalso be given.

All facilities of the Institute will be open to members of thesecourses in Infrared Spectroscopy. Lecture, laboratory, and libraryfacilities used in the courses are air-conditioned. Registrants mayreserve rooms in the Institute's dormitories during the program.

Application forms and full information may be obtained fromDr. James M. Austin, Director of the Summer Session, Room7-103, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39,Massachusetts.

New Federal Standard on Colors

Colors. Federal Standard No. 595, March 1, 1956. (SupersedingFederal Specification TT-C-595, January 12, 1950.) 26 pp con-taining 12 tables, including 10 pages of 358 color chips by 4

inches. Also obtainable on 3X5 inch cardboards. General ServicesAdministration, Business Service Center, Region 3, Seventh andD Streets, S.W., Washington 25, D. C. Text and color chart $2.25;3X5 inch color chip 5 cents each; set of 358 color chips (3X5inches) $15.00.

This revision of the federal color card for paint was accomplishedby a committee formed by the Federal Supply Service GSA underMr. Charles Felton as chairman, with the backing of the Depart-ment of Defense, Office of Standardization, under Captain C. R.Watts, U. S. Navy, and of Dr. D. B. Judd, National Bureau ofStandards, who during the preparation of the duplicate standardsrendered visual estimates of color differences and advice on theamount and direction of color changes. Representatives from manyother governmental agencies furnished considerable time as wellas color samples to complete this publication.

The manufacturer was The Tobey Press, St. Louis, Missouri,who also contracted to furnish the CIE chromaticity coordinatesand daylight reflectances.

While not specifically designated for paint colors, it is assumedthat the color card will predominantly relate to paint purchases.However, this need not restrict its use from the purchase of coloredtextiles, plastics, papers, printing inks, and other reflecting ma-terials. It may not, however, be used to designate colored lights,signals, or transparent media.

Of the 358 color chips there are 49 browns (14%), 20 reds (6%),19 oranges (5%), 45 yellows (13%), 101 greens (28%), 37 blues(10%), 65 grays (18%), and 22 miscellaneous (6%). Of thesethere are 83 in glossy (23%), 139 in semi-glossy (39%), and 136in lusterless (38%) finishes.

Actually there are only 199 separate colors exhibited in thepresent book of 358 color chips; that is, the color chips wererepresented in one gloss range for 82 of the colors; in two glossranges for 75 colors (of these, 62 colors are in semi-glossy andlusterless, 3 colors are in glossy and lusterless and 10 colors are inglossy and semi-glossy); and in the three gloss ranges for 42 colors.Thus 20% of the colors are represented in the three glosses, 40%in two glosses (and of these 80% were for semi-gloss and lusterless)and 40% were in single gloss.

While it may appear that the new standard outnumbered theold standard approximately 2:1, actually there are only 12 moretotal colors in 595 than in TT-C-595, that is; 195:187. Not allof the TT-C-595 colors are represented in the new standard andsome new colors were added. This is shown in the cross referenceindex in Table XII in back of the text to the new standard.

The text is essentially the same format and content as thatused for the first edition which was published in the JournalEJ. Opt. Soc. Am. 41, 649 (1951)]. However, enough change hasbeen made to warrant a republication of the text and tables ofdata. An example of the eight tables (II to IX) of colors is shown inFig. 1. The little spots of color are the usual color coated paperchips pasted on a white paper background. Figure 2 shows a sampleof the 3X5-in. color chip and manila envelope for the colorNational School Bus chrome. Both contain the words and nu-merals "Federal Standard No. 595" "13432" (or the appropriatenumber) "C.I.E. Measurement" "x .5128 y .4441 Y .4271" (orappropriate numbers), and "March 1, 1956."

330Vol. 47

April 1957 TECHNICAL NOTES 331

The data were obtained by the manufacturer supposedly from their Federal color standards and it is anticipated that these 358

commercially available spectrophotometric measurements and color chips will be spectrophotometered by many other agencies

colorimetric computations. It is understood that one military and by industrial laboratories. It should be emphasized that the

laboratory has been given the approval to remeasure a set of reported chromaticity data are nonstandard.

TABLE A. CIE chromaticity coordinates x, y, and daylight reflectance, Y, of Federal Standard No. 595.

10. X Zr Y NO. 2 y Y :GS! 20206 0.3632 0.3277 0.2058

10032 0.3935 0.3182 0.0127 20219 .3751 .3562 .196910045 .3504 .3324 .0589 20227 .3684 .3520 .22460

10049 .4571 .3351 .0250 20233 .3916 .3415 .216310075 .4168 .3445 .0505 20252 .4172 .3540 .235110076 .5224 .356 .05147 20313 .3561 .3415 .305110080 .3978 .365 .0570 20318 .3514 .3555 .3176

10091 .4956 .3750 .0681 20372 .3467 .3486 .349010219 .3814 3596 .1881 20400 .4022 .3844 .378310233 3983 .3474 .242 20450 .3534 .3438 .427210266 .4123 .4042 .2511 21105 .6013 .3189 .100710324 .3598 .3467 .3180 21136 .5753 .3226 .082510371 .4242 .3960 .3368 21158 .4741 .3026 .1641

11105 .6312 .3164 .0810 21433 .3876 .342 .361111136 .6019 .3245 .0750 21575 .3638 .3410 .526911670 .3512 .3400 .6431 21643 .3428 .3412 .651112197 .6069 .35814 .1654 21667 .3509 .3498 .642912215 .5768 .3833 .1900 21668 .3358 .3247 .646012246 .5867 3793 .2121 21670 .3533 .3408 .652912648 .3686 .3590 .5985 22144 .5148 .3603 .133013432 .5128 .4441 .4271 22203 .5167 .3690 .190613522 .3429 .3485 .4929 22246 .5676 .3740 .224013523 .3788 .3794 .4850 22276 .4558 .3583 .265313531 .3454 .3507 .5119 22356 .4454 .3461 .313413538 .5052 .4574 .4930 22519 .3676 .3491 .493913578 .3488 3586 .5505 22563 .3588 .3539 .537113594 .3899 3948 .5498 22630 .3587 .3506 .617613613 .3635 .365o .5884 22648 .3666 .3565 .64913618 .4201 .4224 .5904 23522 .3420 .3494 .50613655 .4802 .4809 .6058 23531 .3441 .3481 .524213690 .3480 3566 .6590 23538 .4961 .4494 .503313695 3939 .4030 .6410 23578 .3461 .3562 .566113711 .3544 .3606 .6696 23594 .3881 .3930 .562114036 .2415 .3316 .0195 23613 .3638 .3637 .605014052 .3151 .3408 .0530 23617 .3377 .3435 .594514056 .2924 .3302 .0350 23619 .3606 .3657 .607814062 .2450 .4150 .01432 23655 .4770 .4722 .605714064 .3424 .3650 .0468 23690 .3460 .3550 .671314077 .3040 .3428 .01495 23695 .3923 .4022 .655114087 .3381 .3554 .0800 23711 .3529 .3595 .676414110 .2786 .4791 .0791 23717 .3451 .3502 .683914158 .2876 .3204 .1292 23722 .3520 .3647 .660114159 .3150 .3494 .1510 23727 .3591 .3766 .710014187 .3285 .5120 .1576 23793 .3802 .4161 .798914223 .2871 .3909 .1977 23814 .3578 .4021 .756714241 .2836 .3220 .2645 24052 3120 .3319 .060114260 .2795 3733 .2471 24064 .3342 .3500 .055414272 .2947 .3781 .2335 24087 .3318 .3485 .098114277 .2930 .3276 .2521 24091 .3178 .3233 .082014325 .2815 .3459 .3035 24108 .2765 .3820 .094114449 .3145 .3649 .4131 24148 .2781 .3188 .147114491 .3000 .3422 .4553 24158 .2904 .3224 .14601456 .3078 3368 .4825 24159 .3154 .3467 .158214533 .3246 3748 .4695 24172 .3115 .3629 .1588.

15042 .2494 .2722 .0239 24201 3547 .3722 .192015044 .2255 .2065 .0120 24226 3109 .3468 .218115045 .2201 .2402 .0251 24227 .3128 .3759 .221115080 .1953 .2143 .0645 24233 .2873 .3185 .246115102 .1895 .1854 .0812 24241 .2852 .3243 .275215123 .1933 .1744 .1081 24260 .2808 .3786 .260615177 .2366 .2514 .1520 24272 .2961 .3745 .260515193 .2354 .2922 .1800 24277 .2948 .3276 .269015526 .2875 .3047 .4739 24300 .2952 .3411 .300616081 .3030 .3138 .0725 24325 .2859 .3457 .318116099 .2827 .2980 .0781 24373 .3198 .3614 .366316165 .335 .3438 .1473 24410 .3029 .3380 .397316187 .2956 .3132 .1674 24417 .3156 .3438 .407716251 .3078 3193 .2400 24424 .3266 .3519 .429016307 .3139 .3276 .2871 24432 .3163 .3415 .438916314 .3038 .3197 .2862 24441 .3187 .3543 .450816357 .3266 .3410 .3476 24449 .3167 .3640 .433216376 .3122 .3258 .3479 24466 .3090 .3493 .456116440 .3110 .3206 .4174 24491 .3019 .3416 .471116473 .2998 .3121 .3761 24504 .3152 .3471 .494516492 .3088 .3183 .4886 24516 .3070 .3384 .507616555 .3416 .3554 .5120 24518 .3032 .3327 .503417038 .2929 .3066 .0382 24525 .3154 .3511 .515517043 .3970 .4015 .4006 24533 .3252 .3719 .491117142 .3328 .2374 .1379 24552 .3594 .4024 .555917178 .3034 .3111 .5290 24554 .3258 .3486 .621117778 .3272 .3392 .7391 24583 .3279 .3521 .487017855 .3366 .3510 .7840 24664 .3063 .3479 .628517875 .3096 .3199 .8443 24670 .3069 .3286 .660617886 .3162 .3281 .8513 24672 .3188 .3439 .6435/

sMI-LossY 25042 .2658 .2857 .034420045 .3457 .3262 .0667 25053 .2309 .2422 .o9820059 .3693 .3409 .0587 25102 .1983 .1944 .095120061 .4159 3241 .0586 25109 .2350 .2612 .131220062 .3403 .3252 .0603 25177 .2407 .2543 .166920109 .4325 .3394 .1101 25184 .2261 .2581 .183820140 .3786 .3560 .1421 25189 .2701 .2927 .1885

No. z I t�O. X ______

'25193 0.2422 0 0.198825237 .2888 .3044 .234125299 .2710 .3191 .306025352 .2910 .3212 .342125414 .2784 .3061 .377125526 .2891 .3038 .495625622 .2984 .3163 .614226044 .2828 .2947 .044326081 .3031 .3147 .084126132 .3043 .3159 .133126134 .3148 .3293 .134026152 .2943 .3074 .145526173 .2928 .3013 .188626176 .2823 .2929 .176526187 .2956 .3124 .176126231 .3027 .3128 .232626250 .3020 .3171 .245026251 .3085 .3184 .250926280 .3083 .3181 .269426293 .3051 .3146 .290126306 .3267 .3312 .304126307 .3142 .3283 .301126314 .3037 .3205 .303826329 .2935 .3131 .322726357 .3245 .3391 .364026373 .3025 .3111 .372126440 .3106 .3206 .433026492 .3076 .3163 .506026496 .3196 .3349 .489526521 .3315 .3354 .519626555 .3407 .3532 .525126559 .3193 .3324 .518526586 .3296 .3432 .563726595 .3171 .3295 .536126622 .3180 .3274 .587127038 .2966 .3073 .020127142 .3377 .2412 .151527144 .2933 .2351 .142027778 .3268 .3384 .756927855 .3368 .3515 .785027875 .3108 .3212 .858927886 .3175 .3292 .8509

LUSTERLESS30045 .3554 .3339 .062030099 .3725 .3587 .083430109 .4508 .3451 .105230111 .3920 .3362 .098830117 .4210 .3707 .108930118 .3881 .3851 .113930140 .3888 .3615 .135130206 .3665 .3306 .203330219 .3827 .3629 .201130227 .3721 .3550 .243130233 .3974 .3468 .214530252 .4238 .3563 .242330257 .4276 .4008 .257330266 .4155 .4072 .264130277 .3579 .3645 .279630279 .3737 .3530 .270830313 .3603 .3442 .309830318 .3557 .3603 .320030324 .3582 .3459 .325630372 .3490 .3513 .353130450 .3565 .3461 .432831136 .5367 .3188 .111231158 .4929 .3038 .151131433 .3901 .3485 .365231575 .3624 .3415 .538031643 .3426 .3416 .651431667 .3506 .3508 .659231668 .3357 .3236 .653031670 .3520 .3409 .668232169 .4992 .3677 .159132246 .5424 .3663 .249932276 .4634 .3616 .263132356 .4526 .3481 .312132630 .3593 .3512 .618932648 .3688 .3595 .623833434 .4429 .4251 .409233481 .4261 .4529 .478033531 .3457 .3508 .537833538 .4902 .4491 .542633578 .3478 .3563 .576933613 .3631 .3649 .619133617 .3396 .3456 .595033690 .3474 .3571 .692733695 .3931 .4036 .680433711 .3538 3611 .683633717 .3466 .3527 .710433722 .3534 .3665 .676033727 .3601 .3792 .7232

33793 0.3830 0 1 0.8250

33814 .357 .3982 .770234052 .3232 .3444 .052034058 .2572 .3191 .073234079 .3281 .3582 .062034086 .3287 .3444 .074934087 .3401 .3577 .085234092 .2924 .3392 .086134096 .3287 .3624 .091534102 .3403 .3773 .083634108 .2732 .3990 .092334127 .3715 .4138 .117234128 .3187 .3678 .120634148 .2764 .3230 .143534151 .3628 .4288 .143034158 .2902 .3242 .142034159 .3181 .3526 .155334226 .3146 .3510 .222834227 .3176 .3868 .225834233 .2874 .3174 .243434241 .2865 .3234 .280534258 .3570 .4144 .253334277 .2934 .3294 .266334300 .2939 .3429 .307934325 .2840 .3476 .320934373 .3217 .3644 .374634410 .3026 .3382 .388034424 .3269 .3542 .432434432 .3156 .3427 .440534441 .3208 .3585 .461734449 .3157 .3677 .435434491 .3017 .3438 .477834504 .3151 .3486 .494734516 .3086 .3356 .509034518 .3038 .3321 .510134524 .3327 .3789 .514834533 .3254 .3751 .505134552 .3620 .4059 .573734554 .3258 .3488 .639034558 .3150 .3559 .552834583 .3293 .3545 .493434670 .3036 .3251 .676634672 .3201 .3456 .668835042 .2753 .2911 .042335044 .2747 .2726 .039235109 .2296 .2554 .117035164 .2653 .2762 .162635177 .2346 .2526 .160035189 .2678 .2934 .188435193 .2402 .2961 .192235231 .2612 .2605 .228335237 .2864 .3043 .231635299 .2730 .3218 .309435352 .2898 .3231 .347835414 .2790 .3062 .382535526 .2876 .3041 .504535622 .2976 .3179 .637636076 .2890 .2962 .070036081 .3062 .3192 .076236118 .2901 .2994 .122036173 .2925 .3010 .176836176 .2813 .2928 .175036231 .3022 .3141 .230036251 .3083 .3204 .252036270 .2954 .3041 .269736280 .3084 .3212 .268936293 .3069 .3158 .290436306 .3287 .3321 .300636307 .3161 .3288 .306936314 .3055 .3201 .307036357 .3264 .34 U .365936373 .3022 .3096 .372936440 .3118 .3224 .438236463 .3048 .3156 . 46836492 .3083 .3180 .519036521 .3327 .3373 .527436555 .3413 .3557 .534836559 .3187 .3332 .521536586 .3325 .3459 .586536595 .3172 .3307 .559936622 .3172 .3279 .610037038 .3058 .3109 .03637056 .3361 .3323 .05163144 .2920 .2306 137837778 .3252 .3350 .782137855 .3362 .3510 .80583785 -.3080 .3188 . 888537886 .3162 .3276 .8951

l

TECHNICAL NOTES Vol. 47

1fi: 12i b1ol2d1 Efi21 -1,S;^

2-1 ':-!.3 ,-,,N* m g W~~~~~~2 J;;. 9f9i 'h9

FIG. 1. Sample sheet of one of the ten pages of color chips in FederalStandard No. 595 (Tables II through IX).

Between the six years of the first and second federal color cardsfor paint, other countries have revised their color cards. Forinstance, the German color card for paint has been completelyrevised by Muster-Schmidt KG Gottingen, Germany,' and theBritish Standards Institution 2 issued a new color card for paintspecifically for the use of architects and decorators.

The present sets of the federal color charts and color chipsshould prove to be a valuable addition to any color laboratory.Especially, a real contribution to color has been made in FederalStandard 595 with so many colors in double or triple gloss finishes.

It is interesting to note that while the USA federal color cardincreased in color chips by 171, the German color card decreasedfrom 114 to 94 or by 20 colors. Conversely, the first USA colorcard for paint (Fed. Spec. TT-C-595) contained a table relatingcolor spots to their sponsoring agencies, and the first Germancolor card, in general, did not identify the agency using the color.The revised color cards reversed their respective policies so thatwith the exception of the Aviation Marking Colors and the SafetyColors, none of the federal color card colors are identified, while thepresent German color card contains a separate leaflet identifyingthe agency responsible for introducing each color chip. If thereis a weakness in the new revision of Federal Standard No. 595,it is the absence of identity of color samples. However, this

FIG. 2. Sample color card 3X5 in. and envelope with chromaticitycoordinates and daylight reflectances.

weakness is overshadowed by the strength of the availability ofthe CIE chromaticity coordinates and daylight reflectanceprinted on the backs of each of the 3X5-in. color chips. Thesedata are not available with the text of the standard and are listedin Table A.

I RAL-Farbtonregister 840R, Muster-Schmidt KG. Gottingen, Germany.2 British Standard 2660: 1955 Colours for Building and Decorative

Paints British Standards Istitution. London, England.

The Text of Federal Standard 595.

"Federal Standard No. 595

Colors

S1. PURPOSE AND SCOPES1.1 The purpose of this standard is to present in con-

venient form a collection of standard colors currently used bythe various departments of the Government (see S6.1). Thesestandard colors, identified by 5-digit numbers, are defined byfundamental colorimetric data. For reference purposes, eachcolor is approximately reproduced herein. For procurement,inspection and other color matching purposes, 3 X5 inch colorchips are issued as a supplement. These chips are identifiedby the same 5-digit numbers.

S2. APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS

S2.1 The following Federal Specification, of the issue ineffect on date of invitation for bids, forms a part of thisstandard:

TT-P-141-Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials;Methods of Inspection, Sampling and Testing.

S3. CLASSIFICATION AND NUMBERING SYSTEMS3.1 Color classification.-The colors have been classified

in three main groups depending upon the specular gloss. Thesethree groups are designated gloss, semi-gloss, and lusterless (orflat). A color may appear in more than one of the color groups.Within each gloss group, the colors are further arranged in 8arbitrarily selected color classification groups, and within thelatter groups in the order of approximate increasing diffusereflectance.

S3.2 Numbering system.-The 5-digit numbering systemused for the colors is based on the assignment of numeralswhich indicate the following:

The first digit indicates the gloss of a color; 1-gloss; 2-semi-gloss;3-lusterless.The second digit indicates the selected color classification group.The last three digits indicate the approximate order of increasing diffusereflectance and are assigned nonconsecutively to provide numbersbetween the colors for future use.

Where a color appears in more than one gloss range, the lastfour digits will be the same. The system thus permits the ad-dition of new colors to be inserted, without destroying the pro-gression of colors from dark to light and further permits aconvenient method of identifying a color in other gloss rangeswhen more than one range is desired. For example; numbers16555, 26555, and 36555 identifies a light gray color in all threegloss ranges. This system and color table index is shown inTable I.

S4. FUNDAMENTAL STANDARD AND MEASURE-MENT OF COLOR

S4.1 Fundamental standard of color.-Each color, nowidentified by the assigned 5-digit number, is defined by spectro-photometric measurements and secondarily identified by theInternational Commission on Illumination (CIE) coordinatesystem. Each 3X5 inch chip shall be manufactured within atolerance of not more than 0.5 N. B. S. unit from the standardand shall have the secondary identification data printed on theenclosing envelope.

S4.2 Measurement of color.

S4.2.1 Fundamental measurement.-The spectropho-tometer shall be recognized as the basic measuring instrumentfor the fundamental standardization of color.

332

M.0.....

ME

N

TECHNICAL NOTES

TABLE I. Classification and numbering of colors.

Selected color classification' Gloss Semi-gloss Lusterless

Table II 10000 20000 30000Table III 11000 21000 31000Table IV 12000 22000 32000Table V 13000 23000 33000Table VI 14000 24000 34000Table VII 15000 25000 35000Table VIII 16000 26000 36000Table IX 17000 27000 37000

1 Selected color classification is an arbitrary grouping of "reds," "grays,""miscellaneous," etc.

S4.2.2 Secondary measurement.-Color standards com-puted from spectrophotometric data shall be found by meansof the standard observer and coordinate system adopted in1931 by the CIE in accordance with method 425.1 of FederalSpecification TT-P-141.

S4.2.3 Measurement of gloss.-Gloss shall be measuredin accordance with method 610.1 of Federal SpecificationTT-P-141.

S5. USE OF COLOR CHIPS

S5.1 Care of colors.-While the attempt has been made toobtain colors that are fairly stable, all colors will change withtime and some will tend to change more than others. Exposureto strong sunlight shall be avoided, and the colors shall be

TABLE X. Aviation surface colors.

Color Gloss Semi-gloss Lusterless

Aviation Red 11105 21105 ...Aviation Orange 12197 ... ...Aviation Yellow 13538 23538 33538Aviation White 17875 27875 37875Aviation Black 17038 27038 37038

kept covered when not in use. Care shall also be exercised thatthe chips do not become soiled. Each 3 X5 inch chip shall bekept in an envelope for protection.

S5.2 Color matching.-Conformity of color of paint orother material supplied to correspond to any of these numberedcolors shall be determined by visual comparison with thestandard color chip (3X5 inch) of the same number. Thefundamental colorimetric data (chromaticity coordinates andluminous factor) are recorded to permit the colors to be cor-related with other working standards that are also specifiedon a fundamental basis, and to make possible a reissue of thesame colors.

S5.3 Visual comparison with color chips.-In comparingvisually the color of a paint sample or other material with the3 X5 inch chip, method 423.1 of Federal Specification TT-P-141 shall be followed. Panel preparation shall be followed onlywhere applicable. For referee purposes, the panel or sampleand the chip shall be placed beside each other on a table infront of a window exposed to the north sky so that the illumi-nation centers on an angle of about 450 and the viewing is

TABLE XI. Safety colors.

Color Gloss Semi-gloss Lusterless

Red 11105 21105Orange 12246 22246 32246Yellow 13655 23655 ..Green 14260 24260 ..Blue 15102 25102 ..Magenta 17142 27142White 17875 27875 37875Black 17038 27038 37038

nearly normal to the surfaces compared. To prevent appre-ciable quantities of extraneous light from reaching the sample,nearby bright walls and ceilings shall be covered with black

TABLE XII. Cross reference.

GLOSS SEMI-GLOSS

Old595

* 100510101015

* 102010251105111012051210

* 1305131013151320

* 132513301335140514101415

* 1420* 1425

143014351440

* 1445145014551460146514701475148014851505151015151520152515301535

* 1605161016151620162516301635

* 1640164516501655166016651705

* 17101715172017251730

* 1735* 1740

1745175017551760176517701775

New595

100322 100492 10049

10076'22144

1113611105121971224613432

2 135382 13538136551361813695136131408714064140521405614036

140621411014159

14i 87

14272

1504215044

151021512315177151931616516081

2 1618714158

2 161872 16307

1637616473

2 1630716357

' 2006210080

10219103241023310371135231359413578178751717817043

2 170382 1 7038

Old595

* 2005* 20102105

* 211022052305

* 231023152320232523302405

* 241024152420

* 24252430

* 2435244024452505

* 25102515252025252605261026152620

* 262526302635

* 26402645265026552660270527102715

New595

2005920061211362220322246

2040023538235942369521670241082427224533

245252408724172

24201250422505325109251932449126132261522617326176262502623126251263292635726306

2 26555226555

278552703827144

LUSTERLESS

Old New595 595

3005 301183010 30099

*3015 301113020 301173025 302793030 303243035 302273040 1 '33617

236555

3105 301093110 302523115 311363205 322463305 335383310 334343315 334813320 302663325 302773330 3025733353340 ..3345 ...33503355 336953360 l '337173365 316683370 326483375 31670

* 3403 340863406 340793409 340923412 340873415 341283418 341023421 3410834243427 342273430 341513433 342583436 341273439

* 3442 2344493445 344913448 34533

* 3451 345243454 344243457 ...

* 3460 3455834633466 346723469 1 246643505 350443510 350423515 341583520 2362313525 351643530 351093535 352313540 34277

* 3545 343253550 2344913555 345163605 360813610 361183615 2362313620 2363063625 363573630 363733635 364403640 236306364536503655 3523736603705 337223710 377783715 378753720 378553725 370383730 37144

* Same color as TT-C-595.' Color moved to semi-gloss.2 Divided references.NOTE-The procuring agency sbould be contacted to make positive

identification in cross references; as only those colors * asterisked areidentical with the original TT-C-595.

April 1957 333

PERSONALIA

cloth, and all other lights in the room not screened from the in-spection area shall be turned off.

S6. NOTES

S6.1 Applicability.-These color standards are intendedfor use for procurement of paints or other materials only asspecified or referenced in individual material specifications,handbooks, procurement documents, or other authorizingdirectives. For color matching purposes, only fresh clean3X5 inch chips, originally manufactured within 0.5 N.B.S.units of the standard, which have not appreciably changedcolor, should be used. Matching chips other than the abovewill usually result in rejection of the material. This standardhas not been compiled with reference to color harmony,special color effects, or similar considerations and any suchuse should only be made with the assistance of qualified colorconsultants.

S6.2 Availability of color chips.-The individual 3 X5 inchchips are available from Business Service Center, Region 3,Seventh and D Streets, S.W., Washington 25, D.C. Price 5cents.

Sets consisting of one each of the 358 chips-Price $15.00.

S6.3 Dispute on color chips.-If there is doubt at any timeregarding the conformity of the color of a 3 X5 inch chip to thespecifications printed on its reverse side, the specificationsmay be determined by the methods of section S5 by a qualifiedlaboratory.

Copies may be purchased for S2.25 each from the General Services Ad-ministration Business Service Center. Region 3, Seventh and D Streets,S.W., Washington 25, D.C."

Personalia

Wallace R. Brode

Wallace R. Brode, Associate Director for Chemistry of theNational Bureau of Standards, has been chosen as the President-Elect of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Dr. Brode, the 7th government chemist and the 13th chemistto be elected to this post, will assume his duties as President in1958. Dr. Brode is known to the chemist as the man who popular-ized stereochemistry with "Molecular Models"; to the physicistas the organic chemist turned spectroscopist; to the educatoras a former professor of chemistry who counts among his Ph.D.students many of the present scientific leaders in the academic,government, and industrial world; to the government scientistas the man concerned with national scientific policy; and to theliterature scientist as a leader in publication and exchange ofscientific information. However, to readers and contributors ofthis Journal, Dr. Brode is probably best known as the man whosays "aye" or "nay" to the publication of their papers.

Dr. Brode brings to the AAAS a broad and varied career whichshould be essential to heading the largest scientific body in theUnited States. The AAAS serves as a coordinating body amongthe various branches of science, and the Optical Society of Americaas well as the American Institute of Physics are societies affiliatedwith the Association. In the election last year, Dr. George R.Harrison, Dean of Science at Massachusetts Institute of Tech-nology and former Editor of the Journal of the Optical Societyof America, was elected to the Board of Directors of the AAAS.Among the organization's objectives are improving the effective-ness of science in human welfare and increasing public under-

Vol. 47

W. R. Brode

standing of the role of science in human progress. The AAASpublishes two magazines, Science and Scientific Monthly.

Dr. Brode has enjoyed many honors in his scientific career,including a Guggenheim Fellowship, an honorary Doctor ofScience from Whitman College, and election to the NationalAcademy of Sciences. He has been a member of the Board ofDirectors of the Optical Society of America, American ChemicalSociety, the American Association for the Advancement ofScience, American Institute of Physics, Sigma Xi, and is currentlyChairman of the Science Research Society of America (RESA).

M. E. C.

Lucien M. Biberman

Lucien M. Biberman has been appointed by The Universityof Chicago to te position of Director of the Electronics Divisionof Chicago Midway Laboratories. Since 1944 Mr. Biberman hasbeen a member of the Technical Staff of the Naval OrdnanceTest Station, China Lake, California, where he was responsiblefor the design of the NOTS Aeroballistics Laboratory and for theearly SIDE WINDER seeker design. His most recent workincluded missile vulnerabilities and countermeasures studies.At Chicago Midway Laboratories Mr. Biberman will be concernedwith infrared, optical, and electronics projects.

Earl E. RichardsonEarl E. Richardson, for thirty-six years in charge of spectro-

photometry in the Research Laboratory of Eastman KodakCbmpany at Kodak Park, was retired on January 1, 1957. Mr.Richardson has been a member of the Optical Society of Americasince 1939.

Lee Cahn

Lee Cahn, formerly Chief Project Engineer for BeckmanInstruments, Inc., has announced formation of the Cahn Instru-ment Company. The new company will design, manufacture, andsell scientific instruments. Products include a revolutionary newmicrobalance considerably faster and more rugged than previoustypes and equipment for the automation of other weighingoperations in the laboratory. The company will also have adepartment for the custom design and manufacture of specialresearch instrumentation. Headquarters of the Cahn InstrumentCompany are at 7712 Danvers Street, Downey, California, withlaboratories and plant at 11408 Brookshire Avenue, Downey.

Cahn was responsible for the design of the Beckman DK-1 andDK-2 ultraviolet-near-infrared automatic recording spectro-photometers, the Beckman R2A and 1R4 infrared recordingspectrophotometers, the Beckman EASE computer, and numerous

334

E R'RA T A

other instruments and accessories. For the past year he has beenresponsible for the sale of Beckman infrared spectrophotometers.Previously, he was responsible for test equipment developmentfor North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, California, and headof the Development Department of the Askania RegulatorCompany, Chicago, manufacturers of automatic controlequipment.

The Cahn Instrument Company is incorporated in the state ofCalifornia. Its products will be distributed by scientific apparatusdealers throughout the world.

Necrology

Ralph E. DeLury

Dr. Ralph E. DeLury died on September 20, 1956. He hadbeen associated with the Dominion Observatory since 1907, andretired from the position of Acting Director in 1946. His work wasin solar physics and primarily in solar rotation, spots, and solarvariations and related phenomena of the earth and solar systems.Dr. DeLury had been a member of the Optical Society of Americasince 1920.

Technical Calendar

7-10 Pan7American Association of Ophthalmology, NewYork, New York

7-12 American Chemical Society, Miami, Florida10-12 National Nuclear Instrumentation Conference and 3rd

Southeastern Exhibit sponsored by InstrumentSociety of America, Atlanta, Georgia

22-24 National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.23-25 The Role of Solid-State Phenomena in Electric Circuits

(international symposium), Polytechnic Institute ofBrooklyn

25-27 American Physical Society, Washington, D. C.28-May 3 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers,

Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. C.29-May 1 Eighth Annual Symposium on Spectroscopy,

Chicago, Illinois

May

3-4 American Physical Society, New York Section, SpringMeeting, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York

5-9 American Ceramic Society, Dallas, Texas13-16 Semiconductor Symposium, 5th annual Electro-

chemical Society, Statler Hotel, Washington, D. C.20-24 Fifth Meeting on Mass Spectrometry sponsored by

A.S.T.M. Committee E-14, Hotel Commodore, NewYork City

23-25 Acoustical Society of America, Barbizon-Plaza Hotel,New York City

June

6-8 Conference on Nuclear Structure, University of Pitts-burgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

10-14 The Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectros-copy, Columbus, Ohio

16-21 American Society for Testing Materials, Atlantic City,New Jersey

20 American Physical Society Division of Electron Physics,Notre Dame, Indiana

24-28 American Institute of Electrical Engineers, SummerGeneral Meeting, Montreal, Quebec

July3-6 Current Problems in Crystal Physics, conference

sponsored by IUPAP and NSF, Cambridge,Massachusetts

10-19 International Union of Crystallography, 4th generalassembly and international congress (July 10-17);symposia (July 18-19), Montreal, Canada

16-25 XIXth International Conference of International Unionof Pure and Applied Chemistry, Paris, France

18-24 XVIth International Congress for Pure and AppliedChemistry, Paris, France

September

9-13 Illuminating Engineering Society, National TechnicalConference, Atlanta, Georgia

9-13 12th Annual ISA Instrument-Automation Conferenceand Exhibit, Cleveland, Ohio

11-13 Fourth Ottawa Symposium of the Canadian Associa-tion for Applied Spectroscopy, Victoria Museum,Ottawa, Canada

18-20 Symposium on the Formation and Stabilization ofFree Radicals, National Bureau of Standards,Washington, D. C.

October

7-11 American Institute of Electrical Engineers, FallGeneral Meeting, Chicago, Illinois

17-19 Optical Society of America, Columbus, Ohio

April 1957