TECHNICAL NOTES

We wvish to thank H. W. Milner of Carnegie Institute fortranslating Davydov's article and Dr. E. A. Jones for helpfuladvice.

* This investigation wvas supported by a USPHS research grant and inpart by an NSF grant.

t Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at VanderbiltUniversity.

I T. S. Robinson and W. C. Price, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) B66, 969(1953).

2 P. Latimer and E. Rabinowvitch, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 84, 428(1959). See also P. Latimer, Plant Physiol. 34, 193 (1959).

3 W. Menke and G. Menke, Z. Naturforsch. lob, 416 (1955).4 A. Pfliger, Ann. Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge 65, 225 (1898).6 B. Sdderborg, Ann. Physik, Vierte Folge 41, 381 (1913).' J. W. Weigl, J. Chem. Phys. 24, 577 (1956).'J. H. Jaffe, H. Goldring, and U. Oppenheim, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 1199

(1959).8A. S. Davydov, Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz. 5, 523 (1953).

(English translation, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., available TranslationCenter, John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois.)

R. W. Ditchburn, Light (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York,1953). p. 459.

"'J. R. Partington, An Advanced Treatise ot Physical Chemnistry (Long-mans Green and Company, London), Vol. 4, p. 522.

Book Reviews

Radiation Pyrometry and Its Underlying Principlesof Radiant Heat Transfer

THOMIAS R. HARRISON. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,1960. Pp. 234+XII. Price $12.00.

Radiation pyrometry is the science of inferring the thermo-dynamic temperature of a solid body by measurements on the.radiation emitted by that body. One of the principal means usedto measure the radiation, particularly in automatic control, is thethermopile radiation pyrometer. The present book is a treatise onthe theory and application of the dc thermopile radiationpyrometer.

The book is well written, highly competent, and written by anauthority in the field. It is highly recommended to those whowish to make the most effective use of dc thermopile radiationpyrometers. The author is associated with the Brown InstrumentCompany, and this fact is rather glaringly apparent in a fewplaces in the book, but only a few. The author is clearly notinterested in other kinds of radiation pyrometers, and dismissesthem in a few paragraphs.

The sections on the use of the pyrometer are very detailed anddown to earth. Some of the topics discussed, for example, are theeffect of an extra window in the optical path, and the effect of thewavelength discrimination of the lenses employed. There aretables of the emissivities of many materials: metals, metal oxides,and miscellaneous materials. There are eight pages of tablesgiving the actual calibration data (temperature versus millivolts)for four different kinds of Brown radiation pyrometers withvarious kinds of lenses, and many other tables, including 27pages of tables on the radiation from blackbodies.

The first 60-odd pages are concerned with the principles ofradiometry. The author says of these chapters that although they"were compiled particularly from the standpoint of the applica-tion of these principles to pyrometry, they should be of interestto many workers and students who are concerned with the generalsubject of radiant heat transfer. . .. "

This reviewer has been exposed to the radiometric problemsinvolved in the military and meteorological uses of infraredradiation. From this point of view the principles of radiometry,as developed in the first 60 pages, appear rather specialized.The evelopment makes substantial use of only two radiometricconcepts: the l)over IV radliated into a hemisphere y unit areaof a filt. surface, and the Dlerivativt of this (uantity with respectto wavelength : V,. Two pages are given to a iscussion of thefact that actual surfaces are not actually Lambertian, but fromthere on, the discussion assumes the Lambertian property. It is

Vol. 51

supposed that the surface fills the field of view of the pyrometer,and that the surface is uniform within the field of view. The con-cept of radiance, and the concept of the radiant intensity of anentire source, are mentioned but not used. In the military andmeteorological applications of infrared radiometry, one of themost difficult parts of the subject is the calculation of the effect ofthe absorption, scattering, and emission of the atmosphere thatintervenes between the source and the receiver; these problemsare not discussed. Thus, the theory of radiometry as developedin this book, although quite sufficient for the intended purpose,is not likely to be appropriate for many of the applications ofradiometry.

R. CLARK JONESPolaroid CorporationCantbridge, Massackusetts

Tables Related to Radiation Emerging from aPlanetary Atmosphere with Rayleigh ScatteringKINSELL L. COULSON, JITENDRA V. DAVE, AND ZDENEKSEKERA. University of California Press, Berkeley and LosAngeles, 1960. Pp. 548. Price $12.50.

Although we see nearly everything by means of diffused andscattered light, most textbooks of physics treat the subject ofscattering only qualitatively. Some discuss it so briefly that. thereader gets the impression that the blue of the sky and its rednessat sunset are the only apparent effects of scattering; others givea deeper physical insight into the phenomenon; but only a fewgo far enough into the quantitative aspects of the problem toenable one to calculate the intensity and polarization of thescattered light. As one textbook states, "The mathematical theoryof the whole process is complicated and will be omitted here."

In the development of the mathematical theory of scatteringthe names of Rayleigh, Stokes, Mie, and Chandrasekhar, amongothers, are prominent. From their work have been drawn theformulas with which the numerical properties of scattered lightmay be calculated. These are now set forth, in the Preface to thebook under review, in terms of Stokes parameters, which arefunctions of the altitude and azimuth of the sun with respectto an atmospheric layer, and of its optical depth. The laborand tedium of evaluating these formulas are now obviatedwith the tables that make up the body of the book. Thesetables, the product of electronic computers, give values ofthe intensity, polarization, and orientation of the plane ofpolarization, for radiation "emerging in different directions fromthe top and bottom of the atmosphere" for a wide range of valuesof the arguments of optical depth, zenith distances of the sunand of the diffuse radiation, azimuth of this radiation from thesun's vertical circle, and reflectivity of the ground. Additionaltables give values of Stokes parameters, for the same arguments,"for their possible use in further theoretical computations."

These tables, with more than 142 000 entries, should find ex-tensive application in problems involving the transfer of radiationin a planetary atmosphere illuminated by sunlight.

C. C. KIESSGeorgetown College ObservatoryWashington, D. C.

Technical Notes

The Fifth International Congress onHigh-Speed Photography

The Fi ftl Internatiomal Conlgress on High-Speed Photographywas held October 16-22 at the Sheraton Park H-otel in Washing-ton, D. C., under the sponsorship of the Society of MotionPicture and Television Engineers. At the Equipment Exhibit

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PERSONAL IA

accompanying the Congress there were demonstrated specialcameras for the Mercury Manned Space Capsule. Pulse-operatedfor sequence time-lapse pictures, these cameras will record boththe instrument panel of the capsule and the actions of the pilothimself.

Society of Photographic Scientists and EngineersOn October 14 and 15, at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington,

D. C., the Society of Photographic Scientists and Engineers con-ducted a Rapid Processing Symposium in cooperation with theFifth International Congress on High-Speed Photography. In-formation was exchanged on compact, simplified photoprocessingequipment with short process time.

The 1961 Annual Conference of the SPSE will be held in theArlington Hotel in Binghamton, New York, May 22 to 26.

Soviet Physics-UspekhiThe American Institute of Physics recently reported that

Soviet Physics-Uspekhi, its English language version of theU.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences' Uspeklii Fizickeskikhl Nauk, has wonwide support from physicists everywhere during its first year ofpublication. This periodical is comparable in scope and treatmentto Reviews of Modern Physics. The range of content includesElectronics, Optics, Atomic Energy, Polymers, and Metallurgy.Titles of papers related to optics in Vol. 1 include Raman spectraand Structure of Certain Inorganic Types of Glass, High-IntensityPulsed Light Sources, and Research on Controlled ThermonuclearReactions in the U.S.S.R. Subscriptions or inquiries about thisSoviet counterpart to Reviews of Modern Physics should be sentto Edward P. Tober, Manager, Production and Distribution,American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45th Street, New York 17,New York.

Fifth European Congress on MolecularSpectroscopy

The Fifth European Congress on Molecular Spectroscopy willbe held May 29-June 3, 1961 in Amsterdam, Netherlands, underthe sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry, the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society, and theNetherlands Physical Society. E. Bright Wilson, Harvard Uni-versity, will speak on vibrational-rotational spectra, and H.Hartmann, Universitat Frankfurt am Main will speak on elec-tronic spectra. The remainder of the meeting will be dividedinto three sections: one on infrared and Raman spectra, a secondon ultraviolet spectra, and a third on microwaves and nuclear-and paramagnetic resonance. The secretary of the Congress isDr. D. H. Zijp, Nieuwe Achtergracht 123, Amsterdam-C., TheNetherlands.

Plasma Jet Temperature StudyDR. W. J. PEARCE. General Electric Company, for Wright Air

Development Division, U. S. Air Force, February, 1960. Pp. 111.(Order PB 161735 from OTS, U. S. Department of Commerce,Washington 25, D. C., $2.50.) To obtain reliable values of thetemperature and enthalpy of high-temperature plasma jets,spectral methods for measuring plasma temperatures rangingfrom 5000 to 15 0000 K were compared on theoretical and experi-mental grounds. Tables of values of the required constants werecompiled, and examples of various modifications of the methodare expressed. The technique and constants selected are thosewhich permit determination of radial distribution of temperaturewith the least difficulty.

Development of High Altitude WaveguidesH. ZUCKER et al. Armour Research Foundation of Illinois In-

stitute of Technology, for Wright Air Development Division,

U. S. Air Force,-February, 1960. Pp. 115. (Order PB 161725 fromOTS, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.,$2.50.) Three methods have been investigated to develop C-, X-,and Kit-band rectangular waveguide components capable of op-erating at high power levels at temperatures from -65 0 C to250'C and at altitudes up to 80 000 ft without the use of auxiliarypressurization equipment. Dielectric windows using glass-rein-forced Teflon laminates were selected for the final waveguidecomponents because of their compact nature. Design techniquesfor broadband dielectric tapers (continuous and stepped) and fordielectric windows showed a good correlation with predictedperformance. The inherent higher attenuation of dielectric filledwaveguides prevented their use in high altitudes.

Investigation of Windshield Rain RemovalMethods for Re-Entry-Type Vehicles

H. R. MELINE AND D. H. ANDERSON. Research, Incorporated,for Wright Air Development Division, U. S. Air Force, February1960. Pp. 206. (Order PB 161722 from OTS, U. S. Department ofCommerce, Washington 25, D. C., $3.50.) Among the many po-tential problems associated with the re-entry of manned spacevehicles is good visibility through the windshield in rain. Thisreport contains the results of a study including wind tunnel testsof rain removal systems which may be applicable to hypersonicboost-glide vehicles or manned satellites using aerodynamic liftfor re-entry speed reduction and landing. Systems were evaluatedunder simulated rain conditions on the basis of visibility improve-ment, weight and space penalty, complexity, and reliability.Results indicated that several of the methods tested could providesatisfactory service under actual re-entry conditions, but themost desirable systems do have certain inherent limitations anddisadvantages.

Personalia

S. S. Stevens

On September 4, 1960 Professor S. S. Stevens of HarvardUniversity received the Distinguished Scientific ContributionAward from the American Psychological Association. The awardconsists of a scroll and a check for $1000. Stevens was cited forhis work on the "new psychophysics" in which sensations suchas loudness and brightness have been shown to grow as powerfunctions of stimulus magnitude.

Dr. Swann to Receive E. I. Cresson MedalThe Franklin Institute will honor its own world-famous phys-

icist, Dr. W. F. G. Swann of Swarthmore, at its annual MedalDay, October 19.

Director Emeritus of the Bartol Research Foundation, Dr.Swann will receive an Elliott Cresson Medal for his research inthe field of cosmic radiation, Wynn Laurence LePage, InstitutePresident, announced today.

Dr. Swann is being recognized also for his "many investigationsin numerous areas of physical science and unrelated subjects thathave broadened and deepened an understanding and a meaningof the universe and life therein. ... "

Author of numerous papers, Dr. Swann has a rare ability toexplain in layman's language a wide variety of subjects. Theserange from such topics as "Acceleration of Particles to CosmicRay Energies by Electromagnetic Induction" to a discussion of"Nature andI the Mind of Man."

The witty 76-year-old scientist is almost as well known amongmusicians as among physicists. A violincellist, he studied under

119January 1961

120 TECHNICAL CALENDAR

Diran Alexanian, a collaborator of Pablo Casals. A former memberof the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia Academy of Music,Dr. Swann founded the Swarthmore (Pennsylvania) SymphonyOrchestra. He is an honorary Fellov of Trinity College of Music,London.

Dr. Swann is the author of about 250 papers. One of his earlierpapers, "A Mechanism of Acquirement of Cosmic Ray Energiesby Electrons," published in 1933, still is instigating research byother scientists, as well as by Dr. Swann. In a more recent paper(1957) Dr. Swann has concluded that the tremendous energies ofthe charged particles of cosmic radiation may cme from thechanging magnitude of the stars' magnetic fields or by the mutualannihilation of galactic magnetic fields in space.

Dr. Swann has contributed many papers to scientific journalssuch as the Philosophical Magazine, The Physical Review, thePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, among others,and has written for the Encyclopedia Britannica. He is the authorof two books, The A rchitecture of the Universe and Physics,and co-author of The Story of Huionan Error.

Among the many Learned Societies to which Dr. Swannbelongs are the Physical Society of London, Life Fellow; theAmerican Physical Society, Fellow, and past President, 1931-33;the American Philosophical Society, Councillor, 1939-42, Sec-retary, 1939-46; the British and the American Associations forthe Advancement of Science, the American Geophysical Union,and the Optical Society of America. He is an Elector of the Hallof Fame of New York University.

Gilbert W. King

Dr. Gilbert W. King wvas recently appointed Associate IBMDirector of Research for Systems and Engineering. In his newposition he is responsible for the research programs in experi-mental machines and experimental systems, in addition to theprograms in the engineering sciences.

After receiving his Ph.D. in chemistry from the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology in 1935, Dr. King was a National Re-search Fellow at the California Institute of Technology, Harvard,and Princeton; an instructor at Yale; and a Research Associateat M.I.T. During the war he served as Operations Analyst withthe Office of Scientific Research and Development and receivedthe Army-Navy Certificate of Appreciation.

Dr. King is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts andSciences, the Operations Research Society of America, the NewYork Academy of Sciences, and the American Physical Society.He holds memberships in the American Chemical Society, theAssociation for Computing Machinery, the Society for Industrialand Applied Mathematics, the Optical Society of America, andthe Netherlands Physical Society.

Dr. King joined IBM Research in January, 1958 as a consultantto the Director of Research. He was later appointed manager ofthe Lexical Processing Research department, directing all pro-grams in automatic language translation and information re-trieval. His previous industrial affiliations were with Arthur D.Little, Inc., and with International Telemeter Corporation.

Rudolph Kingslake

Dr. Rudolph Kingslake, former President of our Society, hasedited and completed from Professor A. E. Conrady's posthumousnotes Volume II of Applied Optics and Optical Design, by A. E.Conrady. This important volume, not previously available, cannov be obtained from Dover Publications, Inc., 180 Varick Street,New York 14, New York, Some of the topics covered are optical

path difference, the matching principle, design of microscope o)-jectives, analytical solutions for simple systems with remote stop,symmetrical and unsymmetrical photographic objectives, and

Vol. 51

primary aberrations of oblique pencils. Dr. Kingslake is presentlyDirector of Optical Design, Eastman Kodak Company.

Necrology

Dr. Brooks A. Brice, USDA Scientist,Dies Suddenly

Dr. Brooks A. Brice, a physicist with the U. S. Department ofAgriculture for 30 years, died suddenly September 21 inPhiladelphia.

The 56-year-old scientist was best known for his developmentsand inventions in the field of color and spectrophotometry. Hisphotoelectric light-scattering photometer for determining sizesand molecular weights of large molecules is now in use throughoutthe world in industrial, university, and medical research. He alsodeveloped a differential refractometer widely used in scientificstudies. The official United States color standards for resin, formaple syrup, and for honey were developed by Dr. Brice. Spec-troscopic methods that he worked out for the analysis of fats andoils have been widely used in commercial clorimeters andphotometers.

Dr. Brice headed the Animal Fat Properties Laboratory at theUSDA's Eastern Utilization Research and Development Divisionin Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia). He had beenwith the Division since its establishment in 1939. Prior to that,he had since 1930 been an associate physicist with the Food andDrug Administration, then a part of the U. S. Department ofAgriculture.

A graduate of Colorado College, Dr. Brice received his M.A.degree in physics from Dartmouth College and his Ph.D. degree,also in physics, from New York University. He was a member ofPhi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.

In 1948, Dr. Brice was a member of a team receiving the U. S.Department of Agriculture's Superior Service Award for con-tributions to the Government's wartime synthetic rubber pro-gram. Among Dr. Brice's many scientific affiliations were member-ship in the American Physical Society, the Optical Society ofAmerica, the American Institute of Physics, the Society forApplied Spectroscopy, the Inter-Society Council, and the FranklinInstitute.

Technical Calendar

February, 19611-4 American Physical Society, Hotel New Yorker, New

York1-4 American Association of Physics Teachers, Hotel New

Yorker, New York

2A'Iarch2-4 Optical Society of Aerica, Pick-Roosevelt Hotel,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania20-22 American Physical Society, Monterey, California21-30 Anerican Chemical Society, St. Louis, Missouri

A pril18-20 Chemical Reactions in the Lower and Upper Atmos-

phere Symposium, San Francisco, California

TECHNICAL CALENDAR

24-27 American Physical Society, Sheraton-Park Hotel,Washington, D. C.

May11-13 Acoustical Society of America, Bellevue-Stratford

Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania22-26 Annual Conference of Photographic Scientists and

Engineers, Arlington Hotel, Binghamton, New York29-3 Fifth European Congress on Molecular Spectroscopy,

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

June22-24 American Physical Society, University of Mexico,

Mexico City, Mexico22-24 American Association of Physics Teachers, Palo Alto,

California

July10-14 Optical Institute and Techniques Conference, arranged

by British National Commission for Physics underthe auspices of the International Commission forOptics, London

August15-24 International Astronomical Union, Berkeley, California

October18-20 Optical Society of A erica, Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles,

California

November9-11 Acoustical Society of America, Cincinnati and Dayton,

Ohio24-25 American Physical Society, Chicago, Illinois

January 1961 121