Table of Contents

About the Author........................................................................................................................................2

Main theme of the book..............................................................................................................................3

SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................................4

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BOOK.....................................................................................................................24

Conclusion:................................................................................................................................................25

1

About the AuthorMian Ata Rabbani born in 1919 at Jalandhar, was an officer of Pakistan Air Force, who served as

the Aide-de-camp (ADC) to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first Governor General and the founder

of Pakistan. Ata is the father of Raza Rabbani, a senator of Pakistan People’s Party. During the

1965 Indo Pak war, Rabbani was the commander of the Kohat Airbase, a non-operational air

while going into provincial election in 1946 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of All-India

Muslim League asked for donations. Rabbani who supported the party collected about 27,500

Rupees and handed over to Jinnah when he was at Calcutta to address an election rally at

Calcutta's Miadan. Jinnah while giving him the receipt advised "Don't do it again. You know you

could be court martialed for it and even dismissed from the air force; and I want you to stay on in

the air force." The same year Rabbani was posted to the Indian Air Training Corps, Alig Once

the creation of Pakistan was announced, Rabbani opted to join Pakistan Air Force in 1947. He

was selected as ADC to the first Governor General and founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali

Jinnah. He joined his assignment on 7 August 1947 when he accompanied Jinnah on his journey

from New Delhi to Karachi. Rabbani continued as a personal staff of Jinnah after the

independence of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, till he was relieved by Jinnah on the request of the

then Commander in Chief of Pakistan Air Force Allan Perry-Keene and proceeded to the Flying

Training School at Risalpur as a Flying Instructor in 1948.In 1950 he was transferred to Lahore

as President PAF Selection Board and when the board was merged with Inter Services Selection

Board, he acted as Deputy President. He was given the command of PAF Base Lahore in 1953.

He was appointed Deputy Martial Law Administrator of Lahore in the 1958 military coup. He

died at the age of 90 in June 2012 at Karachi and is buried at Army graveyard in Karachi. He

was also writer of the following books I Was the Quaid's Aide-De-Camp, My ears in Blue

Uniform (1941-1966), Jinnah: A Political Saint. Jinnah: Through My Eyes and witness to

Political History of Pakistan.

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Main theme of the bookMr Jinnah was an extra ordinary statesman and unique in his political sagacity. He was political

saint to the muslim of the subcontinent. However he was not infallible and made three mistakes

as governor general of Pakistan which has far reaching consequences the book describes the

quagmire of political history of Pakistan with particular reference to democracy its first PM was

assassinated and another one hanged ,political coups, counter coups, musical chair and finally

military coups. American convulsions in there attitude towards Pakistan and their growing

closeness to India. The situation on the ground level at present is dismal but there is no cause for

despair , Pakistan has withstood such storm earlier and this will also blow over. The panacea for

all the ills of Pakistan is still to be find .And when we find the solution of this problem the sun

shall rise again INSHALLAH

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SUMMARY

Mr. Jinnah a Political Saint

Making mistakes is not an uncommon phenomenon. Only prophets do not make mistakes

because they are being guided by Divine wisdom. An overview of history tells that almost all top

leaders of the world made mistakes and as a result their political and social standings and their

countries suffered. World leaders like napoleon, Hitler, Stalin Gorbachev, Churchill, Anthony

Eden, Nixon and Clinton all made mistakes. By the same token, Mr. M.A. Jinnah was not

infallible, after all he was a human being. He was no wali or saint in terms of religious

terminology but he was certainly a political saint for Muslims of subcontinent. As political saint

he turned muslim minority of Indian subcontinent in to a nation and emancipated them from the

evil excess of anglo-hindu tyranny and domination by guiding and leading them to the eventual

goal of Pakistan a safe heaven for them and established the largest Muslim state the services of

Mr. Jinnah as political saint are no less momentous of the Muslims of south Asia as those of the

spiritual walis and saints to Islam. The clerics and orthodox may not agree with me but in the

present day and age, facts of history cannot be ignored. Mr. Jinnah was a known name the world

over even early in the twentieth century. He was respected as steadfast, resolute and an

impeccable leader with a highest integrity. He was considered as one of the top most legal brain

south Asia. Even those in the political opposite camp praised his qualities of head and brain.

Mr. Jinnah forcefully advocated the need of Hindu Muslim unity and passionately

expounded the cause of Indian freedom in and outside the Indian legislative council. He raised

his voice against every system the discriminated between human beings and against every

institution violating the dignity of man. Author revered Mr. Jinnah when he was a student at

Muslim University Aligarh. He exalted him in his days of air force and venerates him now when

he is no more with us. Author holds that as politician and a statesman he seldom faulted in his

political decision making. Having said that with all the unshakable faith and trust of author in

Mr. Jinnah’s judgment he now with hindsight feel that there were a few decision or lack of

actions on his part as Governor general where perhaps he faltered. One may turn these as

mistakes but reference to any such mistake his hypothetical as these are conditioned by so many

4

ifs and buts. Based on the limited knowledge of the affairs of the state but taking cognizance of

ground realities than prevailing. I felt at odds with at least three of Mr. Jinnah’s mistakes as

Governor General.

First Mistake

The first mistake committed by Mr. Jinnah in public life was on 15th august 1947 when as

governor general he appointed an unelected bureaucrat Malik Ghulam Muhammad as federal

minister of finance. Later he nominated Ch. Sir Muhammad Zafarullah another unelected person

as foreign minister. These two nominations were against parliamentary practice and even

contrary to the democratic principle of Mr. Jinnah himself. It is possible that he may have the

plan to use the talent available outside the legislature for the good of the country as he effectively

used counterfeit coins in his pocket during the days of the struggle of the forties. These two cases

when viewed on the touch stone of success gave two different results whereas the first

experiment badly flopped and with disastrous consequences, the second was a resounding

success. However the fact remains that it was wrong of the Governor General to appoint

unelected persons to the legislature. These in direct and lateral inductions by the Governor

General gave birth to the ambitions of the bureaucratic mafia that polluted the politics of the

country and have continued to dominate weak kneed politician all along, influencing the

electoral process and destabilizing successive democratically elected governments.

Second Mistake

Late in October 1947 when the tribals were on the outskirts of Srinagar airfield,

ransacking the areas around and busy collecting ransom, the Governor General ordered Lt.

General Douglas Gracey then in temporary command of Pakistan army to dispatch one brigade

to Kashmir to coordinate and direct the thrust of the lashkars to capture the airfield that lay at

their feet. Lt. General Gracey ignored the legitimate orders of the Governor General and instead

contacted field marshal Sir Claude in New Delhi to inform him of the Governor General

intentions. Disobedience of orders is very serious offense in the military, requiring stem

disciplinary action. At this point in time the Governor General slipped and agreed to meet field

marshal Auchinleck for a dialogue. Time and situation demanded immediate removal of Lt.

General Gracey from command and replacing him with a Pakistani officer with instructions of

5

proceed forthwith with his orders as already issued for the dispatch of troops to guide the

lashkars hovering on the fringes of Srinagar airfield. History is silent on the constraints and

compulsions that restrained a strict disciplinarian and firm person like Mr. Jinnah from taking

action against defaulting Lt. General Gracey and later surprisingly promoting him to the rank of

General and confirming his appointment as commander in chief of Pakistan army. This is a

mystery and will remain a mystery because the Governor General in his wisdom on this score

confided in no one.

Third Mistake

The question of selecting a national language f Pakistan was amongst the many ticklish

problems confronting the new state. Urdu being the language of the majority of muslims of the

subcontinent before independence, was generally considered as the likely choice but the patrician

of India changed the composition of the population in the new country and created a perplexing

situation. Now there were two wings of the country located twelve hundred miles apart with the

balance of population 54:56 in favor of one wing and with two distinct languages spoken in each

wing of the country. Accordingly the ground situation was that one language was spoken and

understood in one wing with the unfamiliarity of it in the other. Governor General on his visit to

East Pakistan in March 1948 without taking the east wing leaders into confidence declared Urdu

the language of just two percent of the population as the national language of Pakistan at a public

meeting in Paltan Maidan, Dacca. Bengalis perceived this move as suppression of their language

and culture and considered it and rightly so, as a denial of their rights, whereas being in majority

they claimed quite logically that Bengali should have declared as the Linga Franca of Pakistan.

They revolted in the meeting and later there were clashes where three students were killed.

Incidentally it was the first time that they publically raised voices against the decision of Quaid e

Azam.

Emergence of Pakistan

14th August 1947

It was now 14 august 1947 the day was Friday and the lunar date was 27 th the most

sacrament day of the Hoy month of Ramadan, Unbounded enthusiasm of people it was perfect

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setting for the advent of Pakistan the largest Muslim and the fifth largest state in the world. The

time had come of fulfillment of the hopes and aspiration of the Muslim of subcontinent and they

were now anxiously awaiting for the rising of the sun of 14 th august 1947, the day of their

freedom from Anglo Indian axis. The day dawned with fervor and hectic activity. The city of

Karachi was all decked up and ready to see the dawn of freedom, for which Muslims of the

subcontinent had struggled and sacrificed for the last two hundred years. The enthusiastic crowds

delirious with joy thronged the streets of the city they were jubilant, happy and shouting slogans

PAKISTAN ZINDABAD AND QUAID E AZAM ZINDABAD. The main attractions of the

days was to be the state drive culminating in the Proclamation of independence and hoisting of

Pakistan flag atop the national assembly building.

The date fixed by the British government for the independence of the subcontinent and

creation of the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan was midnight 14-15 august

1947 call it a coincidence or special grace of GOD ALMIGHTY that the day happened to be

Friday Jumah-tu-Vidah the holiest of the days of the holy month of Ramazan and to top it all it

was also the 27th of Ramazan Laila-tu- Qadar a rare combination of God’s blessing. On the

stroke of 9 on the morning of 15th august Quaid e Azam looking as handsome as ever in a white

shirwani and gray Jinnah cap appeared on the scene. The secretary general of the cabinet read

out the king’s proclamation and Mr. Justice Mian Abdul Rashid who later became the first chief

justice of Pakistan administered the oath of office to Mr. Jinnah. 31 guns boomed Quaid e Azam

Muhammad Ali Jinnah assumed the office of Governor General of Pakistan.

Quaid e Azam and Nine/Eleven

Pakistan and USA by coincidence now have something in common it is the date of the

century, nine/ eleven. On this date in 1948 Pakistan lost its founding father and then 53 years

later in 2001 USA, the twin towers in the New York were blown up. The similarity ends here.

Pakistan since 1948 mourns its loss with dignity in a noble and sober manner, whereas the USA

has gone berserk in pursuit of Bin Laden, Taliban and al Qaida. September 11 1948 was a bleak

day for Pakistan when only after 13 months of its coming into being as an independent sate the

advice wisdom and guidance of its creator was lost to it. It was a pity that Quaid e Azam did not

live long enough to put Pakistan on a sound path towards democracy and to give the country its

constitution. Another tragedy stuck Pakistan soon after when its first prime minister was struck

7

down in broad day light at a public meeting in Rawalpindi. Thus deprived of it two top leaders in

quick succession plunged the country in to political chaos and Pakistan has to wait till 1973 for a

viable and unanimously acceptable constitution.

Reception at Muripur airfield left much to be desire and Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali

Jinnah Governor General of Pakistan arrived uncared, unsung and neglected. It is not known,

even if the pilot escort was there to lead in on his last arrival. Only an ambulance carried the

stretcher of the ailing governor almost on his death bed. There was no breakdown ambulance and

no second car. According to Miss Jinnah’s book MY BROTHER the ambulance carrying the

father of the nation ran short of fuel and the dying Man of destiny lay helplessly on the road side

for over an hour with flies buzzing over him and a desperate sister struggling to wave them away

and waiting in anguish for help. This was callous, criminal negligence and height of

incompetence that cannot be pardoned. It was blatant deliberate disregard of all norms of

protocol and the Governor General House arrangements with regard to Governor General’s

movements. The military secretary should have been impeached for not providing for a

breakdown ambulance. It was a pity that no heads were rolled and the matter drowned in the

sorrows of the nation loss. Now we have the audacity of making it just a ritual of paying

hypocritical lip-service on his death anniversaries and birthdays.

After the Quaid e Azam

The elimination of the first prime minister of Pakistan by a hired assassin is nothing new,

they are several instances in Islamic history where leading lights of Islam were removed from the

scene by people from within. Three out of four Khulfa Rashideen were martyred. Similarly

renowned generals like Muhammad Bin Qasim, Tariq Bin Ziad, Tashbeeh Bin Muslim and Musa

Bin Naseer fell to the intrigues from within.

Another possibility current at that time pointed its finger towards the CIA. A

retrospective survey of interests shown by the USA in gaining influence in Pakistan from its very

inception and its subsequent moves in this direction make it look a plausible possibility. It may b

recalled that soon after independence the USA invited the prime minister of Pakistan to visit

Washington fully knowing that the USSR had already extended such an invitation which he had

already accepted. Nawab Zada Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister elected to visit Washington

8

in preference to Moscow. USSR got alienated with Pakistan at this politico diplomatic rebuff and

threw in its weight behind India. The USA won the first round. Liaquat Ali Khan was taken in

with the USA after his visit to Washington and was well inclined towards them but he was

cautious and did not want to rush through with the friendship bonds.

American on the other hands were desperate to establish some kind of military bulwark

against any communist intrusion in south East Asia and middle east and were keen for Pakistan

to fall in line with them quickly because without Pakistan active participation any such setup

would not be effective. They felt that Liaquat Ali khan was moving too slowly for their purpose

and wanted someone who could hasten Pakistan’s willingness to be an active partner in their

scheme of things and decided to replace him. Liaquat Ali Khan was politically well entrenched

to be toppled so the CIA decided to physically get rid of him. Once the utility of a “best friend”

is over the CIA has no love lost for him. He is unceremoniously allowed to pass away and if

necessary he is ruthlessly eliminated. This is their MODUS OPERANDI.

There are number of such instances in the history of US/Pak relationship. President field

Marshall Ayub khan diligently served American interests in the region for over a decade, he was

their man, but when had served his “term” and lost his utility the American did not bat an eyelid

when he was being hounded by popular public pressure. “Past always reflects the future”.

Learning from past experience of Pak-American relations in the context of this adage it becomes

evident that a super power like the USA dose not and will not permanently incur any liability of

weaker nations as “MOST ALLIED ALLY” nor will they continue to entertain any individual as

“best friend”. These are merry clichés and their acceptance depends on the need and utility to the

Americans. ISRAEL IS AN EXCEPTION. This fundamental must be understood when ever

viewing Pak-American relations. As a basic strategy when dealing with the country or with the

individual, USA does not bet on one horse alone but always keep a number of probables as back

up and thus have many options open to them to pick the right person for the job at the right time.

Ayub Era

October 1953- March 1969

The civil and military bureaucratic combine could not deliver and the Americans decide

to end the five years rule of President Iskander Mirza and play their first choice card of general

9

Ayub to stabilize the situation for their own ends. At midnight on 27 th October, 1958, general

Ayub deputed three generals namely W.A. Burki, Azam Khan and Khalid Sheikh to inform

Iskander Mirza of General Ayub’s decision and instructed him to quit. The next day he was

flown out of the country to be exiled from Quetta Airbase. Thus the drama that started in April

1953 with the initiation of Ayub Khan as Defense Minister in uniform came to its logical

conclusion with General Ayub Khan in the Presidential Chair. General Ayub Khan proclaimed

Martial Law in October 1958 and imposed a ban on political parties and arrested a large number

of political leaders he disqualified and debarred many of them from taking part in political under

the elected bodies’ disqualification order, better known EBDO.

Ayub Khan was shrewd enough to see through the game of bureaucracy in connivance

with the feudals so he decided to cut the bureaucrats down to size and make them junior partner

in the game of power. E dismissed over two thousands federal and provincial level bureaucrats,

ostensibly for corruption and carrying foul reputations but actually to blunts fangs and create a

measure of insecurity in terms of their careers. Colonially nurtured and trained bureaucrats could

not withstand the pressure and knowing well exactly where their breed was buttered readily fell

in line with military regime as envisaged by General Ayub Khan. Ayub Khan had long

uninterrupted run of power for over a decade. During this period many significant developments,

some good, some not so good and some disastrous having far reaching consequences took place.

Ayub Khan’s biggest asset was his towering personality and easy way of conversing that

won him many friends the world over. He could be credited for laying the foundations and

development of industry in the country and agricultural sector also made marked improvements.

The friendship with china was initiated and nurtured during this period though the architect of

this Rawalpindi-Beijing relationship was someone else in his cabinet but credit or discredit is

always attributed to the person the top. Ayub Khan had a good working relationship with Pandit

Nehru who released Sheikh Abdullah in 1964 from jail and sent him to Rawalpindi presumably

to talk to Ayub about Kashmir but unfortunately the move was still born with death of Pandit

Nehru while Sheikh Abdullah was still in Pakistan.

On the negative side there are many misadventures that Ayub khan had to account for. It

will be enough to site only two of these at this stage. Firstly, the derailment of democracy and

destruction of all the established institutions allied to it. His assumption of power through a

10

military coup opened the flood gates of military intervention and showed them the way for the

naked use power. Secondly, his blunder in misreading the East Pakistan mind. It was his casual

attitude indifference to and disregard of the genuine and legitimate rights of the East Pakistanis

that sowed the seeds of discontent and made them anti to everything based in West Pakistan. His

advice to east Pakistani statesmen “to secede” and the statement that “the battle for east Pakistan

was to be fought in West Pakistan” gave vent to his inner thinking about East Pakistan. It

alienated them and made them feel insecure in Pakistan with disastrous results later.

Democracy and Pakistan

Humans are social animals and to live in tranquility and in a preserved way a number of

socio economic and political systems are devised. Democracy is one of these systems wherein

maximum participation of the people is ensured. There is no shortcut to democracy. Democracy

is long process and experiment has to be repeated over and over again to reach the people make

them conscious to elect the right type of legislatures. It involves time and requires patience and

every nation has to go through these pangs for the sake of achieving democracy but once the

message is registered with the electorate the system atomically is cleansed of the dishonest and

selfish legislatures. Traditions are then set and no one dares to cross the limits.

The fact of matter is that governments in west countries are won and controlled through

“power” be it the power derived through the barrel of the gun or the street power. Pakistan has

gone through both these phases. It was brought into existence by Mr. Jinnah by street power

when Muslims of subcontinent in 1945-1946 general elections overwhelmingly voted for a

separate homeland and later general Ayub khan through the power of the gun and then

dominated the scene for almost 11 years. Since then this tussle between “street power” and the

“gun power” alternating dominated the political scene in the country. So for the periods of their

paramountcy, 33 years military- 26years civilian, the difference being that whereas military

rulers have had long spells of a decade or over each of unshackled power and authority, none of

the political incumbents have had more two to three years as chief executive in office and that

too with sword of Damocles hanging over their heads. Besides these two systems- power through

the gun and street power dominating the political in the country there is this third element of civil

bureaucracy that has had in the past and even now continue to play an active role from behind

the scenes in the political scene.

11

Democracy and Islam

There was already enough confusion regarding democracy vis-a viz Pakistan and to add

further to this political quagmire a few voices proclaim that Islam and democracy do not go

together. These people are ignorant of Islam and its teachings as nowhere Islam comments

monarchy, dictatorship or rule by autocrats. In fact Islam and democracy are akin as both

advocate justice, fair play, equality, integrity and protection of the dignity, life and property of

the individuals. There are several references in the holy Quran, to “AL-Nas” the people, and

there is repeated stress on “Hakook al Abad” the rights of the people.

At the outset is should be clearly understood that a “Muslim State” and Islam symbolized

here as “Islamic republic” is not the same. These are two different conceptions. Islamic republic

stretches over the period of the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the times of Four Caliphs

only. With the battle of Jamal and the civil war and that ensued, Muawiya, a provincial governor

revolted and declared himself as caliph and that ended Khalafat-e-Rashida and the Islamic

republic. The dynastic caliphate was established with feudalistic type of government with a

Muslim on the head but it was by no means an “Islamic republic”. It was personal autocratic rule

of individual or a dynasty. The dynastic caliphate starting with Muawiya and going to Emperor

Bahudar Shah Zafar the last of the Mughuls in India ruled over the Muslim states. Presently none

of the near 57 Muslim states spread the world over could be named Islamic or Islamic republic’s

this includes Pakistan as well though according to its constitution it is named Islamic republic of

Pakistan.

The process of succession of Khulfa-e-Rashideen after the demise of Holy Prophet

(PBUH) did not and could not conform to the present system of elections through adult franchise

advocated by democracy the system of elections through adult franchise was devolved some 700

years after the times of Khulfa-e-Rashideen when the environment, customs, tradition were

entirely different and there was little or no education amongst the people affected. Quaid-e-Azam

also once said “more the Muslims practice democracy, more closer they get to Islam; more the

Hindus practice democracy, further away they get from Hinduism” those who question the non

compatibility of Islam and democracy should resist from throwing red herrings as democracy is

no problem to Islam it should be given time to take roots and left to develop in its natural course

12

all short coming and faults of democracy are remedied with more democracy. Democracy begets

democracy.

Democracy and the Two Neighbors

Historically, political environments were akin on both sides of border with unbounding

enthusiasm to run the new born states according to the will of the people. India during the past

60 years since independence has an unbroken run of democracy and is today known as the

largest functioning democracy in the world. Dr. Manmohan Singh is the current prime minister

of India and of his forerunners had been removed or sacked through extra constitutional means.

Pakistan on the other and so far has spent more than half its life under the heels of military

dictators and during the remaining period 22 prime ministers occupied the chair of chief

executive but none of them was allowed to complete their terms in office; they were either

removed through military coups or sacked by sitting presidents under close 58(2)B a

constitutional jargon inserted by general Zia-Ul-Haq and coined by the ingenuity of a legal

wizard nick named “JADOOGAR of JEDDAH” who is always ready to advice and help on

exorbitant fees of course, the wreckers of democracy abrogate and put the constitution on the

hold.

General Zia Ul Haq (1977-1988)

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was the one who enforced Martial Law for the third time

in the brief history of Pakistan. - On April 1, 1976, in a surprise move the then Prime Minister of

Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, appointed Zia-ul-Haq as Chief of Army Staff, superseding five

senior Generals. Bhutto probably wanted somebody as the head of the armed forces who would

not prove to be a threat for him, and the best available option was the simple General who was

apparently interested only in offering prayers and playing golf. However, history proved that

General Zia-ul-Haq proved to be much smarter than Bhutto thought. When political tension

reached its climax due to the deadlock between Bhutto and the leadership of Pakistan National

Alliance on the issue of general elections, Zia-ul-Haq took advantage of the situation.

On July 5, 1977, he carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing Bhutto’s government and

enforced Martial Law in the country. After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator,

13

Zia-ul-Haq promised to hold National and Provincial Assembly elections in the next 90 days and

to hand over power to the representatives of the Nation. However, in October 1977, he

announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process

of the politicians. In a statement, he said that he changed his decision due to the strong public

demand for the scrutiny of political leaders who had indulged in malpractice in the past. The

Disqualification Tribunal was formulated and many former Members of Parliament were

disqualified from participating in politics at any level for the next seven years. A white paper

was also issued which criticized the activities of Pakistan People Party’s government under

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto With the retirement of Fazal Ilahi, Zia-ul-Haq also assumed the office of

President of Pakistan on September 16, 1978. In the absence of a Parliament, Zia-ul-Haq decided

to set up an alternative system. He introduced Majlis-i-Shoora in 1980. Most of the members of

the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema, journalists, economists and professionals

belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to act as a board of advisors to the President.

The idea of establishing this institution was not bad but the main problem was that all 284

members of the Shoora were to be nominated by the President and thus there was no room for

dissention. In the mid 80s, Zia-ul-Haq decided to fulfill his promise of holding elections in the

country. But before handing over the power to the public representatives, he decided to secure

his position. Referendum was held in the county in December 1984, and the masses were given

the option to elect or reject the General as the future President of Pakistan. The question asked in

the referendum was phrased in a way that Zia-ul-Haq’s victory was related to the process of

Islamization in the country. According to the official result, more than 95 percent of the votes

were cast in favor of Zia-ul-Haq, thus he was elected as President for the next five years.After

being elected President, Zia-ul-Haq decided to hold elections in the country in February 1985 on

a non-party basis. Most of the political parties decided to boycott the elections but election

results showed that many victors belonged to one party or the other. To make things easier for

himself, the General nominated the Prime Minister from amongst the Members of the Assembly.

To many, his nomination of Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister was because he

wanted a simple person at the post who would act as a puppet in his hands. Before handing over

the power to the new Government he made certain Amendments in the Constitution and got them

endorsed from the Parliament before lifting the state of emergency in the county. Due to this

Eighth Amendment in the Constitution, the powers of the President were increased to an absolute

14

level on the plea of safeguarding national integrity. As time passed, the Parliamentarians wanted

to have more freedom and power. By the beginning of 1988, rumors about the differences

between the Prime Minister and Zia-ul-Haq were rife. The general feeling was that the President,

who had enjoyed absolute power for eight long years, was not ready to share it with anybody

else. On May 29, 1988, Zia-ul-Haq finally dissolved the National Assembly and removed the

Prime Minister under article 58(2) b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other

reasons, Junejo’s decision to sign the Geneva Accord against the wishes of Zia-ul-Haq proved to

be one of the major factors responsible for his removal.

After 11 years, Zia-ul-Haq once again made the same promise to the Nation to hold fresh

elections within next 90 days. With Benazir Bhutto back in the country and the Muslim League

leadership annoyed with the President over the decision of May 29, Zia-ul-Haq was trapped in

the most difficult situation of his political life. The only option left for him was to repeat history

and to postpone the elections once again. However, before taking any decision, Zia-ul-Haq died

in an air crash near Bhawalpur on August 17, 1988. The accident proved to be very costly for the

country as almost the entire military elite of Pakistan was onboard. Though United States’

Ambassador to Pakistan was also killed in the misfortune, yet many do not rule out U. S.

involvement in the sabotage. They believe that United States could not afford Pakistan to oppose

Geneva Accord and thus they removed the biggest hurdle in their way. During his rule, Zia-ul-

Haq tried his utmost to maintain close ties with the Muslim World. He made vigorous efforts

along with other Muslim States to bring an end to the war between Iran and Iraq. Pakistan joined

the Non-Aligned Movement in 1979 during Zia-ul-Haq’s term. He also fought a war by proxy in

Afghanistan and saved Pakistan from a direct war with Soviet Union. The major event in the

history of zia regime was its ismalization ,debacle in siachin ,ojheri camp blown up and the

global scenario of soviet infiltration in Afghanistan.

Emergence and Eclipse of Ghulam Ishaq Khan

A powerful player in the political equation was President Ishaq Khan. The president,

under the constitution, is elected by a majority of the members of the national and provincial

assemblies. Ishaq Khan was a seasoned senior bureaucrat-turned politician who had been a key

figure in Pakistan for more than three decades. Born in 1915 in the North-West Frontier

15

Province, he was appointed to the prestigious Civil Service of Pakistan after independence in

1947. After holding various regional posts, including being chairman of the West Pakistan Water

and Power Development Authority (1961-66), he was appointed to several positions in the

central government--first as secretary, Ministry of Finance (1966-70) and later as governor of the

State Bank of Pakistan (1971-75). In the latter position, he questioned the wisdom of a number of

the economic policies of then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. He was subsequently moved

from the bank and made secretary general at the Ministry of Defence. Although an unusual post

for a senior economics expert, it proved to be fortuitous in that it brought him into close contact

with the senior officers of the armed forces. Among them was General Zia, who later ousted

Bhutto and turned the management of the economy over to Ishaq Khan. During the martial law

period (1977- 85), Ishaq Khan's titles changed, but he was responsible for all important

economic decisions. Among other things, he supported the Zia government's efforts to Islamize

the economy by changes in the fiscal and banking systems.

In 1985 Ishaq Khan was elected to the Senate and later became chairman of the Senate.

The death of Zia in 1988 thrust Ishaq Khan to the center of the political stage. When the military

decided to use the constitution to handle the issue of succession, Ishaq Khan, as chairman of the

Senate and therefore next in the line of succession, became acting president. He and the

emergency council he instituted decided to hold general elections and to allow political parties to

participate. Thus, the country was guided back to democracy, Benazir became prime minister,

and Ishaq Khan was subsequently elected president by the national and provincial assemblies.

Ishaq Khan's position was considerably strengthened by the Eighth Amendment to the

constitution, introduced by President Zia, which allows the president to dismiss the government

and to override the government's choice of army chief. When the previous army chief died

unexpectedly, President Ishaq Khan reportedly turned down the government's choice and named

General Abdul Waheed to head the army. General Waheed, who is not known to have any

political ambitions, is from the same ethnic group as Ishaq Khan--the Pakhtuns of the North-

West Frontier Province.

Intermittent and conflicting signals of rapprochement, realignment, and behind-the-

scenes alliances among the various political players heightened the political tension in late 1992

and early 1993. There was speculation that the opposition and the government might join forces

16

to muster a two-thirds majority in the parliament to repeal the Eighth Amendment or even that

they might field a candidate against the president. However, it was also noticeable that Benazir

had stopped openly attacking the president, and some observers considered that she might be

playing for time, hoping to use the differences between the president and the prime minister to

her own advantage. The army, however, always a key ingredient in the mix, continued to support

the president as well as the continuation of the Eighth Amendment. Against this backdrop,

Pakistan's developing democracy continued to be tested by economic problems, persistent

violence, and corruption, as well as the power struggles of its leaders.

Leghari Plays Brutus

What made leghari brutus ?what was it that made him sacrifice his political ideology ,his

comrades of 20 years and years of stuggle together to part company with fellow jialas? Farooq

Leghari was elected Senator. In the 1977 election, he won the National Assembly seat from his

ancestral constituency in Dera Ghazi Khan and was appointed Federal Minister for Production.

In 1978, he was appointed Secretary General of the P. P. P. and participated in the struggle for

the restoration of democracy. He remained Secretary General till 1983 and underwent four years

of imprisonment during the Martial Law. Farooq Leghari was elected member of both National

and Punjab Assembly in the 1988 elections, and was appointed Federal Minister for Water and

Power from December 1989 up to August 1990.

In October 1990 elections, he was re-elected member of the National Assembly and

became Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Assembly. In the caretaker Cabinet in 1993,

Farooq Leghari held the portfolio of the Federal Minister for Finance. During this period he

presided over the 21st Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Karachi from April 25 to

29,1993. In the October 1993 general elections, he won the National Assembly seat and was

appointed Federal Foreign Minister. Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari was elected President of

Pakistan on November 13, 1993, and took oath the same day for a term of five years. In February

1997, Mian Nawaz Sharif, a major political opponent of Farooq Leghari, was elected as the

Prime Minister. With the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment, a direct collision course with the

Prime Minster was set. Due to the dilution of Pakistan Peoples Party’s role in the assemblies,

chances of Leghari’s reelection as President in 1998 had also become bleak. On December 2,

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1997, Farooq Leghari resigned as the President of Pakistan. As scheduled, elections were held on

February 3, 1997. Pakistan Muslim League won with an overwhelming majority with absolutely

light and slight opposition. The Muslim League was able to obtain a two-third majority in the

National Assembly and Mian Nawaz Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister. He obtained a vote

of confidence from the National Assembly on February 18, 1997.

A number of very important Constitutional Amendments were introduced during Nawaz

Sharif’s second term. These include the termination of the Eighth Amendment, passing of the

Thirteenth Amendment and the Ehtesab Act, 1997. Nawaz Sharif faced a serious confrontation

with the Judiciary and the Executive, which eventually led to the resignation of President

Leghari on December 2, 1997.

It was during this term that Pakistan carried out its nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, in

response to the Indian detonation of its five nuclear devices. The Nawaz Government had found

it imperative for Pakistan to carry out these nuclear tests, in order to provide an effective defense,

and to deter Indian adventurism.

The Nawaz Government proclaimed an emergency on May 28, 1998; the day these

nuclear tests were conducted. All fundamental rights were suspended and all the foreign currency

accounts in Pakistani banks were frozen. On August 28, 1998, Nawaz regime introduced the

Fifteenth Amendment. The Bill generated heated debate throughout the country but was passed

on October 9, 1998, by the members of the National Assembly. The Bill, however, was not put

before the Senate within 90 days as was required by the Constitution. The Bill was held back, as

Nawaz Sharif did not had the required two-third majority in the Senate.

The Fifteenth Amendment was presumed to be an effort by Nawaz Sharif to acquire

additional powers for himself. Soon a serious conflict and confrontation emerged on the scene

between him and the Military Generals. This confrontation led to the resignation of General

Jehangir Karamat on October 7, 1998. General Karamat was replaced by General Pervez

Musharraf.

The Kargil Operation in its aftermath again led to tense relations between Nawaz Sharif

and the armed forces. This tension culminated into the removal of Nawaz Government by

General Pervez Musharraf on October 12, 1999, thus bringing to an end the second term of

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Nawaz Sharif’s Government.12 October 1999 Military takeover Pakistani politics took yet

another twist in October 1990 when General Pervez Musharraf ousted the PML (N) government

headed by Nawaz shareef. Hence again martial law imposed in this country.

Pakistan not a failed statePakistan is being bracketed among the failed states of the world .but Pakistan is not a

failed state. Let it be known loud and clear to the world that Pakistan is not a failed

state .Pakistan is a nuclear power, with missiles in its armory, has an impregnable defense with

the seventh largest and one of the finest army in the world, well stocked foreign exchange and

indispensable geo-strategic location in this region with this combination of assets, Pakistan

cannot be a failed state. The author throws up some recommendation and few suggestions as

food for thought for the betterment of the country which is as follow: Democracy, Restoration of

1973 constitution, Trained and experienced specialist in various fields is not available in

Pakistan, Restrict by law the number of member of the federal and provisional cabinets, Visit to

holy places including for hajj and Umra, Number of political parties , Independent and strong

judiciary, Stop misuse of public money, Legislator who change party loyalties be debarred ,

Accountability, depoliticize state institutions and restore inter provisional cohesion.

Pakistan and Its Objectives

Countries that matter in the world, have objectives based on their national interest that

they aim to safeguard .these objectives are firm and are not negotiable. Matter like personal

friendship are not allowed to influence the realities .keeping their objectives in view the relations

with other countries and region are formulated. So the basic for Pakistan are that it should stand

on its own feet And think and act independently. So the question arises that what should be

Pakistan’s objectives? Pakistan first is rhetoric but it require more than that to stand up and be

counted. Pakistan should have a clear and unambiguous understanding of what is required to be

achieved. And once these objectives are identified, these must be kept in view all the time as our

bible. Government may come and go but objectives should stay firm as the Himalayas. Pakistan

objectives broadly speaking can be listed as follows. National security, Nuclear technology,

Literacy, Dams, Revival of economy and restore investors’ confidence, Judiciary, Swift and

across the board accountability, Foreign relation and Democratization.

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There is no prefix to democracy ,it is pure and simple democracy ,as envisaged and

practiced in the democratic countries all over the world .in Pakistan seizing power by

unconstitutional means by the army and unscrupulous power hungry civilians ,bureaucrats and

politician included ,it is a matter of routine .in order to put to an end to it, the relevant clause of

punishment for extra-constitutional acts for grabbing power as laid down in the constitution must

be strictly enforced and implemented.

Charter of Democracy

The 60 year of history of Pakistan, particularly after assassination of its first prime

minister, is a quagmire of politics. Personalities rather than constitution and the objectives to be

achieved by Pakistan, were prominent and held the center stage. During the period from

December 1988 till October 1999 the personalities of MS Benazir Bhutto and mian Nawaz Sharif

dominated in the political stage in the name of PPP and PML (n) respectively. But for the

restoration of democracy the two party leaders signed a charter with the name of charter of

democracy for the restoration of democracy in a country. The charter of democracy contains 36

clauses divided into 4 distinct sections. Broadly speaking these are Constitutional amendment,

code of conduct, free and fair election a civil military relations. Although the charter of

democracy is not be a prefect document, as one seldom is, and there is always room for

improvement. The charter of is a statement of established principles of constitutional law with 2

additions. Acceptance of the due role of opposition and others; that neither of the parties shall

undermine each other through extra-constitutional ways. The charter of democracy has risen in a

crisis when once again Pakistan is at the crossroads of its democratic history .but in Pakistan

present political confusion it shall go a long way as a code of ethics and help in pulling the

country out of this political morass. The document of democracy is worth giving a trial at least.

India as a Sixth Nuclear Power State

Here comes the news in 2006 that India and America is for sure that Indian figures first to

the US in all and every aspect and they hasten to grab the opportunity to bind India into knot that

US call “American most dynamically developing alliance”. The US has decided to allow India to

acquire the same status, facilities, benefits and advantage as accorded to the five member of the

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nuclear club. This amounts to virtually recognizing Indian as a member of the nuclear club. Now

America no longer brackets Pakistan with India. During this period US offer F 16 Falcons to

Pakistan and at the same time made a counter offer to India assuring its leader of to help India in

emerge as a world power soon. As the part of the plan the US offered New Delhi f-18 hornets

aircraft technology and license to manufacture those in India .this US offer to India is much more

substantial and of the strategic value than mere sale of f-16 to Pakistan. Now India is not going

to be foolish to fritter away such an alluring offer, it may drag its feet to bargain for something

more because with this deal going through India would not only enhance its superiority many

folds over Pakistan but will dominate the entire region. India has always been USA first choice

in the region and Pakistan is only a standby .the ground realities present a dismal picture.

Pakistan is beset with unpleasant realities ;starting with overwhelming US overtures to win over

India; US perception of India in terms of strategic partner and the role it is likely to be assigned

in furthering US interest in the region; rapidly developing US Israel and India axis ;transfer of

technology and production rights of f 16 in India that will in long run make Pakistan dependents

on India for spare parts for its jets. Pakistan –US relationships has always been a matter of

convenience; US has only tactical interest in Pakistan and on the job to job basis. At present it

centers around the war on terror and once this situation recedes then the love lore between the

two will once again come to an end.

The New Middle East of George Bush and Sultan Salah Uddin

AyubiIndia and Pakistan are two different countries. An article blood border by Ralph peters

published in US armed journal reflects the thinking of a section of the American establishment,

arguing I favor of redrawing the border in the Middle East to facilitate implementation of bush

administration neoliberalism agenda in this region. This highly provocative article rings bell and

takes back to readers to bush revelation that India and Pakistan are two different countries. This

article by Ralph peter can’t be brushed aside it provides an important link in the chain of

gradually preparing the countries of this region and the world at large to assimilate and later

accept the changing boundaries of the same state and the creation of the new states in the middle

east at the cost of the existing states including Turkey, Iran and even Pakistan. Even dr

Condoleezza pronounced about the new Middle East and calling the recent Lebanon pounding by

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Israel as the birth pangs of that scheme. It was being covertly planned but bush being what he is ,

just could not contain himself and he first come out with crusade against the terrorist statement

and most recently dubbed the Muslim fascist. It is an organized global campaign against Muslim

at large to defame and isolate them in the first instance and then confront them with redefining

the boundaries of various Muslim countries in the Middle East so as to make them totally

ineffective and dependent on the USA .in this game turkey Iran and Pakistan are also include. It

is considered that Pakistan Iran Iraq Saudi Arabia and turkey are unnatural states requiring major

adjustment in their borderies.it is felt by US that Britain and France after World War 2 in the

2oth century, made mistakes and created countries with unnatural border and this historical

mistake be rectified now to save further bloodshed. The concept of the new Middle East and

regional Muslim states is conceived to create militarily and financially weak states that they toe

the American line and not to resist Israel domination in the region. For the short term gains this

Anglo Christian axis is likely to have sway because they have both military resources and a

powerful media to force their will. Bush crusade against Muslims fascist will change the very

face of this region but they should not forget that there is always salahuddin ayubi waiting in the

wings.

In the end here have been many intriguing developments, near and around with the deep

and far reaching repercussions for Pakistan, south Asia and the middle east .The whole scenario

in these region is undergoing a change and as a part of the region, is in a quagmire of

US/European manipulation of the economic, political and strategic new look of these regions.

Newly developed indo-US love hate relationship is no surprise to Pakistan .since independent of

the subcontinent in 1947; the US has been wooing india for strategic and economic reasons but

with no success. India stuck to its relationships with soviets. Pakistan was only a second choice

and the American used it as a standby. Someone has beautifully summed it up. The US treats

Pakistan as a girlfriend for a rainy day. This is no secret. After their failure to lure India to their

camp the Americans repeatedly bought Pakistan cooperation through economic and military aid,

to meet their objectives in south Asia and Middle East. The deals were on task to task basis with

no obligation outstanding. It may be noted that even in these strictly business like dealing with

Pakistan the American always kept an admiring eye on India and they always made sure that

while giving military aid to Pakistan it did not irk India and only equipped Pakistan armed forces

with weapons which didn’t have any offensive capability.one more point to be noted at this stage

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is that in the past the term used for the violation of Pakistani territory by US said as infringement

of Pakistan’s sovereignty but now it has been mellowed down to such words as violation of

international border. The real American thinking on dealing with al-Qaeda and Taliban’s and

their disregard for Pakistan sovereignty is revealed. American is known to be ruthless in

achieving their ends. Here there objectives is complete annihilation of al –Qaeda and to achieve

this, they would trample over anything and everything that come their including Pakistan

sovereignty.

Now Pakistan is no more than a subservient state at the beck and call of the US, rightly

termed as girlfriend for a rainy day. Now a stage is reached where bold and brave action on the

part of the decision maker is required, not a belligerent action but a firm and diplomatic

indicating Pakistan’s resolve to stand up on its own without any fear of sanctions or threaten to

be bombed back to the stone ages . Pakistan is a nuclear power and the USA will not go to that

extent. That is for sure. Pakistan all along had been toeing the American line, may be out of

compulsion for need of pelf in the form of economic and military aid or for fear of being bombed

back to the stone age but it is now high time for rulers of Pakistan, be they Politicians,

bureaucrats or uniformed to rethink and be bold to face the challenges including the very

existence of the country. It will be now or never, because the coming times there are crucial as

the eye of the storm is fast moving towards Pakistan and there may be not a second chance.

Pakistan leadership will have to think of Pakistan first forsaking their personal lust for

power and the mistakes of the past must not be repeated. It may be unpalatable for ambitious

power seeker but this is the only way for us and our coming generation to live up with honor.

God will help us . THE SUN SHALL RISE AGAIN. INSHALLAH

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CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BOOK

Strength• First time identify mistakes made by Mr. Jinnah.

• Pakistan political ups and downs is very well defined

• A compelling story, plainly told. It reveals a great deal about Pakistani life and politics.

• Leadership crisis issue in Pakistan political system is very well recognized.

Weakness• Author was a pro-Bhutto and pro-Jinnah. So his analysis was based on too much

partiality.

• Highly criticized military era of Pakistan instead of assessing the main issue in political

system.

• Media emergence and its impact in our political system is not identified. Media is now

considered as a fourth pillar of state .consequently role of media play during all these

year is not acknowledged.

• Personality flaws identified rather than system flaws. Many political and military

personality errors and mistakes have been highlighted in the book but the reality is that

people in all the places are same .It’s not a person but it’s a political system which makes

them corrupt. However we need a stable and best political and governance system which

can provide solution to our problems.

• Democracy – solution of all Pakistan problems. But the reality is that democracy itself is

a cause of many problems. If author has a global perspective then he came to know that

many problem also exist in countries in which democracy is prevailing .at this moment

we need to think little outside the box for solving our issues.

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Conclusion:The book initially provides a brief overview about political situation of Pakistan.

According to the author of the book Pakistan is a developing country and it is politically

unstable. He identified that democratic governments have always failed to complete their tenure

which eventually results in a long lasting dictatorship reign. In Pakistani politics, there is a clear

domination by few families only and these families have never produced long lasting fruitful

results. The political system has been stagnant since 70′s and no drastic change has taken place.

The chair of head of state has been a war between the head of the army staff and a few noticeable

political leaders. The situation on the ground level at present is gloomy but there is no cause for

despair , Pakistan has withstood such storm earlier and this will also blow over. The panacea for

all the ills of Pakistan is still to be find .Besides when we find the solution of this problem the

sun shall rise again INSHALLAH

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