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Booklet C

Investigotin gChoroct eristics

of Anirnols

Zoology

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Clossif ying Animols1 Members of the qnimql kingdom ore clqssified, or sorted, into groups bosed on

common chorocteristics. One chorocteristic used to clossify on onimol is whether or

not it hos q vertebral column, which is olso cotled o bockbone, spinol column, or spine.

An onimol thot hos avertebrol column is clossif ied os avertebrate.Vertebrotes

include onimols thqt ore mommols, birds, reptiles,omphibions, ond f ish.

' Any onimol thot does not hqve avertebrol column is described os on invertebrote.

Tnvertebrotes moke up obout 97 percent of oll known onimol species.

Chorocteristics of V ertebrotes1 Avertebrate hos avertebrol column. Theverlebrol column is mode up ofindividuol bones colled vertebrae. The verlebrae are connected to one onoth er by

tissue colled cortilage. Carlilage is softer ond more flexible thon bone.

2 Ail vertebrates hsve a type of skeleton colted on endosk eleton tocoted inside

their bodies. The vertebrol column, olong with oll the other bones ond cortilage in a

vertebrote's body, moke up its endoskeleton. A vertebrote's endosk eleton provides

the structure for its body, provides o ploce for muscles to ottoch, ond protects vitol

orgons, such os the broin, heart, ond lungs.

3 A vertebrote hos o broin protected by o cronium. The cronium is the bones ofthe skull thot cover the broin.

4 A vertebrote hos o spinol cord tocoted inside theverrebrot column. The spinol

cord is mode up of nerves thot corry messages from the bnoin to oll ports of the body

qnd from oll ports of the body bock to the broin. Theverlebrot column protects the

spinol cord.

A vertebrote has o closed circulotory system thot circulotes btood through its

body in on endless loop of blood vessets. The blood corries oxygenond nutrients to thecells ond removes woste products from them.

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Animols

Chordotes

CortiloginousFish

-shark

-roy

-skote

Reptiles

-snoke

-lizord

-turtle-tortoise

-crocodile

-olligotor

Amphibions

-frog-tood

-solomonder

-newt

Bony Fish

-solmon

-tuno

-trout-eel

-boss

-seohorse

Mommqls

-humon

-cot-horse

-sguirrel

-robbit

-mouse

-mole

-lion

-comel

-onteoter

-kongoroo

-plotypus

-whole

-seol

-otter-dolphin

-monotee

-bot

Birds

-eogle

-duck

-robin

-loon

-owl

-goose

-chicken

-ostrich

-penguin

kingdom

vphylum

subphylum

classes of vertebrates

JqwlessFish

-lomprey

O Nancy Larson. All rights reserved. Science 4

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more thon25 olhers

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classes of mollusks

classes of arthropods

5

Annelids-eorthworm

-leech

Cnidarions-jellyf ish

-hydro

-seo onemone

-corol

Ech inoderms-seo stor-sond dollor

-seo urchin

-brittle stor-seo lily

-sea cucumber

Mollusks

6ostropods-snoil

-slug

-conch

Bivolves

-mussel

-oyster

-clom

-scollop

Cepholopods

-octopus

-squid

-noutilus

fnsects-butterf ly

-bee

-ont

-grosshopper

-mosguito

-ftv-beelle

-cockrooch

Arochnids

-spider

-scorpion

-tick-mite

Molocostrocons

-lobster-crob

-shrimp

-croyf ish

-pill bug

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Cl oss ifying V ertebrotes1 Vertebrotes are sorted into groups, colled closses, bosed on diff erences such

os their body coverings, how they bringoxygen into their bodies, their internol

body temperotutes, qnd how they reproduce. Five of the closses of verfebrotes are

mommols, birds, reptiles, omphibions, ond bony f ish.

2 Vertebrotes hove diff erent types of body coverings. Reptiles hove dry, scoly

skin. Most omphibions hqve moist, smooth skin. Most f ish hove skin with overlopping

scoles. Birds hove skin with feqthers. Most mommols hove skin with hoir.

3 Vertebroles hsve diff erent woys of bringing oxygen into their bodies ond

removing corbon dioxide. The obsorption of oxygen ond the releose of corbon dioxide

toke ploce in the lungs of mqmmqls, birds, reptiles, ond most odult omphibions when

they breothe. The exchange of oxygen ond corbon dioxide in f ish ond some young

omphibions tokes place in gills. Some omphibions, such os solomonders, con olso qbsorb

oxygen through their moist skin.

a Somevertebrotes hove relotively constont, or obout the some, body

temperotures. An onimol whose body temperoture remoins obout the some is colled o

homeotherm. Birds ond mommols ore homeotherms. An onimql whose body temperoture

is oble to chonge with its surroundings is colled o poikilotherm. Reptiles, omphibions,

ond f ish ore poikilotherms.

5 Adult verlebrotes are copoble of producing more of their own kind in o process

colled reproduction. Most mommqls hove young thot ore born live. The young of birds-

ond most reptiles, f ish, ond omphibions-develop in eggs outside of the mother's body.

Birds hove hord-shelled eggs loid on the ground or in nests. Reptile eggs hove soft,

leathery shells ond ore usuolly loid on or buried under the ground. Fish ond omphibions

hove jelly-like eggs thqt do not hove shells. Fish ond most omphibions loy their eggs in

woter.

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Chorocteristics of All V ertebrotes

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Chorocteristics of Closses of Vertebrotes

Charocteristics Mommols Birds Reptiles Amphibions BonyFish

BodyCovering

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Body

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BodyTemperoture

H: HomeothermP: Poikilotherm

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Reproduction

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Life Cycles of Vertebrotes1 The life cycle of on onimol refers to the complete cycle from lhebeginning of

on onimol's lif e until the time it produces o new onimol like itself . Mommols, birds,

reptiles,ond most fish ore born with bodies similor to those they will hove os odults.

Lif e Cycleof o Chic V,"n- L

odult chick

Lif e cycteof on Allieotor -Rrfhk

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2 Some onimols, such os omphibions, sre born with bodies thot look very diff erent from

the bodies they will hove qs odults. The chonging of on onimol's body form during its life

cycle is colled metomorphosis.

Lif e Cycle of o Frog-

Changing Characteristics of o Frog during Metomorphosis

9

todpolewithout

FrogspownTodpole2 weeks

Todpole4 weeks

Todpole6 weeks

Froglet9 weeks

Adult Frog7 year

Whereit lives woter woter waler woter lond lond

How itbreathes gills lungs lungs lungs lungs

Bodyports

toilno legs

toilno legs

toilbock legs

toilbock legsfront legsgrowing

no toillegs

Whotif eots

plonts plonts plants ondonimols onimols onimols

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Science 4 O Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.

Five Phylo of Animols Thot Are Invertebrotes

Phylum-Annelids

eqrthworms leech

' Live in woter or domP soil' Long, cylindricol body. Body divided into segments

eqrthworms

Phylum-Echinoderms

seo stor sond dollor. Live in solt woter' Hord, spiny outer-bodY cover' Tube f eel

jellyf ish seo onemone

. Most live in solt woter' Most hove tentocles or stinging

threods

snoil clqm octoPus

' Usually live in woter' Most hove o hord shell. Musculor foot

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Phylum-Arthropods

cockrooch

' Segmented body

'Jointed legs

scorpion shrimP

' Exoskeleton

' Molts os it grows

shrimpbutterf ly

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vClosses of Arthropods

Closs-Insects

. 3, b o {y_s_"g m "nts$ ;{k_41obdomen

' 3 poirs of legs on thorox' Only crthropod with wings'1 poir of antennae

Closs-Chilopods\

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cenlipede

' Heod ond monybody segments

. 1 poin of legs oneach segment

' Antennae

Closs-Diplopods

millipede

' Heqd ond monybody segments

. 2 poirs of legs oneach segmenl

. Anlennse

Sub phyl um-Crustoceons

gooseneck bornocle

' 2 body segments-heod ond thorox' 6 or more f eather-like poirs of legs

on thorox' 1 or 2 pairs of ontennoe

Closs-Arqchnids

' 2 body segments-ffiiioiothoroiond obdomen .."-..-".*-

' tpglfs_ gf legs on cepholothorox' No ontennoe' Pedipolps ond fongs

Closs-Merostomotq

horseshoe crob2 body segments-cepholothorox ondobdomen, plus o toil4 poirs of wolking legson cepholothorqxNo ontennoePedipolps ond pincers

Closs-Molqcostrocons

lobster

' Usuolly 3 body ports-heod,thorox, obdomen

' 3 or mote poirs of wolking legs onthorox

. 2 poirs of onfennoe

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Science 4 @ Nancy Larson. All rights reserved. 11

Life Cycles of InsectsI An insect begins its life cycle inside anegg.Young insects hove bodies thot look

diff erent f rom the bodies they will hove qs odults. The chonging of on onimol's body

form during its life cycle is colled metomonphosis.

2 Some insects look similor to their porents when they hotch, but they lock some

of the body ports they will hove os on odult. For exomple,young grosshoppers ond

cockroaches look like their porents, but they lock wings. As they grow older, wings

groduolly develop. The groduol development of new body features os on insect grows is

colled incomplete metomorphosis.

3 fnsects thot experience incomplete metomorphosis 9o through three stoges of

development-egg, nymph, ond odult. Ayoung insect thot locks some of the body ports

it will hove os on qdult is colled o nymph.

Lif e Cycle of o Stonef ly-fncomplete Metomorphosis

adult

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a Some insects do not look tike their porents when they hotch. For example,when

the egg of o butterf ly hotches, a coterpillor emerges. A caterpillor looks completely

different from the odult butterfly it will become. A complete change of body form os

on insect grows is colled complete metomorphosis.

5 fnsects thot undergo complete metomorphosis 9o through four stages of

development-egg,lorvo, pupo, ond odult. The young thot hotches from the egg is

colled o lorvo. When the lorvo is reody to chonge into on odult, it enters a slage

colled o pupo. While in the pupo,the insect's body chonges completely to o new

form. Butterf lies,bees,beetles, ond onts ore insects thot go through complete

metomorphosis.

Lif e cycle of o Monorch Butterfly-complere Metqmorphosis

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Whot Animols Eot

' All onimols eat, or consume, other orgonisms to obtoin energy to live. Some

onimols consume only plonts, some consume only onimols, some consume both plonts ond

onimols, ond others consume decaying plonts ond onimqls.

Animols thot consume only plonts are called herbivores. Exomples of onimols thot

oreherbivores ore cows, donkeys, mice, robbits, deer, finches, iguonos, tilopio, ophids,

bees, ond grosshoppers.

Animols thot consume only onimols are called cornivores. Exomples of onimols

thot ore cornivores sre lions, ligers, howks, snokes, olligotors, jellyf ish, seo stors,

proying montises, ond spiders.

4 Animols thot consume both plonts ond onimols ore called omnivores. Exomples of

onimols thot ore omnivores are bears, skunks, robins, hummingbirds, lobsters, onts,

cockrooches, chimponzees, ond humqn beings.

Animols thot consume decoying plonts qnd onimols ore called detritivores. bExomples of onimols thot ore detritivores ore eorthworms, termites, millipedes, pill

bugs, ond f iddler crobs.

Eots only plonts

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Eots decoyingplonts qnd onimols

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14 O Nancy Larson. All rights reserved. Science 4

How Animols Obtoin Energy1 Animol cells need glucose ond oxygen to produc e energy f or theorgonism. The

ene?gy produced ollows the onimol to move, grow, ond reproduce.

2 The food on qnimol eots is the sourc e of glucose. Anonimol's digestivesystem

breqks down ond chongesthe food it eots into substqnces the onimol's body con

obsorb. The process of digestion chonges much of the food into sugors such os

glucose.

3 Animols obtoin oxYgen f rom their surroundings. Diffe renl types of onimols hove

diff erent woys of bringing oxygen into their bodies ond removing corbon dioxide.

fn mommols ond reptiles, for inston ce, these goses are exchanged in tungs os they

breathe. fn fish, the exchange of goses occurs os woter enters the mouth ond posses

oven gills' The exchonge of oxygen ond corbon dioxide in worms tokes ploce through

their outer body coverings. fnsects hove openings in their exoskeletons through which

. the exchonge of gases tokes place.va An onimol's circulotory system corries glucose and oxygen to the ceils in its body.

€ fhe circulotory system olso corries corbon dioxide ond woste products owcly fromJ

E the cells. fn the closed circulotory systems of vertebrotes, blood tronsports glucose,b

A oxYgen, ond carbon dioxide. fn the open circulotory systems of mony invertebrotes,

I f luid-colled hemotymph-locoted in the spoces oround the cells,tronsports the-o,

E glucose, oxygen, ond cqrbon dioxide.

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Science 4 @ Nancy Larson. All rights reserved. 15

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