31
(Border Studies and Anthropology of Borders:The Making of Space, Territory, and
Trans-boundary of Border Knowledge)
<rl~rl36d &181fi (Jakkrit Sangkamanee)
Abstract
The article is aimed at opening up an academic space
and, at the same time, stimulating scholastic interests in border
studies, especially from anthropological perspectives. Through a
literature review of multi-disciplinary works in the social sciences
related to border studies, it argues for the need of developing
better conceptual frameworks as well as methodologies in Thai
social science circles to cope with the complexity of issues and
dynamics of borders. The article traces back to the seminal works
in border studies, especially those on the US-Mexican. border, and
their influences that shape later border studies in other regions of
the world. The article also provides an antipodean perspective
of this issue by giving prominence to clashes that exist between
colonial concepts of borders and the traditional ones in Mekong
area. Both cases of the US-Mexican border and the Mekong area
show that the perceptions of border have been continually in flux
due to the transformation of international order as well as the
fruitful result of academic debates. Drawing on these findings,
the article argues that without a common ground in defining
the scope, past development, theoretical achievement, and
well-defined methodology in border studies, the knowledge on
borders will continue to be replicated with no distinctive academic
grounds. A firm establishment of border studies is thus necessary
if border studies and anthropology of border are to emerge as an
! effective field of study in the near future.
Keywords: Border, frontier, space, anthropology
To survive the Borderlands You must live sin fronteras2 Be a
crossroads
Gloria Anzaldha, BorderlandstLa Frontera (1987)
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d 3 d min~:nriia8~~1unAnw1wu~wsuumu~u~~u~ijnP~ntnulri Vym8d~l.%8fl BorderlandslLa Frontera: The New Mestiza f [ " 1 ~ Gloria
Anzaldlja (1987) ~ ~ d ~ z b f l ~ ~ l ~ ~ 7 ~ a ~ f i 6 1 l u n 7 w n a 7 ~ ~ W l d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d Y Y P,
8 n w i ~ u i m n a i u f i u ~ ~ & a ~ i ~ ~ ~ r i u a u ~iu3u~Gu'-i~~flu~iu3udiK~ diin~s6~~~.rflau~nd4mbdu~d~luassmnssuwtuLLmu8nmlu~watsw d 20 d ~ a ~ ~ l 1 6 qm6~6ydqmuadd7uiu<L~uqzb~un7sd7~nwbldz
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3 28a n 4 u n ~ l ~ a l u z d i b ~ l ~ l 6 a ~ n ' ~ Anzaldlja ~hbl lud l L~ijldlUiU6Yad 2 A ~ s a d ~ 1 ~ n s ~ ~ n w ~ q ~ n w u w ~ 7 u L ~ m u ~ ~ ~ n ~ u n w d~~wumI~muLLid
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, r l w w 4
~ M ~ ~ u ~ n l a ~ u a d m ~ 1 u ~ ~ 1 t d ~ d u u (tolerance for ambiguity) d Wtu Lbmu
widkmua$idiu ~u~a~ is~msf lu?w~i~nr ruu~~~$ iuwsu~~mu w"sa 4 Anzaldira ~ f l n i l "la conciencia de la mestiza" M?9 "towards a new
C O ~ S C ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ S S * ~ &418d $amua~Kndi16~Gup9~~lunit~aua~~uafim md~w~nwdbbaz?wii%n~~~~u "new mestiza" fi&~ maiu~f l iuiud~z
$iuGuaiwnssuwz~uwnduasLLuuLLuniawrd$iu l i d i q z ~ f l u n i t ~ ~ r i ~ m i ~ b E i . ~ ~ t i , nit~~ri~~Wuwtu~~mu, n i t t z q m a i u ~ f l u m u ~ ? a ~ ~ ~ , maiu 1fluwuiavia~~azmuia8 lmunit~auani~nit~~am~aan~~GwGnwbldb b i d i l ~ ~ ~ n a i u i t n w o ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ a n i a n i t ~ u a ~ m a i u ~ m a & Lbaznit rraautauua.rwq&6nwbldbdn'ab8m$u~ukabad Y ~ ~ u j ~ ~ m r i u ~ u z n a u l 6
B a n'Elnsau~aw~fd$iu%unit~adwubad bbazwuau Bdd Anzaldira !6wuiuiu a5uiuGnwmz.aas? w i i % n l ~ i kndia e j i u w i ~ n i t ~ a u a i i d ~ ~ a m ~ a a n
~dflnl?:bb~~bli L.iI.4 "hieros gamos" blaz "mestizaje" L.fll.46~ (q Beltran 2004, Bernard 1997, Uaz Wright 1998 L ~ N L ~ . ~ )
ti d u a n ~ ~ % a s i n n i s i i ~ a u a y u u a ~ l ~ i ~ lfin'LlnisAnwiwuw P,
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" I I~~LL~MLL~'? d l u BorderlandsJLa Frontera "Ud Anzaldira ~udlTali n i t i i ~ a u a d u d a n ~ q i n ~ i u ~ u u ~ u ~ ~iu6uKumjniid !i~Fjudni ~fludiudw~uerw?udiu~~ub?d~.ainifb$in"uuwn;e' ~u$nm?iuwrd I,
41 ~iudtzZpiiam4 ~~aznitii~aua~~u1~"11iflu~attmui~iiCu L L ~ 2iu 4 d
i s ~ n i i i u diu4uuusLaanwqzdaaitejiu:"~nitLiuudwauwLa a"ii n i m ~ G ~ ~ l d ~ K ~ ~ u i o ~ ~ ~ i ~ n i w i ~ ~ n q w n i w i a ~ ~ l u ~'ral%ii l lwn'
E 4 w 4 Y w ui~ i i~ inn iwlgm~a~mu~un6;dnuwau~~~a ~ ; a m w d u i ~ ~ n u ~ ~ w i z nrjuluutomimu~fin;n"ulu~w"n.n'a rmznuWquii.miw Nahuatl 4.1 gnnirlranrjumunaunai~ua~~fin~lnuiii~auanaz~m6'iniidlu~~a waiu nis~uudu~dn"u!dlmul%niwid~ain~aiu~~ndi~f lunaiu qdkuad Anzaldira u d Mdb~nitdal~;Liiuiid~diLuunitdaaituu 2 d wuwwtu~bmu 4sliGnit9mZmwiuia w7nuiGnisdT'yl.a"~~azwau
d Y 4 Y
waiumaiuMainMaiu ! i ~ i ~ d ~ ~ i ~ ~ w i z n i ~ i w l " ~ ~ a a a i t ~ i i C u Min r l w Y r l a i m r r l d i i ~ t ~ u u ~ i ~ 8 ~ m u i ~ u ~ t t u b u ~ 69u 6aumaiuinayauu
b f l r a ~ G d i ? q (colored) ~IfiiULfinid~iuab~3n"M (Chicano) dBlk~BdlU 9, I 2 A d ~ ~ ? ~ " ~ d m ~ b $ f l % f i (tejana-Texan) ~ L ~ ~ L ~ ~ M L w ~ L ~ ~ u M ~ N L L u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ u B ~
(lesbian feminist) dilps"diu$ui~fludiuw"azw"auniwdtzaunitduad
j ~ u u uazjnudLfiawuLiiu~unisfiia$iuwsuLLmumid&dnu~uHaiu~ sduuu diu$ui4sLfiwiuiiiYuuadwid&dmuuinuiu i r n i s i i~aua i u l ~ a n l m i aazdiaulqiiuia?dsie~iau~adF~~uilflunis~nwi $udr luUmu~udiu~ h6Borderlandslla Frontera Lf l~k9i?edld~addl~
d d Auud~iiuah~~u$uw"ws~~~~mu muuay~ua~ua~naiu~Eluaiuuaum diaulq d l d d u ~ ~ ~ i G n ~ i ~ w ? w u i a i u ~ ~ m u y n u K ~ ~ i iu ind ia l is
d ~vii$ u i n i G n ? a i n i s a i u ~ iiu am35uu . iRw i r~nw i LWP~M
d aiuAnw assmnssu?qissld"n~u~naaubawid&dnuuuubi dsz~mlai tandaiu ~mzait?uAnw nu ld i i . rn~uddnmauiu i id (subaltern
studies) ~oiid~~;naiuau~q~unifdiuibfiubbuawidwdd ' I ~ ~ i ? ~ l p l ? l ~
d i ikn tddnw&q ililuahdrillmu~iuuau~baznaiu~fiuai~uau (13 Aigner-Varoz 2000, Beltran 2004, Ewing 1998, Hicks 1991, Horstmann
and Wadley 2006, Mignolo 2000, Pinkaew 2006, 2908, LLaz Saldivar
1997 L f i ~ 6 ~ ) L L R ~ ~ u L ~ ~ d i l f i Borderlandslla Frontera LfiUdlUiU
~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ n l ~ $ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 d ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ l d & d ~ ~ f l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~wizwsu~~muAnwioiaui fi d wruamuauFz-:g-GnPTnli iw'u~oi~fiu~umyn~Onua~~iu
uiywu?muiqiuumuluiad~~sn~ wiik uinu i~n ; rL f iuAud~nwi ~l tzL~ui l~miwsuumuiauuiqul id i lq~~u ir;riudriiaulqaazii ~qdnis ian isd~u~uua~~~az?ZnisAnwiws~~~~muluszuzu$~ ik n;rl4~udwtuLLmukniiaLflu3iui$uuadnisAnwia~ldfiau$L~ua %adid ~iudiuued Plabo Vila (2003b. 2003a) daulq ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ; r n l ~ ~ ~ ~
nisAn~7mi~ai?$u$assmui ~~aznsauna iu~m~w~aniwui~ ina iu ~b i l q aplziiLauaniwua;rkmu"~~iuuaudd~nuadii 6cairnsiuw ~ ~ a z "~$dd~plfiSSUqfSUl" ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ d n l ~ ? L ~ ~ l ~ f i f l f l ~ ~ ? " ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ n w"uad wri?nssuan?ffui.radidiiLfiu$nwmzLQwizuadmudaiuLbmuLw'itu
u?adlu"~ld Kathleen Staudt (1998) $~ lLa l?qnssum ld~ f l 4w~?~$ lu
ua~~8uw~u~~muii~fiu~aiau~~~8uw"7m~fiulfi~si~iiudsin~nissld"ua~ Tani?5mpdburiliu%muin~d$u uad Sadowski-Smith (2002) dbfiu~iud
pl
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$dnilailbfiu nlP~nw$udusuumU (borderland studies) u l n n ~ l n l s Lfiu wsuumu~nwlbLuukdL~u (border studies) d~j1du~m6uqlnL8u mn~~muF3ais d i i u ~ i d ~ i u z ~ u ~ m i u f i u L L a z L f i u ~ u ~ n p l i d u a d
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fiu y m ~ n a d i d ~ ~ a i i ~iuluKnwmzlui~~i im~a1~8u~~mu~fiukak~ 3 d luniss~yuau~u~ua~wuwAnwi uin~~iuadui$nwmzadidlmadid
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%uwumws~IbLmuLfiuaimiu?~amw'uanwmzaaukaldim?mfumaiu a 4.4 rflu.ni?lmqi?wds ~iu$uwusmunaiudifiulq ~~aza iqqzd iu i~ f i u
Gaa$7~dflua~n~tmuaYuuadbbfi:Ca~q7tsld"da~~uaw7d s&.dwtuunu 8nw1" uuubd!& ~a~~um~sd"nq2~1wrnfuywG Peter Morris (1999)
dgnrtlnmunn na~u~+~1que.muaa~~nl7ni~~~u~"um~~nut:w~7~ufi~~
uauw~d~lufiw5'a~u3n~ 5u(nuda7~7uad"lu5~Gfiiuafd7"uadds:bwfi bbnu7n7id%.a"b8u"uu7ud 49 bflu6abbEida7~7b"uw Morris mauf6n"un7s
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wouunuw7.rm:iumn~$udl6"uadfiwQj aa:d.r~u~w2jmoanu747uau 3 4-
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rafi:qmfi~~dqun~"uuwrs~a~q~unwuwrewiz&ndia~flu~a~au "Zn ~ T L I M W M ~ ~ " (third country) dlailda~~wTa~~sn7& (Anzaldha 1987)
Morris i ~ E ~ 7 I l f l 7 9 & 4 ~ (Arreola and Curtis 1993) ~ ~ d d l l l l ~ ~ a d auu6dnd7ah ~flun~tua~daenqzda~up93a~mun?u~n~~u'bdlu
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4 4 P P 4, n"El~in%fn ~bdnszsa'un"ddiuAnwiw ~nn"uuqinwmm9ndia ~flu4iuau !d6au ( b " d Earle and Wirth 1995, Jordan 1993, Kraenzel 1995, Lecker
1991, Luebke 1984, Matthews 1992, Sharp 1952, Widdis 1997 L f l~ f i~) ~~fizdds~?ud~a7 au~qd'binasdq:uad%7u'bd ms7:iudwtu ~amubbvk
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njnd7a1u~nwm:d~i3uLangnw~ld"ijna7ui7rw7: flu uq2n7nQ~a~99 C~uwtuanu 6ddrhir7n7rdAnlnwsubbnuw7dwaul6~auau7n'au
P 4, ~ 6 7 % Morris 1 a u a 4 ~ 1 d a ~ ~ ~ f i a . 1 u a d ~ u w ~ n d 7 a d 7 u w ~ ~ n a 7 u ~ n ~ n
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bflu "q2n7~l~blW" &~%-1uwsuunu5~717? (cross-border regionalism/
shared borderland) !61bda$ldln ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ b m u ~ d f i b f l ~ ~ ~ n 7 f d 7 6 ~ ~ u P 4 w& ~unlsahdpu71un?~ubflu"d7?~sili~uw'ubbfizbbunwuw 'pijnln
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3 4, dswuwsaunir lQfina7uunni7d w&f~n~~dfin~aneona7npiubda 1afi~Ci7uw"uld Morris t i ~ u ~ i ; r ~ a a ~ ~ ~ d i ~ ~ ~ l j i ~ ~ w ; i w f i " u e ~ s z u u i i ~ a w
3 do, Ldu ? ~ ~ l d ~ f i ~ ~ w ~ ~ " u a d f i ~ ~ ~ d f ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ w " ~ d 7 ~ ~ 7 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d n d 7 ~ P 4
q E d U f i i a l 7 7 ~ b ? ~ f f l ~ ~ " u a d ~ ~ " 1 i ~ & d ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ b b n ~ bbfizbfluJ?qu iibaW~ud&nwmzd~'rri!n?m~unsau b8ub"uw anu~~.n7~aieriwlmZu t,~ins:sd"u mslQnaiui16~~m:nis~~andaan~dn1s5~]f uazynwir5u szuuii~a~"ua~nuaa~el~n~~wsu~~mufifina~u~~mni~~n"ua$~~u~n~9G~
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d~a;rt(~flua~~a~p9dd"uadn7sa"~u7uds7ngn7s~ld"w7ddtz~~7amf~bnz P $44 ii~afia"~usssu"ua~wuww~nnna7u~~d~n~~un ~~wnii;l5uaanId bwsiz
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wnui~d.rudriaur:uuF2~i~fifiu~psaidiui~~nud &~uaiqqziiwa iilfi$nwmznioriaKawidS"~~inio"uaddiuAnwiwou~bmulubbnu$ ii waiu~~~ndi~qin~iuyn~Gnlu~~nun~u3niagjwafiumao fiaun$~~'hJ lu.liasdaiumjdbbon"uasawaoowd 20 ~oiqzwuii ~iunioAnwi"uad
fi GnS~iniowz?pdwndr$iuiAnwiwudwour~murrsluwza'pdmnaZu~l~ ua.rluduroqu<unidwaubvin"uadwaiibbazZubZuludadfiu fiduas
fi d ~ ~ b ? ~ ~ d ~ ~ l ? ~ q i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b b ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ 6 D ~ f i $ i d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ I,
~~uaZm~~uuqGFj~ifi rnffifiubai r~daiidlm niin$u7lps"~fiu4iwoua~mu kn~iab8uwubrnud~~b~uimdwiu~alpliubbuud ~inaaddoznau
, , Cd bi?un~u~inwuqnlai16~mimn"unoau"ua~iiuiqF3~u~a~ iq~$uGiu Wijeyewardene 1990) d 1 U d ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ f l u d l u $ u ~ l 6 ~ b b ~ n ~ l u n i d
A A lfiduwruumunidd~muw bmaaulval6 v'wtuunud?ida~uu,"iu I,
~ ~ l ~ d ~ $ ~ s " b ~ d a " ~ ~ d f f ~ ~ b ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 4 d f i $ l d " u ~ d n ~ ~ " 1 1 l ~ w " ~ ~ ~ l6bbfidl~ Political Systems of Highland Burma "Ud Edmund Leach (1954) bbWz
dr; d1M"Ud Fredrik Barth (1969) lI"IIa41 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries
uanqind silaiid$u7 Mddu16.a'm duddiud~un"uiu~mudai8u fi ~mGiuni.r~uilunnlI$ii 66.auwubiaddwoubbmu" (frontier tribes)
fi A , (HU I 942) ~ m z ~ u n w u n m ~ n r i ~ a i ~ ~ ~ u ~~"umanud~.rad~un~u"~~uiu
3 92 bdtld" (tribal boundary) (Norins 1939) dl~$Ups$dllad Norins ub?! Z A A M~iiuii $nwmzm~iudubbid"undn~u"di~~ud~uwuw .adluno$$
2i ma.nun$ua"i baazm?iu~auraa~~diiui~nidnifbindrrazniodguw , - pl - 4 3 A u ~ ~ u l u "fnffu" (forward policy) ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b b ~ z ~ d n q w s / l w ~ ~ " ~ ~ i u " u a u
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AnriiaGu i r ~ ~ ~ ~ d C n Q u k u ~ a u ~ u o z p s i ~ ~ u p s ~ i ~ ~ ~ q a i ~ ~ ~ ~ n q w aazlu luniorni$napdii~Au~"uwb~mumaoqzbbEi~~udaii~lo qinnio ~ ~ ~ 4 i p s C i d ~ a ~ r ~ d a z d i l ~ i i o a w o u ~ a m u ~aazw~oiuaza&ma~mi ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ i U b ~ i ~ ~ " u ~ d b b d ~ ~ d i ~ % ~ b b ~ ~ d wuiinioiimaiu"~u~"uw dmamz~~uozmi i~n$ui ioaqdi~~ fiuiimaiuunndidn"uaiiduin gu
A 2 4 doing~dluawun.adbdi ~~awdawamufi i i+ (five-colored boundary
map) ddii~uuzii~~uwou~mu~dnriiafiufiiuionimain~~p~"i~~uud iidn"uaanld fizfiaulfi~fi~ii~maiumqu~m?n~a~dnngniodmaiu ~ 6 l ~ ~ ~ ~ b b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ , " f l l f i ~ f b b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d n ~ l ~ ~ 6 b f l ~ ~ ~ l d ~ (9 oluaza~unb~ub~u~u Norins 1939)
Unvlllu The Frontiers of "Burma1' ~ d L i 1 U 9 1 U M 1 d ~ 1 ~ W ~ " a W ~ l ~ ~
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d l "mu" ~ f l u d a u ~ d d ~ a d $ u d b?amaiubfluwtubbnukdbbdbbtniui 2 $ w
V I ~ U I , L . ~ ~ T ~ ~ R I , ~ ; I ~ ; ~ ~ Minuduas~fl.rnitdmuluwumndnd7aamn uidtzn~pl8nn5adi7wu~addu~ad PI di;aKawuyad PI u ~ t ~ ~ n u w (IOCBIS
w 4 A embody the border) (Flynn 1997) Yldu b ~ a d n f l a d ~ ~ ~ ~ a d ~ ~ b f l d l ~ n 7 f
4i A, l.a"dszb.a.Ld"q~nwumwt.viw$u $ ~ a 7 ~ ~ x t . m n d 7 ~ ~ 3 a m t ~ $ 7 u ~ u ~ 7 u ~ n 2 2 vsr dt:~nm .n.rrhr~uuffantzuaunitdmuniupsdd 66qnntzs;ii77 lfidu
aluLLnu fmudn~unuadi$ulil62uuauw5aulqn'uwn7w~~nd1a m~1slubad %a~aua~~tnui~~n~~uua~Jn~~iw"u{attmu~ Flynn (1 997) a PI w
"1191~~da1~'1191m~l~~ai7 "We are the border" d7u'du%ft%bbfldn'~l$a
bauouod Gupta UI: Ferguson (1992) d u a d i 7 ~udwt~~muIfu~flu a ~ m i u 7 n s l a u a d n i s -1uni7u1d*q (displacement) LM:: " l 5 a ~ m 7 1 ~ w "
(de-teritorialization) ria:6~ilun~sdourdduu~a~ma7~ L d ~ " d 7 ~ bbf i~$~b%d
d~wKnwdvadgmudriubbnu~nafid7ps"adluKnwmz6uad 66~uwia$ mld" (hybridized subject) da$a~auaKdnd7a Flynn b ~ u a ~ l ~ ~ f ~ ~ n ~ l
2 w c z bL t4~q lMLV~ i7 1 ~ ~ 7 d o l t d h $ 7 ~ { ~ M d W t N b L ~ ~ n & ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 U ~ d W f ~ b b ~ ~
lubd&dnd7a~b3u$dMun u7nuoid~mu~7uauudddw$auq:aanu7 ~~fin~aani%maiu~fIum'amu ~~a:maiuJtinm9Y7mququ tnu#iid?Id fiunaluf~nuadnlt " ~ n d d ~ 7 u " (deep placement) i lfiz~7~:"uad
3 $ 4 nltbflub~7"~dwu~ w ~ubadRf~umtadadld bbuubbPd~~l%lul~ (deep ti d w
territorialization) unzma7uenPiawunndnd7adbad d ~ f l ~ i i q . j u i 7 K ~ d ti
" I I ~ ~ I T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ c " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ A ~ w w ~ ~ L L ~ ~ ~ ~ ' j l ~ ~ ~ ~ d f l l t b f l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ u ~ / I ~ ' L ~ R u K u $ Y I w K ~ I Gupta La: Ferguson LfiUQ fl?t~hPd~"F.l;lild
dwtuunuaanu7,findma7ubfluKanu U a : ~ f i ~ b 1 ~ ~ d ~ 1 ~ a m ~ 7 d ~ i 7 d Ad
wana7mi7iuadntdd uazwano7uudnmawoubbmudJt7rIbuX7iu
~flunt:uaun~tud~ua~n~tnau~~q~nn~t~n~uua~?In%waq~nuan ti d wun lun7tbB7u74a.r9dbn7fibba:dt:tuq6q7nma7uiu!uad2tdfd
ti A 9IadwtuuFlu lU9ImZd Gupta LEI: Ferguson ~ ~ d ~ l d n ~ t ~ b b f l ~ d l b f l ~ "interstitial zone9* iddi7 i7 "interstitial7' M%I e'interstice" ¶k! M U ~ U ~ % ti d s i ~~Vlban b b ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ 7 d ~ d ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ f i ~ d d ~ ~ % ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ % f l ~
3 d n ? ~ ~ i ; ~ ~ a d i u d a a n u u a ~ I d a~ut:ui~dbbdaa"aaa:auaauauad~d~~?m
w c i 4 ~i~$lu~uun~Guuzua~nt~aun7t!ua~~"ua~ua~bvaas:uil~fia~dau ludd "interstitial mne" i-ra7qqz!ri!6dma7ufiGni76~u7nu7~Gn uoi
ti d w PI 3 d d Flynn ~a~n~uua~~i~u~1aubb~ubba:~~n~dn~1aPdu!Bj~"dunwsi7ubw wGdd7uu?auaassuaabpi7iu w~n~ai~m"uaduu!d6aui7~7qluKaGu
3 d t b ~ d ~ d b t 7 1 ~ ~ 7 q ~ ~ d ~ 7 ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ 7 ~ 7 b f l ~ b $ ~ d ~ ~ ~ O I 1 ~ 9 ~ 7 9 ~ ~ 9 / 1 ~ 7 d
nawd!~bariufi?taw'7iu bba:iu6~ai? "interstitial zone" !d~~udbboi bflud?uu~iab$ud~fiadm7wuwwdd1n~7 b$uia!d!6bpi7iu u7nuoibo7
3 d , q:duma~ud~?nua:t:uu1uwun~a~~~~~udi~u1ukaGu~a~6au~4u nir ir3Bannbi;u4i.rd7daan!dludad 66interstitial** i ~ i u ~ i a s i i u $ ~ d WfUbbnu Y"11 Donnan bba: Wilson (2003) % ~ l b ~ " 1 1 d 6 " l ~ l ~ & u w " ~ s " 1 ~ d
lifl~'LU4"a~dt:il<~biNb'i~) 4
w u 7 u 7 r r t z u i n ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ d d " u a d ~ u b a d , PI 1ug7uzd~i9uwouunu 47uAnw wtuunurJGn~m~~~niu'L~dn7ulfi~afiun7wUttdua~ Raj (2006) 4
w s i 4 Immuuanbilu"ua~ma7u~flu .nuw d p n d t : ~ ~ ~ n o 7 1 ~ 7 u r d L ~ u 6 6 4 ;
fiu9. ddpnnt:i~lG~fluplauudd"ua~ 6saluunuv 'LunltAnwlduuw ni~~aun~ufiuniw~ftd~~azuimsn~siinn'sd3uW1 psiiq uazqnu
PI
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(Fortress Europe) d~flnqz~flu~~nlaatunfiun7wuFtd Inu%~(lr L A
uadn~o~uuaud~dbbdandaauq7nn7uuan~1flb~7~w"uwa7m7~"umuad ti A fiVlnlW ~ ? ? L A ~ I ~ ~ A ~ ~ U L ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ I A (paradoxes) "11dWuWWtNbb~U
d ~nm7wqbd d1u~~~vdd~~fluma7uwu7u7u1un7twq:~nt:u3~ua~n7t " ! h t ~ a n u ~ ~ r : u i i ~u t tn i~~a~Ad t :~n f i f i ~~~n adluum:~duanirfi
,fi ~flun7t 61fis"~dwsurrnu11 "ua9~a7~~fluqGnimluuuu LLazLLunnubad a a n q ~ n d t : a f i ~ ~ a u f i ~ u ~ u ~ $!ai!6~fluarnln daryninari7dfikei7
ti A - a u n 7 w q ~ ~ u n a ~ u r i h 6 6 w u ~ ~ d n i 1 t:uiw?pRau79n 'Lu 16fiuun" In1* & m i i o ~ d ~ p n 6 ~ u 6 ~ u f i a u d t ~ n ~ t ~ u ~ ~ i ~ b ~ n f ~ ~ ~ d u u u ~ b ~ u n aanqinniuuan ~ ~ m t n ~ t ~ n f i u n ~ t a w u w ~ B ~ u ~ ~ ~ n u a n f i u n ~ w ~ u ~fludauui;;ruedutuu7u~dnd7adbad d ~ a j $iiilwtur~nu"uasna7utih fiun?wqFtdsd"udmaiuqnu$dad'LuKabad Piiunniaqnunis~6dndia 2 d w A Z W d u nymu~~awuw6~u~u~~azanubua~6auiiq~ufi~mt7ulu.ria~fi~mt~u fiaiiuGuKd~~inaidwfiattw I 990 ~flu6uui pnfinu?~am!?rPddiu4 fffiunwn:duwtuonu &main " u ~ n ~ m n u a ~ u ~ t u a ~ f i 7 ~ ~ t q d P n m
w s w tnuu~una~nd~ai;~an7un7wn7~nDuu~uun""u7nn7tq~baari~~q?~i~
A w 3 w q~ndszawfifiu+in nt:uaun?sn"n$d~~ad~uuuayanu ~~a:n?sfi!w $udm~?u[awuw~wnouu7e~!a"m7ud7e[$sl"uu~nu~un~ua~u~w
~ a ~ d t : ~ n n i w - l '1ufirm7w~tddm~ diq~nlfi(ifiuna7ufin7un7w ,=is 9 6 , ~i~d6dus~r6dauudd"uad "011?u~~nu" "ua.~fiun7w dd~uufinfiu7dnt7u
~ ~ a l f i v q n ~ i n n r a u n i t A n w i d ~ ~ a ~ n " ~ ~ F ~ ~ ~ a z b ~ u ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ n u " u a ~ F ~ , ,
l u k ~ i l ~ k l rn6G;iu4iuauuinw"3uqzl%bbuawiduadnirAnwd~un 4 1 transborder studies v?Q%?~~t~bbnu~nwl $a bbmni1d"~dbbuawld
,3c'd 4 2 4 d n i r ~ n w i ~ ~ u u % ~ u u n n a ~ 0 i ~ ~ u d ~ ~ i a u ~ q ~ u m ~ r a ~ 9 d ~ I, ~~wizwadrniu d c r w
~~ua.aiubbnubiisd"u ~.gin~~iua~dr:~~uwuanwmz$iu~i~~~azntz~iu 6aW~ndauuadF~~~azuadFan ~ iun i rua~ ida~ua~n i tawuw~iu6u du&u ni~uad~u~nwmz~b~un~rb' iuraumiuni~~' iuwiduad~nu
111miu~8d11tt~~uiu~ wild Fnuldb.rfiw:inw:adiiw"udAnwiiu ~ d i ~ ~ i n u 4 ~ a m ~ i u ~ ~ n u ~ ~ ~ a ~ $ i ~ ~ u r n ~ u B n a i ~ u ~ ~ ~ F ~ ~ ~ i a i i ~ l n bbduauii%bflu~nwmzbdudbbmniidvTaaiqq:$unlKiib~unir$iu
,, I d fiubru?snthdl l ad borderland studies ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ W ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U W ~ ~ W I ~
34 w nzAuqiuunudih lurzuzvkl uuunuiyw?wuilwu4iuau'bi
iaudaulqni~~n~au6iusiiubwa"mufiTTu i ~ n a w k s i n ~ oaznaiuAn
cr 4 4 4 d l u L ~ u a ~ u ~ ~ u d l u ~ b ~ d WWu~aanu'11dU1Ui &I Transborder Issues
in the Greater Mekong Sub-regime (Suchada, Vail, and Sciortino 2008)
bbaz lu~iuniwi2~uua~Qmui Crna~a i i i a u 6 6 i m u s ~ r u u w t u ~ ~ ~ u "
PI
niriruiumubm~al"~a~~%a~~ i i f i w f i b~az?~nir?~uua~~iub~nu PI
~~azwrubbnuAnwi luwi~&~nu~iam4Cu fi~ldGnaiu~Gufia~&a~5u ~a~Cn?~inirdiinirAn~~ru~~nulu~iu~aimiu4~amAnwid~~d.a"~
A 2 d a ~ i d Q a ~ d i a u n " u ~ ~ d ~ ~ d l u b r a ~ w u ~ i u ~ . d u n i 9 d~aaflu I ,
4 c r o a i ~ ~ ~ q d i ~ ~ K u ~ ~ u ~ w w i ~ p s " n i r d a u n K u ~ d u a ~ w " m u i n i r ~ ~ ~ : n i t t z ~
A d o ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ d ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ d n I ~ ~ n ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ l " ~ ~ l ~ b b ~ ~ ~ ~ b f l ~ b ~ ~ d W W ~ I ~ ~
uin ~aazai~&a~nitnira5driunn~8u~n"uuin~uluauinmKuln~~ Min 6suiywu?wuiaiuanu.. ~z~flui inu~uani~v~~lunira:f iauniw nir~dduuL~dadwi.radidddrz3w~niw &luknuils?rjudd~&uw"us" r :~ i i~w"a~~u~uun"u~ani5a"m~~~wrn~auf inwan"uai iaaunl iaan $rliald (Q Appadurai 1996, Friedman 1994, alaz Tsing 2005) &ail
~ ~ q u a ~ n i n i n n a i u . a " n ~ ~ u u a ~ 1 ~ u m 6 ~ 1 a " u a ~ ~ ~ a ~ i iruiu aaznitnn ~~usrzv i i . r . r iu i id~ d~~ua$a.~lua~m<~iiuui di\l iu%~dibdan
kdqzwui i ~ i n n i r ~ u ~ a u a r ~ m n r t u ~ i d ~ dwu?uiu~zfiaurau
w " ~ ~ l n l ~ ~ l d ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ b b U ~ ~ 1 9 b b ~ t n 4 ~ ~ n ~ l % ~ ~ ~ d W t ~ b b ~ M ~ U
diuidbflu&m~n~ dpnuiuunui~id~drjnqzvainvaiubbwn~idn"u PI PI
I W 4 uinquvi?n~u&u~?a~niauli6auuin anwdu Minviqzwuiuiu a a ~ z ~ ~ % a a ~ d ~ u d a ~ & u n " a i ~ i i l i ' 1 ~ i ~ l u ~ z 6 u ~ u ~ maiqq:$dW$ui4n
GantounquuinCn
4 - s I6uqn 1uam:dunaq7n?twlq8qmuw7amfi7uauvdqa7quaqi i? &%il\ll db~~n~lUll.a"~~tj'l~bb6~bb~~l~ld9bbM~~~d?lalWlNN76~~
0 4 40, ~ a u a 6q6un7tl.a"i~~~~a:m7qquuuu:mqn7tdaa~td~~mni?~Cu PI LLW:
imaiui~aflulunis~$ildt:y~.a"nlfi~iin$amna~4au5ulunisl.a" f d
~ ~ n b ~ 0 9 ~ ~ 7 % - J 8 ~ ~ M % M n l t ~ n ~ l ~ ~ P 1 W t % - J b L ~ ~ % ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 9 d ~ ~ d i 7
fiww"dlilau~qnr~liualq~~LLri ilil "muunu" (border) 'WTIILL~U"
(frontier) "!,TIWLLnuw (boundary) "Lt?uLTImLnu" (borderline) " 4 U d d 4 w "dflbllalu" (borderland) bba: "fllmlL"UW" (territory) M ? f l ~ l ~ ~ f l f l ~ b l d :
dai;~n~tbmiaulaalhau LY w ~ i u "$?u nm onu" (trans-boundary)
"47~ql?" (transnational] LLa: " ~ 7 8 1 1 1 ~ ~ " (cross-border) %Gdldtauld a n q i i i r l n l t l ~ d l dpndo:~w$uL~adu~uKnwm:~Lwwai7d~dd
.3 d f l ~ l d ~ n ~ ~ d w u w . 6 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Liu " . ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ I u L L ~ M " (border landscape) .3 d : a " ~ ? ! f l ~ d ~ l ~ b L n ~ " (border riverscape) "WMMfl7fl9" (zone-in-between)
u~mudrluunu** (borderlanders) bflufiu iualnq:i~~um?uma?ufi 1% ~ 6 a ~~11:~~~l(d~lPTWMiU(w"bb ~~dl$~lar~%?mdt:i~a"udu Uil ~:Wl6~~n~smmua~wndiwinGnluaG~8syGnw6rdbv?a~G~dt:~nG
d 2 un:nduilua~nnlodAnw~ btadubfluv~n5finq:a:baudq:wululu Guiu ~?aa~u~uKnwm:n~tl.a"iiKww"~~wi:~~ia~iiaii~t:f int:a"~
P, P,
(Alvarez 1995) $4; G~lB i6a~nd ia i ;~n i t~~damaiuvu~ut~~ ,g i i~n iw i ojnqwua:n~mlwu~ujdt~wq~nma~u.a"n~q~~~a:~ni~l~1l.a"ai~~Kn ~ d b a ~ a ~ ' l
d d l u ~ ~ 9 l u d ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ d u i l i i n l ~ ~ ~ ~ n 9 l u ~ n n i l . 1 u a ~ n ~ l u
M M ~ U v?aKnwm:nltl.a"ilPTWMiU(ww"dnd7au~$7q6u d\ldaul~~.jq:~flu b 4 Pl W 4 - w"nq2Yj~iawswamu~1P;i~uiwnsndia k a i i q ~ i u 9lU"11d Ander-
P , 5 4 son bba: OIDowd (1 999) IKbbqn bbqd%v b ~ ~ n d ~ a l ~ ~ d ~ d t ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ l ~ ua:riuu:nltl.a"uoqilfiww"i7ql l u n ~ w ~ ~ u a ~ f i u C I ~ L P I ~ ~a:nlw1 a j n q w ua:~~ l io in~r l?ua~?~~n i tn iw~K~nqw~a~n" ina iu 'bd~ f lu
K u v d ~ K u ~ ~ u a C u a a ~ n ~ t ~ Z a n i ~ u ~ l . a " a d w a ~ u n a t P, P, odntziu mu 4 liuunwu~uw~1ihr"~fiu~n4audhaa:uau~uCu'b6fi~q 4 5 biu m a i l il
C 4 2 4 il u ~ t u ~ ~ n u w (frontier) P d ~ i i m a l ~ v ~ l ~ % u b ~ 9 n ? ~ d l a n 9 ~ u f l ~ i l 9 n
i l c l luumzdil i l 6sLoolanuv (boundary) iflunltiw;\ldumud4n 1nuvului;qLQw7:L~udbb~iqiua7m7bamLi?iu uanwn6 "wtubmuW a, ,
~a~Gqamvu,ui;d almlu?~am Gi l a~dd l* dadt:MilqGu~ilum n g w u i ~ a o ~ a a d ~ ~ a u n i t $ a a ~ u k m u ~ m n a i ~ (9 Bartlett and Mackay
1989 L&LSUI ~i~aalqdu$uddi i~nwm:nl tu~uuu7uL~7aanl~ I P,
ldiiuauawdnluia d i l l u ~ ' i i i i l i u u : i ; ~ n ~ t y n ~ ~ n ~ $ ~ ~ u a ~ ~ m u d a ~~uwnlilnl~liie.~~~" d u n l t g n h American frontier ~uwmattwd 19
.3 Ad (Billington 1967, Turner 1920) uanqlnd "WfUbbBIu" B~I I :L~~UWUMYI
iinlr8niauailQnuaa:t:~i7qi7u7qw7qn~tbiadlut:~udfiau~~a:
lriiimallmjlK~lun7t~$7ldGu7uaau~am (Solomon 1970) dqlub~46n" kufidiiuqluiu7 d ~ i l i ? &*frontierw 1yj7u:~ilu 66~t?uwtu~~nuw );j
4 . 3 4 lu~~~ud~~a:luma~~~flu~~~d~in~~Ei~Y~tiad~nCu P, Wli~ulundwuw w"saG~amn?"?ay uiaiiqln ~wt1~61~flu~iuGuKq:l.a"iiii "frontier
region" "frontier zone" LLWM (9 Leach 1960 b f lu~%~~l4 ) dau ilil L6aluanu9* (border) d q f i n l f i u d ~ u u ~ u u a~'~q:i;il~~m-iq ~ad i l i l ~nma luda ldad t : v i l d uwtuMuw La: - ~ u n ~ ~ n u ~ T ~ L G . ~
" d pGHlamf ~uum:dlilil cdunrluunuw (borderland) $9 "vliau f $ 9 , wUMYluknu" (cross-border region) n"~~~uaflnu~.1dt~n7tdldi7\lq7n
nl t l . a" i l i ? Tw"bLmu" (frontier) %u~q~fiul.Villt~n d196ilil "$1~1 wnrunu9? ~~riilq:~fiuildelqq:wuu7ndqn~uattmnttuw+nuqwu L L ~ ~ u ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ w (transfrontier) n ~ u d ~ l n ~ i l ~ n l t ~ . a " ~ a u u l n (!,.dl4
w w d ~udluua9 Bucken-Knapp 2002) bba:alqbflu~d~~~'l~d~uu~"dnuan iaWu~6an"ldi 69614 hi" 66C~uwsuunu9* dl.a"n"uluqluwinu~nulu,
,
~iWl"kl N l i %uu~uiidq~udo:mw transborder studies 64?h8;ndl? rq
6 1 9 ~ l r / ~ ~ ~ c l % M??l transnational studies b & . l ~ l n n ~ l 4nw"lu ilil
6 L a ~ ~ ~ r w * (territory) e i~~:a :~un iw~ ' ;auua ' imd~m~u~n"un i t~ ia~ d9t:UUii~i~Pflub~~i:"uad?$ uai~?q ~ ~ 6 9 ~ o i ~ : ~ G u l i n i t l ~ i i i i 1
r; B ~ a i m i ~ ~ ~ ~ l u ~ s a d a u l uanm%a~in1~?uwwi~nit~ia~n"dld6au~du n " ~ F h f l e i l d L d ~ 91Pd"ufld Forsberg t:qdt:msln"~d " f l l ~ 1 L " U W " B a n
~ g u 6 ~ t : r n w d ~ a 1 ~ f i i ~ m d y u u a ~ w i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i i a w ~ b b u ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ a I a s l i i 2 u iqtiun:~~um~~u~Ru1uu Forsberg 1996)
uin~n~zfiaumjluld~attmnttudli6auwtuunuAnwludad ~ s n l d d n a i u w u i u i u ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ u i u n n : r i i a w ~ a u n w ~ ~ : ~ i u n a i u
I V d au%~do~ud'uuumu~muwt~ n " n ~ l w u w ~ : f i a ~ n r i i a ~ ~ ~ i u ~ u i i ~ ~ " u a d f i p G f i l a n f Eric Fischer d d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a l t ~ l t World Politics %U&l
I P, PI
$&?A 4 7 ~ bbd~9ddt:b~Pda'l On Boundaries (Fischer 1949) %U~IM?M
i! lnsnmuv Lf luds&uf lw~wid i iu i~n i tL iad (power relational) UR: a a 4,
(change of attitude) ~ ~ l d ~ ~ d gd~l~Wlld:dLd<UUl.l.dRm
l 6 m i u d a d n u l i K ~ a : b d 6 ~ i n n a i u a u % ~ ~ 3 a ~ m ~ f i u " u a ~ n a i u i ~ u ~ l iuvmu~uy u u a v m ~ n ~ ~ f i i a w f d ~ ~ ~ i u u ~ ~ ~ u i t : u i i a ~ ~ < u w i d
qGfiianfniuniwun:flq<uwid&dnud$uadn"uuYwd un:oiauin"d n i t % ~ ~ a i u a u ~ ~ n " u f l ~ < u w i ~ n i w i f i i a w ~ u n i ~ ~ z q r ~ u r r w u m u %u
d l u $ u ~ d n r i l a i Fischer %M"naluilniyiiunlt~fidntauwidnaiu~m
(conceptual frameworks) % u n l ~ u ~ d ~ ~ l ~ b f l ~ ~ t ~ b b m ~ % ~ u R l u ~ n w m :
69 i l u f i ~ d b t l ~ ~ ~ ~ A ~ l b f l U ~ l t b ~ U ~ ~ l W ~ l ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ b b ~ ~ % ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ b ~ U
l h f l d unt:uaunitw L L R ~ I M ~ ~ L ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ i u n i w ~ elauf iu ld l i4i~:~fIun tauniruoawnrumuqinnisbdduubLdadaeiidtamb;a~uiud (boundar-
d ies of rapid change) n l~u~dwnrumu~~n~au6au~u~1ud t :~ ln t ,P (hu-
man-overlaid boundaries) MIU~U%Q$nwm:"uaddd~~un~l "WtuUmU
niulul' (internal boundaries) wtuonudujlriwnwrnauu~afl~l~j~adut d n " ~ ~ t ~ 1 b b ~ ~ ~ L ~ d ~ t b b 6 ~ (uncrystallized and crystallized boundaries) "6711
~?' i1$8dta f1"11d~t~bLm~ (relict boundaries) nt:uaunitdjit~ad~b~:uiu
ldraswruumu (concurrent persistence and obsolescence) W~UMUC(
p ~ ~ " l l l l $ u u l % ~ ~ ~ n A ~ d (resurrected boundaries) wt~LLmu~%IQ?l
(secondary boundaries) ~ t u b b ~ ~ ~ ~ l t l ~ b b B ~ ~ t ~ b b ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ % 9 ~ ~ (ancient
and modern boundaries) ~ d ~ ~ ~ d d ~ & ~ w " ~ s " t : ~ ~ l d f l ~ < ~ d l d %unit
d d b ~ ? ~ % ~ a L ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ b ~ M ~ M d ~ l U b b ~ ~ (interaction of boundary-making
factors) ~ilufiu iuudli!GU~flunaluwuluiulpdnltdiLapda~"s?mi12d a;ayuua~d~tiaiqq:~~anu~uui%%~unituadw"udLLda:bbid
3 d ~ ~ G l i n i t A n w i w u w w t ~ ~ ~ n u % u a ~ 5 ~ i n i ~ & ~ ~ u f i i ~ w f ~ : d u i uiuwaaunasgdd16nriiaui~idfiu b b i w i i ~ m u i n i t ~ u ~ ~ 4 m ~ ~ ~ u a AnwqwZ u n : n i t A n w i b i u n r a u a i " u i 5 g i i u n $ u d t i n ~
d.4 - 4ln"mpdauul dlUYad Brunet-Jailly (2005) ~ d b f l w l ~ ~ ~ w u ~ ~ 6 o e f l . 3 J l wd.4 1 ,2 v cr lundnauufiii! l i b ~ " u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ l i n a i u w u i u i u d ~ : a 3 i ~ n t a u
b b R : L % ~ i a b b ~ ~ ~ l d ~ ~ l ~ ? ~ (conceptual/theoretical models) %M"n"U~t~.lbLmlA
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