A Borouge magazine for the infrastructure industryBORPIPE

PE pipe solutions enable Minh Phu shrimp farm to thrive

BorSafe™ PE100 supports Africa’s largest wastewater treatment plant – Bahr Al Baqar, Egypt

Borstar® technology enables excellent mechanical and physical properties for PP-R pipes

Issue 49 | Aug 2021Borouge.com

ISSUE 49 AUG 2021

EditorKH LouMohamed Ali Jaber

Sales & Marketing TeamAbdullah Saber Amos Tay Chanchal DasguptaChandra Basavaraju Farraj Tashman Henry Zhou Hussein Basha Ioannis Inepekoglou Jinghui LiKang Peck Tze Mark YuPhilip Chen Prashant Nikhade Srinivas Goud Sultan Al Kendi

Art, Direction & CommunicationsGemaine GohTeresa Lai

BorPipe is an official publication of Borouge Pte Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction of the content as a whole or in part without permission is prohibited.

Borouge is a member of the PE100+ Association.

EDITOR STATEMENT

A note from the editorWelcome to the 49th edition of BorPipe, which also marks the 15th anniversary of the magazine since its humble beginnings in June 2006. It also marks a major change in our communication strategy as we embrace social media to deliver the latest industry insights and inspiring success stories as they happen – for ongoing updates, do follow us on LinkedIn, Twitter and Instagram.

During the 1990s, the use of PE pressure pipes was in its infancy in Asia Pacific, Indian Subcontinent and Middle East. Steel, concrete, asbestos cement and ductile iron were the preferred choice when designing pipes because project engineers and consultants were extremely comfortable with these materials and had a lot of experience with them. At that time, plastic pipes were perceived as low cost and there were doubts about long-term reliability. Thus, this limited understanding of PE and how it could be successfully utilised, together with the inconsistent supply of high-quality PE pipe resins, restricted its widespread use. PE was only a niche product marketed for less critical systems or temporary applications. In the region where Borouge operates, early producers of PE pipes gained a small foothold in countries such as India, Thailand, Malaysia, Oman, Australia and Myanmar, among others. The launch of PE100 in 1995 in Europe then gave early PE producers an additional tool in their arsenal to promote PE pipes for a wider range of applications and especially in systems with higher operating pressures.

European PE pipe resins for pressure application were supplied readily compounded (finely dispersed carbon black is added during the final manufacturing step) by the resin suppliers. On the other hand, the majority of manufacturers of resins in the region supplied natural colour resin that required pipe converters to add their own carbon black masterbatch before pipe extrusion. The risk of errors while manually mixing carbon black just before extrusion plus the possibility of contamination in the generally poorly regulated Asian market (with a few exceptions) resulted in pipes that would sometimes fail during hydro testing or during installation. Alternatively, non-uniform mixing of the carbon black could result in production inconsistencies between pipe batches.

Thus, when Borouge commenced production of PE pipe materials at its petrochemical complex in Ruwais, UAE in late 2001, it was a gamechanger that greatly altered the supply dynamics for PE pipe resins in the region. This marked the first time resins made according to European standards of pre-compounded PE but with shorter shipment lead times to Asia and the Middle East were consistently available in large quantities. By 2002, these materials were widely distributed to pipe converters via our sales offices in Abu Dhabi, Singapore, Mumbai and Greater China.

To boost market development and increase awareness of the benefits of PE, Borouge employed a combination of participation in trade shows, conferences, industry associations as well as direct engagements with utilities, consultants, contractors, regulators, operators and asset owners. BorPipe also served as a tool to further expand knowledge to the pipe value chain at these events with its growing collection of successful PE projects around the region. The sharing and publication of these success stories facilitated the eventual acceptance of PE (including PP after 2013) usage in more complex and demanding projects.

To this effect, we want to acknowledge the previous editors – Didier Nozahic, André van Uffelt, David Walton, Cristian Hedesiu and Andrew Wedgner – who made this publication what it is today and helped position it as an important tool to promote the virtues of polyolefins for infrastructure systems. This would also not have been achievable without the contribution of the entire pipe team and our partners who understood that the knowledge shared by them would enable the pipe industry to be more vibrant and successful.

Your editors,

KH Lou Mohamed Ali Jaber

TOP STORIES

MAIN STORYEgypt transforms for the future: Mega developments and the ‘Decent Life’ project – P4

INDUSTRIALLarge diameter diffusers for outfall pipeline of Dahej desalination plant, Gujarat – P27

CONSTRUCTIONHE3477-RT: New PE-RT II for hot & cold water systems and industrial applications – P10

COMMENTARYSustainable solutions to address extreme water stress in Indian subcontinent – P32

PE pipe solutions enable Minh Phu shrimp farm to thrive – P25

BorSafe™ PE100 supports Africa’s largest wastewater treatment plant – Bahr Al Baqar, Egypt – P6

Borstar® technology enables excellent mechanical and physical properties for PP-R pipes – P11

TECHNICAL INSIGHTSHDPE water pipes for sub-zero temperatures – P29

FEATUREWelded PE Sewage Pipe for Stuttgart Underground Station – P13

Sea outfall pipeline for Egyptian petroleum company – P18

Replacing steel with North America’s largest ever PE100 pipe – P21

UTILITIESLarge diameter pipes in Egypt’s mega projects – P5

Natural gas pipes for the ‘Decent Life’ Project, Egypt – P9

PE pipes continue to play a key role in China’s municipal water sector– P34

PRODUCT NEWSBorouge launches BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H: Improving the efficiency of thick-walled pipe production – P24

CONTENTS

– P4

MAIN STORY

Egypt transforms for the futureEgypt, the most populous Arab nation of more than 100 million, is in the midst of a national transformation. With more than 60% of its population below 30 years of age, Egypt’s youth will be a key economic driving force for the Arab world and North Africa, since approximately a quarter of the Arab world lives in Egypt1. The Egyptian Ministry of Planning 2 has forecasted economic growth of 5.4% for fiscal year 2021/2022, up from 3.3% in 2020/2021 – a prosperous and dynamic Egypt will have an impact in raising the standards of living for Arabs in the region.

In the following section, we feature the use of PE solutions in several projects in the country covering industrial, water, sanitation, gas utilities and oil & gas processing. Increasingly recognised for its numerous advantages over traditional pipe materials, PE continues to support sustainable pipe networks in utility and industrial projects aimed at enhancing living environments.

P5 –

A major overhaul of Egypt’s infrastructure is currently underway with the building of new bridges, tunnels and roads and creating cities, including an administrative capital east of Cairo. Such construction is key to ensuring medium and long-term development and encouraging greater use of Egyptian land beyond the Delta region that are currently home to the vast majority of the country’s population.

Our customer Gulf Manufacturing Company (GM) has been actively participating in these infrastructure developments such as the New Administrative Capital, New Alamein City, East Port Said Industrial Zone, Bahr Al Baqar Project, Toshka Agricultural Development Project and the Al Mansoura Water Desalination Plant among others. GM, one of the most well-known suppliers of high quality PE100 pipes in Egypt and the Middle East, was consistently selected by many contractors to supply pipes for these mega projects. Almost all these projects require significant amounts of water to be transmitted through large diameter pipes.

Although PE100 material stands out as the ideal choice, the challenge is in finding the right PE100 resin suitable for the production of large diameter pipes. With very large pipe sizes, most PE100 materials tend to sag during extrusion, leading to pipes with non-uniform wall thickness and material wastage. GM’s state-of-the-art facility, long track record and vast knowledge in the production of PE100 pipes combined with BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H enabled a smooth and efficient production of the large pipes in the desired sizes. Furthermore, the superior sagging properties of BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H enabled a more uniformly distributed wall thickness compared to conventional PE100 materials allowing GM to achieve material savings of up to 10%.

The pipe sizes produced for the various projects ranged from 900mm to 1,600mm in diameter, with SDRs 11-17. Chairman of Gulf Manufacturing Company, Mr Ali Hashem remarked, “As the pioneer producer of large PE100 pipes in Egypt, GM is proud to have successfully delivered pipes for these prestigious projects that play an integral role in Egypt’s future. Collaborating with Borouge and using their BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H material for large diameter pipes proved to be a great success as we managed to produce the required pipes with the right dimensions in a very effective manner.”

BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H: The material of choice for large diameter pipes in Egypt’s mega projects by Abdullah Saber and Hussein Basha

Sources[1] https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CDCS-Egypt-December-2025.pdf[2] https://www.arabnews.com/node/1831837/amp

Mr Ali Hashim, Gulf Manufacturing Chairman

Large diameter PE100 pipes being produced at Gulf Manufacturing Company.

– P6

The recently completed Bahr Al Baqar wastewater treatment plant in northwest Egypt is the largest in Africa and one of the largest in the world. The project capacity is 5 million m3/day. The plant comprises four water treatment lines with a daily processing capacity of 1,250,000m3 each. The treated water will be used to irrigate 140,000 hectares of farmland alongside the Suez Canal.

Krah Misr was selected to supply the spiral wound PE pipes for the project. The company is the local licensee of Krah AG, a German machine manufacturer with over 35 years of experience in the design, development and construction of production plants for large diameter pipes and fittings. Krah Misr manufactured

INDUSTRIAL

The population of Egypt is expected to increase by 50 million by 2050 to almost 160 million according to the UN’s medium variant projection1. As an arid nation, Egypt relies mainly on the River Nile and to a lesser extent on ground water for its domestic, industrial and agricultural needs. To boost its reusable ground water resource, the country is also focusing on wastewater treatment projects to further save water and boost land productivity.

Egypt is classified as a water stressed country with just 500m3 of renewable water resource per capita per year2. Investing in wastewater treatment will allow the reuse of the limited water resources to irrigate the farmlands and significantly reduce the risk of contamination due to the untreated agricultural, industrial and municipal wastewater.

BorSafe™ PE100 supports Africa’s largest wastewater treatment plant – Bahr Al Baqar, Egyptby Peter Youssef (Krah Misr) and Hussein Basha

The smooth internal surface of the spiral pipes will ensure superior operational reliability for the project duration.

P7 –

The pipe sections are joined by Krah’s patented electrofusion system, leading to leak-free joints.

Sections of PE spiral pipes are significantly lighter and easier to handle than pipes made of metallic or concrete. In a crowded construction site, the PE pipe sections can be easily lifted with standard lifting equipment – something not possible with steel/concrete pipes.

Manoeuvring pipe sections before the electrofusion process.

and supplied 2.7km of 1,600mm and 2,500mm diameter spiral wound PE pipes for low-pressure applications (2.2bar) within the wastewater treatment plant. As the company was already very familiar with the BorSafe™ HE3490-LS material from previous projects, it was again selected for this project.

The BorSafe™ range of PE100 has a long track and successful record of accomplishment in Egypt for large diameter pressure, intake/outfall and gravity applications. Its ease of processability is demonstrated by its ability to be used either for solid-wall pressure pipe extrusion for large diameters or in a spiral wound configuration such as that employed by Krah Misr. This makes it the PE100 material of choice for many projects.

– P8

Sources[1] https://erf.org.eg/aps/uploads/2020/08/1598549752_343_1098774_1398.pdf[2] http://www.fao.org/in-action/water-efficiency-nena/countries/egypt/en

Spiral wound PE can easily connect to steel pipe via a flanged connection. It is much easier and faster to handle and position sections of PE pipes before installation.

The benefits of PE pipes for such a project are again apparent:

Low installation cost – PE is flexible and lighter compared to other systems. Handling pipes made out of PE100 is easier – smaller cranes with lower capacity can be used and far less ground preparation is required for the lifting installation process. The time saved during installation leads to direct project savings.

Low maintenance cost – Due to the corrosion and chemical resistance during the operational life of the pipeline, maintenance cost will be minimal. Because PE100 can tolerate ground movements better than rigid pipelines, it is less likely to crack during its operational lifetime.

Low operational cost – Pipes made out of PE have smooth internal bores that facilitate superior flow properties, low tendency of fouling, and significantly better abrasion behaviour than metallic pipes. Because of its weldability, PE joints have low leakage rates leading to superior performance throughout its full life cycle.

Highly sustainable – PE pipes require far less energy to be produced. Its lightweight properties, ease of handling, lower maintenance and superior operational reliability also give them a lower carbon footprint through their whole life cycle compared to other materials. At the end of its lifetime, the possibility of recycling is also an added benefit for the environment.

After the successful completion of this project, Mr. Peter Youssef, General Manager of Krah Misr remarked, “As the pioneer producer of large spiral wound HDPE pipes in Egypt, Krah Misr is proud to have successfully delivered one of the largest spiral wound pipes in the country. We are glad to have partnered with Borouge in this aspect.”

P9 –

‘Decent Life’ Project aims to benefit almost half of Egypt’s 100 million population By Sultan Al Kendi

In 2019, the Egyptian president launched an extremely ambitious national countryside development project costing EGP 600 billion (USD38.2 billion) spanning 3-4 years that aims to improve the quality of life and standard of living for more than half of the population. The project, known as Hayah Karima, translates to ‘Decent Life’ and is mainly targeted to improve the quality of life of Egypt’s poorest rural communities within the framework of Egypt’s Vision 2030.

Hayah Karima has four pillars: improving the standards of living and investing in human capital, developing infrastructure, raising the quality of human development services, and economic development. The first phase of the project, launched in July 2019, covered 375 villages across Egypt while the second phase, launched in January 2021, raised the targeted villages to 1,500, covering almost 20% of the country’s population. The project will ultimately cover 4,500 villages comprising of almost 55 million people.

To support this project, the Ministry of Petroleum is planning to provide natural gas for about 1,332 of these villages at an approximate cost of EGP 16.8 billion (USD1.07 billion). Borouge is working closely to support the significant expansion of the local natural gas network with the local gas distribution company, Egypt Gas, which accounts for 40% of the natural gas distribution in the country. The end user – The Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGas) targets to connect 18 million households to the gas grid upon completion of this project.

Polyethylene pipes are the perfect choice to quickly expand a gas network as planned by Egypt Gas. It has proven to be the safest and most economical choice with more than five decades of safe and successful use across the world – Shenzhen Gas, China & PGN, Indonesia are recent examples that were published in BorPipe 48.

In Egypt, gas distribution pipes made from BorSafe™ ME3441 medium density polyethylene (MDPE) material have been used for almost two decades by Egypt Gas safely and reliably. The use of BorSafe™ ME3441 MDPE resin results in pipes

UTILITIES

with very good flexibility and this is especially useful for pipes used for sub-mains and house connections. Gas utilities and their customers can be confident that pipes made using such materials exceed requirements for PE gas pipes according to internationally recognised standards such as ISO 4437. It is the perfect pipe material to meet the rapid expansion needs of a national gas grid, as aspired by this project.

Borouge also supplies the BorSafe™ HE3492-LS-H PE100RC orange pipe material for higher pressures (7bar). It is made of the latest generation of high stress crack resistant material (PE100RC). Modern orange PE100 materials such as the BorSafe™ HE3492-LS-H also provides advantages when used in areas with high UV incidence, as it is more highly UV stabilised compared to other equivalent PE materials. It has passed UV exposure tests of 7GJ/m2 versus the normal3.5GJ/m2 that is usually expected. This can provide extra safety during transportation and installation in case the orange PE100 pipes need to be stored outside for longer.

Pipe converters benefit from using the BorSafe™ HE3492-LS-H because it has been specially formulated to be extruded with significantly less plate-out and also exhibits good low sag performance. These processing benefits, coupled with the overall advantages mentioned above, ensure that the gas utility and the city’s population is able to benefit from a safe and reliable pipe network to supply their energy needs for the present and future.

– P10

CONSTRUCTION

Borstar® HE3477-RT: Exceptional PE-RT II solution for hot & cold water systems and industrial applicationsBorouge now offers Borstar® HE3477-RT, a new innovative PE-RT Type II bimodal material designed for heating & industrial pipes that can achieve >50 years lifetime at elevated temperatures. Compared to PE-RT Type I, Borstar® HE3477-RT has a wider application range, especially at elevated temperatures and higher hydrostatic pressure resistance.

Borstar® HE3477-RT is an excellent material to address the growing demand of replacing conventional metallic materials in district heating and industrial applications for elevated operating temperatures.

OPTIMAL BALANCE OF PROCESSING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES The unique Borstar® technology used to produce HE3477-RT enables the creation of a distinct, bimodal polymer that results in an optimal balance of processing and mechanical properties, making it ideal for pipe extrusion.

It offers benefits such as: Excellent resistance to sagging: enables production of larger pipes up to 500mm OD with uniform wall thickness

Superior processability for ease of production: wide processing range for L/D ratios from 30:1 to 40:1 across various extruder brands

EXCELLENT LONG-TERM HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE RESISTANCE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURESResults from testing according to ISO9080 show that Borstar® HE3477-RT exceeds the PE-RT II requirements of ISO 22391 and GB/T 28399:2020, making it an excellent material that can withstand long-term hydrostatic pressure at elevated temperatures. With its minimum required strength (MRS) classification of 10MPa, HE3477-RT complements the HE3466-RT PE-RT Type I in our portfolio to provide customers a wider choice for their entire requirements in hot & cold water distribution, district heating & cooling systems, thermoplastic liners as well as reinforced thermoplastic pipes (RTP).

CONCLUSIONHE3477-RT PE-RT Type II further expands the Borstar® portfolio in the Hot & Cold (H&C) segment and industrial applications where standard PE100 traditionally had to be derated, resulting in higher cost. This is especially beneficial in the fast-growing oil & gas segment where suitable polyolefin pipes such as PE can replace the steel pipelines frequently suffering from corrosion and flow issues that require operations to be shut down for maintenance.

(Courtesy of Chinaust) (Courtesy of Chinaust) (Courtesy of Muna Noor Manufacturing L.L.C., Oman)

Outstanding surface quality and colour pigment dispersion

MPa10

8

6

4

2

0Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Cold water

ISO 22391 GB/T28799-2020 HE3477-RT

Resultant design hoop stresses and conformity check with application classes

P11 –

The use of plastic materials in pipe applications is well established because of the lightweight properties, outstanding performance and excellent corrosion resistance that they offer compared with metallic materials such as iron and copper. Polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R) is one of the fastest growing plastics used in sanitary and heating applications, and its overall mechanical properties are strongly influenced by testing and processing parameters of the polymer.

In many applications, it is necessary to pigment the resin to specific colours to modify its optical appearance for design and functional purposes. Using inappropriate masterbatch or one that is not specially formulated for hot water plumbing applications may lead to poor pigment dispersion, resulting in pigment agglomerates acting as defects in the polymer matrix and impairing the mechanical properties of the finished product.

CHARPY IMPACT STRENGTH AND STANDARD REQUIREMENTSImpact strength is the resistance or mechanical energy absorbed by a plastic component during thermal and mechanical shocks. A material with greater impact strength can withstand improper handling during installation as well as operational shocks such as water hammer and thermal shock when a large volume of water at high temperature is introduced into a pipe that is at a much cooler ambient temperature.

The ISO 9854-1 and ISO 9854-2 testing standard specifies methods and parameter values such as impact energy, test piece dimensions, shape and spacing of the test piece supports, and

CONSTRUCTION

Borstar® technology and polymer design enables excellent mechanical and physical properties for RA140E in PP-R pipesby Ioannis Inepekoglou

type of test piece for testing the impact resistance (pendulum method) of thermoplastics pipes. These methods allow a maximum failure rate of 10% of the test pieces tested at 0ºC.

The impact strength of a material, which is an indication of its toughness, can be determined from the potential energy difference resulting from striking the material with a pendulum hammer. The impact properties include both the notched impact strength (determined with a V-shaped notch) and un-notched impact strength.

In determining un-notched impact strength, the entire test piece receives the impact energy caused by the striking hammer, whereas in determining the notched impact strength, breakage is achieved by concentrating the impact energy on the notch.

BORSTAR® RA140E – UNIQUE POLYMER DESIGN FOR OUTSTANDING IMPACT PROPERTIESWith a combination of properties such as resistance to internal pressure, flexibility and excellent impact resistance, Borstar® RA140E is the safe and reliable PP-R material of choice for domestic water networks such as hot and cold-water distribution, underfloor heating, radiator connections or wall cooling and heating systems.

It is a 3rd generation alpha nucleated PP-R with an excellent balance of mechanical properties and ease of processability. Its multi-modal polymer concept allows tailoring of the appropriate high molecular weight fraction in the co-monomer distribution that leads to excellent stiffness-toughness balance.

– P12

These different molecular weight fractions also improve the homogeneity and colour masterbatch dispersion. Colour masterbatch can be easily and evenly incorporated into such base polymers. Further benefits in material performance and processing can be achieved by adding additional alpha nucleator during the polymerisation process, which increases the crystallisation speed and temperature of the PP-R material.

When PP-R pipes are installed in temperatures near 0ºC or below, their impact resistance decreases significantly, thus installers must exercise extra caution during handling.

The Borstar® polymerisation and nucleation technology differentiates RA140E from other PP-R resins. Pipes made from RA140E have better impact properties even at temperatures below 0ºC. Tests carried out at the Borouge Innovation Centre demonstrated that the notched impact properties of RA140E at -5ºC are equal to the other PP-R materials at 0ºC.

The charts below illustrate the energy absorbed by pipes made from RA140E compared to other PP-R resins. Charpy impact testing was performed according to ISO179-1.

RA140E easily passed the minimum requirements of un-notched impact test required by ISO15874 at 0ºC without failures, even at the most sensitive pipe dimension of 25mm SDR 6.

Borstar® RA140E

Charpy Impact at -5ºC at kJ/m215

10

5

0Typical PP-R

6

4.5

Borstar® RA140E

Charpy Impact at 0ºC at kJ/m220

15

10

5

0Typical PP-R

13

6

BENEFITS TO INSTALLERS AND END USERSPP-R piping systems are more cost-effective to operate and maintain as compared to traditional metal piping systems. Weighing up to 80% less than metallic pipes, PP-R is easierto handle, assemble and transport. Heat fusion jointing creates homogeneous leak-tight connections between the pipe and the fittings. No solvents (glues or similar products) are required to join the pipes and hence there are no concerns of the risks of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in confined spaces where plumbers work.

With an exceptional balance of mechanical and physical properties, Borstar® RA140E delivers a longer service life of up to 50 years for pipes and enables an easy installation process. It does not contain toxic substances or heavy metals, and thus imparts no taste or odour on drinking water. At the end of its use, the pipes are 100% recyclable. PP-R pipes produced using Borstar® RA140E are highly efficient and sustainable because they do not corrode nor suffer from internal encrustation that reduces the internal diameter. They also lose less heat compared to metallic systems and are more silent during operation due to sound damping effects in plastics.

P13 –

As part of the century project “Stuttgart 21”, extensive re-construction work is required around a newly built underground station in the state capital of Baden-Wurttemberg. This includes the relocation of several large wastewater collectors that currently pass under the site of the development. The existing wastewater drainage system will be repositioned in a culvert under the future underground station at several points, for which the pipes and components will be produced from PE100 by Frank GmbH.

OVERVIEW OF THE BUILDING PROJECT The terminus station, also known as “Bonatz-Bau”, was opened in 1922. However, new infrastructure around the station has developed over the years, thus many existing lines need to be re-laid. The location of the underground station and the terminus station together with the layout of the large sewage culverts are shown in Picture 1.

DEFINITION AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF A “CULVERT” A culvert is a pipe or tunnel that passes under a road or building to transport water or wastewater without a major head loss. The existing collectors (main collector west and Nesenbach) are gravity systems where the fill level depends upon the current flow rate. During dry weather (QTW) the level of the drain falls back into the dry weather channel. Here, a relatively high flow velocity is generated due to the reduced cross-section to keep it freely flowing and to prevent deposits forming that could block the drain. The rainwater channel remains empty until the dry weather channel is full and overflows into it at the upper gate. Thus, the side streams are separated in the upper gates – namely in QTW – here, the culvert is always filled as well as in Qkrit and Qmax. Qkrit and Qmax

are only flooded when the respective maximum wastewater level is reached. In case of heavy rain all three cross sections of the culvert line are filled. In the lower gates the side streams are led back together again – the further wastewater transport is carried out as gravity line.

Welded PE Sewage Pipe up to DN/ID3500 for Stuttgart Underground Station Adapted from “Welded PE Sewage Pipe up to DN/ID3500 for Stuttgart Underground Station” by Jochen Obermayer, Improfil 23 (p. 18-24). Copyright 2020 by Krah Pipes GmbH & Co.KG. https://www.krah.net/en/news/the-pipe-magazine/publication/improfil-23/32

FEATURE

Picture 1: Overview of underground station and location of the wastewater culvert [1].

Picture 2: Operating principle of a wastewater culvert [3].

– P14

INTRODUCTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS– MATERIAL SELECTION

Main Collector West The existing cross section of the collector around the “Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Platz” is a circular channel DN3700 with dry weather channel (Qmax ~ 65000l/s), that was made in closed construction. In the upper gates of the culvert the separation of the side streams happens as follows:

QTW ca. 400l/s g culvert DN800 PE100 pipe g always in operation, always filled

Qkrit ca. 3600l/s g culvert DN1600 PE100 pipe g emptied

Qmax ca. 47000l/s g culvert DN3500 PE100 pipe g emptied

Culvert Nesenbach Here, the existing cross section is a typical tunnel vault with dry weather channel – in the upper gates of the culvert a separation of the side streams happens as follows:

QTW ca. 1500l/s g culvert DN1000 – PE100 pipe

Qkrit ca. 10000l/s g culvert DN2400 – PE100 pipe

Qmax ca. 100m³ /s g culvert rectangular duct 7.00m x 3.60m -cast-in-place concrete

According to Wikipedia [4] the Nesenbach is a tributary stream of the Neckar River with a length of around 13km and passes through the basin in which Baden-Wurttemberg’s capital Stuttgart has developed. This small stream used to cross the city from southwest to northeast but has now been replaced along its entire length by the main wastewater collector of the same name in Stuttgart’s combined sewer system. As the Nesenbach became more and more polluted over time, it was increasingly covered and completely contained. Today it is the most important wastewater collector in Stuttgart’s sewage system and serves as a wastewater and rainwater canal for the entire southern part of the city. It no longer flows into the Neckar River near Berg but is fed into the Mühlhausen sewage treatment plant.

Picture 3: Functionality of the culvert.

1. Upper gates2. Conventional culvert3. Lower head4. Receiving water5. Culvert pipeline6. Rain weather drainage7. Dry weather drainage8. RWA discharge9. Culvert pipe10. Drainage line

Picture 4: Position of the culvert pipes - view of the lower head at the main collector west.

P15 –

Material selection The original plan specifying reinforced concrete pipes with PE liners as the pipe material led to the “Cannstatter Straße” being the first culvert structure at the new station with a nominal width of DN/ID2000. Subsequently, it was decided that the handling of reinforced concrete pipes above DN/ID2000 was not possible in the wide, deep excavation trenches. Furthermore, a solution for the large pipe fittings up to DN/ID3500 was needed. It was then recognised that lightweight flexible pipe material PE100 and the availability of wound sewer pipes made of PE100 up to a nominal width of DN/ID3500 offered major advantages, which led to the redesign of the subprojects culvert Nesenbach and main collector West.

PIPE MATERIALS AND PIPE PRODUCTION The production of the wound PE100 sewage pipes DN/ID800 – DN/ID3500 with integrated electrofusion sockets (up to DN/ID2400) as well as manholes and components was carried out at Frank Kunststofftechnik GmbH in Wölfersheim. Here are some characteristics of the selected pipe material PE100 BorSafe™ HE3490-LS:

Density: 940kg/m³ acc. to ISO1183 Poisson’s ratio: 0,38 Short-time E modulus: 1203N/mm² Long-time E-modulus: 193N/mm² Short-time tensile strength: 29,90N/mm² Long-time tensile strength: 18,90N/mm²

Polyethylene (PE100) is a thermoplastic material with a low specific weight, excellent workability, weldability and flexibility. PE has a high chemical resistance to acids and other aggressive media. In addition, the material can be fully recycled. In DIN 8074 “Polyethylene (PE) – Pipes PE80, PE100 – Dimensions” and DIN 8075 “Polyethylene (PE) pipes – PE80, PE100 – General quality requirements, testing” the following statement regarding long-term strength has been made: “The operating time previously estimated at 50 years can be extended to at least 100 years due to many years of testing and experience for PE pipes at application temperatures of 20°C.”

PRODUCTION OF SPIRAL WOUND PIPES In a molten state, the moulding compound 21 is spirally wound onto a metal mandrel in form of a continuous overlapping strip. A second, functional and inspection-friendly inner layer can be applied using a co-extruder. A metal mandrel, which determines the inside diameter of the pipe, serves as calibrator. The pipes are slowly cooled using a blower, which enables the residual stresses caused by volume shrinkage and the production process to be reduced. Different wall thicknesses and profile geometries can be achieved by winding the moulding compound in several layers and varying the amount of material applied. PKS® sewer pipes are available in the nominal sizes DN300 to DN3500. The basic wall thickness is determined in accordance with the minimum requirements of DIN EN 13476-3 or operational requirements. Production and quality assurance are carried out within the framework of the general building approval Z-40.26-359.

Picture 5: Location of the old Nesenbach line and the new culvert [1].

Picture 6: Production of a spiral wound pipe at FRANK Kunststofftechnik GmbH.

– P16

WELDING CONNECTIONS In the PKS® pipe system (profiled sewer pipe system), the single pipes, manholes and accessories are welded according to the standard with an integrated electrofusion heating socket for pipes up to DN/ID2400. During production socket and spigot are attached to the pipe. When the installation is carried out on site, the spigot is put into the socket and welded together. The welding parameters are transferred to the welding device using abarcode. The welding device automatically records the welding process.

STATIC CALCULATION OF THE PIPES Generally, the static calculation of buried sewer pipes is carried out in accordance with ATV-DWA A 127. For the preselection of a suitable pipe, this calculation method was also used. Much more precise calculations can be made using Finite Element analysis (FE). By dividing the pipes and the surrounding area into small elements (finite elements), precise calculations can be carried out. As the culvert pipes were completely encased in concrete, determining the groundwater level and internal pressure values was important. For flexible pipe materials, three checks always have to be performed ‒ deformation, stability and a stress check. An essential requirement for the contracting authorities was that the predicted service life of 100 years could be achieved.

DETAILS MAIN COLLECTOR WEST After the basic decision for the pipe material PE100 and the static calculation was completed, the work on designing the culvert sections was carried out in 3D. The individual parts for the production drawings were taken from the overall design. First, a component was installed in the lower head to connect the necessary bypass for the duration of the construction period. Since this component could not be assembled in one piece, production in the factory was divided into two parts. After delivery in Stuttgart, the homogeneous joining was carried out by hot gas extrusion welding.

An essential aspect in the selection of the pipe material was the weight and thus the possible handling of the pipes and components in the large deep excavation pits. The originally designed concrete pipes up to DN3500 could only be moved

Picture 7: Wall construction of hollow chamber profile.

with a very large mobile crane. However, there was no space available on the narrow inner-city construction site for a such a large crane. The PE100 pipes, in contrast, could be completely moved and installed using the existing tower crane. The weight of the individual pipes DN3500 with a length of 5.5m was approximately 5 tonnes. As the pipes could only be transported to site at times of low traffic volume as defined by the “traffic law exemption permit”, the pipes were unloaded and lowered into the excavation pit during the night. Another advantage of the pipes and components made of PE100 was the high degree of prefabrication, which made it possible to prepare complex components in the workshop. For example, DN3500 pipe bends and access shafts could be prefabricated, delivered and installed.

Stairways, which were necessary to comply with accident prevention regulations, could also be prepared accordingly in the inclined and ascending sections from the head and to the lower head. For the operator of the culvert structures, the “Stuttgarter Stadtentwässerung”, a uniform, bright, inspection friendly inner surface of the pipes and components was very important. This was made possible by the coextrusion process used to manufacture the pipes. The transition from rectangular to round in the head could be realised by fabrication using PE sheet material.

Picture 8: 3D construction main collector west DN800, DN1600 and DN3500.

Picture 9: Graphical representation of deformation analysis in FE statics.

P17 –

DETAILS CULVERT NESENBACH For the Nesenbach culvert, the main cross-section (Qmax) had to be designed as an in-situ concrete rectangular channel, as no precast elements could be used for the dimension (7.00m x 3.60m). For the two “small” pipes DN2400 (Qkrit) and DN1000 (QTW) and their PE100 components, the same construction method as the main collector West was used. Here, the installation in the very deep excavation trench (20m) was also carried out with a tower crane. The individual pipes DN1000 and DN2400 were welded using the integrated electrofusion socket. The tightness test was then carried out directly with a socket testing device.

The method “L” from DIN EN 1610 “Testing of individual joints” was used. This ensured that only “tight” pipe connections were encased in concrete. The lowest point of the Nesenbach culvert is the pump house. As with the main collector west, the pipe cross-sections Qkrit and Qmax were emptied after filling (after rain) to prevent rotting and odour.

To construct the underground building in advance, “insert parts” had to be delivered long before the actual pipe sections, to be set in concrete. The pipe sections “Crossing” and “Climbing” were then connected to these inserts after the construction of the excavation pits.

CONCLUSIONAs of August 2018, the main collector West commenced operations.

Key advantages of PE100 design: Feasibility produced by PE100 as pipe material High degree of prefabrication Easy handling with tower crane due to low weight Leak free due to welded joints Adjustment work on site possible Flexible material compensates for settlement differences Guaranteed long service life – design period g 100 years

Literature /Sources [1] http://www.bahnprojekt-stuttgart- ulm.de [2] https://wikipedia.org/wiki/ D%C3%BCker [3] https://link.springer.com [4] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Nesenbach [5] DIN EN 8074/8075 “Rohre aus Polyethylen PE) – PE80, PE100“ (2011-12) [6] https://www.bahnprojekt-stuttgart- ulm.de | Foto: Achim Birnbaum, Stuttgart

Picture 10: Insert Qkrit – DN2400 inside pump house with pressure tight access.

Picture 11 and 12: Installation floor arch DN3500/inside staircase and access shaft.

– P18

Egypt is a major producer and exporter of oil and gas and has an important role in the worldwide oil and gas industry. As a country it connects North-East-Africa with Asia and has an important political and economic position in the region. Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE. Ancient Egypt is widely considered to be the cradle of civilisation.

The oil and gas industry is very important for the Egyptian economy and secures the energy supply of the steadily growing population. Egypt has around 100 million inhabitants and occupies 1 million square kilometres. The El Nasr Petroleum company (N.P.C) belongs to the local oil and gas industry and is located in the port of Suez. The El Nasr Petroleum company was founded in 1911 by the British company Abar Solutions Petroleum and currently produces 6.5 million tonnes per year. To improve the environmental sustainability the N.P.C. has the construction and installation of two outfall pipelines to dispose of the treated industrial water into the deep sea. Last year also the environmental minister issued a law to regulate the discharge of treated water into the sea. This was a major environmental advance, because for many years the treated water was discharged onto the shore-line, which causes pollution

FEATURE

Sea outfall pipeline for Egyptian petroleum company Adapted from “Sea outfall pipeline for Egyptian petroleum company” by Peter Youssef, Improfil 24 (p. 17-20). Copyright 2020 by Krah Pipes GmbH & Co.KG.https://www.krah.net/en/news/the-pipe-magazine/publication/improfil-24/33

Inner wall

Integrated profile

Outer wall

P19 –

and destroys the marine life. The desired minimum discharge flow was 3,000m3/hr and the maximum discharge flow was 9,000m3/hr. From the hydraulic calculations, two pipelines with an internal diameter of 1,500mm and a pressure rating of 2.5bar were required. After presentation of different solutions and pipe materials to N.P.C. the Krah pipe concept was selected as most cost-effective and durable solution that met all the requirements of the project.

All pipes are produced in Egypt at Krah Misr using high quality Polyethylene PE100 raw material “Borouge HE3490-LS”. The raw material has a Minimum Required Strength (MRS) of 10MPa and provides a high resistance against external loads. For the pipes a profiled wall structure with adequate inner wall to handle the inner pressure was designed. Following the standard DIN 16961 and considering PE100 and Design Coefficient of 1.25 (acc. ISO 12162) the pressure class PN 2,5 requires an SDR 65 pipe or a 24mm solid wall at diameter DN/ID 1500mm.

The profiled wall structure produces the highest level of pipe stiffness and buckling resistance. The actual pipe design produces a higher stiffness than SN 16 [kN/m²] (calculated with flexural modulus of 1,000MPa).

All the pipes were produced with integrated spigot and electrofusion-socket. For homogenous jointing of outer wall an additional Krah Electrofusion coupler is manufactured. Due to this technology the axial pulling load during installation could be distributed to the total axial wall thickness of inner and outer wall. Further the bending resistance could be increased, which was an advantage for the selected installation procedure. Because of the site conditions, especially the native soft soil, the planner preferred an installation of the pipe string on piles.

The pipes are fixed in special clamps every 6m and weighted by concrete in order to resist the pipeline buoyancy. The deflection

between the piles had to be minimised by using the double wall profile and double wall jointing of the pipes. Regarding pipe design and detailed calculation of load capacity of the pipe system during handling, installation and operation, Krah Misr cooperated with the German engineering and consulting companies Selle Consult GmbH and Plaspitec GmbH. This kind of third party support was helpful for all stages of the project, especially because of changing conditions during the pipeline installation.

The pipes were produced in 6m length and jointed to 12m length in the Krah factory before delivery. Each pipe and joint was inspected by the QC department and each joint was additionally leak-tested with special joint-testing-device before the shipment of the 12m length. The weight of the shipped 12m length was around 3 tonnes and for transport, small trucks

Krah pipe flange connection during pressure test.

Pipe on a wheeled carrier. Lifting the pipeline and pushing it into the sea.

Predesign Design Welding Installation Systemtesting

Production&

FabricationProduct testing

Project stages.

– P20

could be used. The low weight also simplified the handling at site, where firstly the pipes are jointed to 100m strings with flange joint at the ends. The pipes strings are pressure tested with 1.5 times the maximum design pressure (1.5 x 2.5 = 3.75bar). Instead of using flat gaskets or simple O-rings, special rubber sealings were developed to maintain the pressure and simplify assembly in the marine environment. The stub-ends were produced out of solid wall Krah pipes and machined to get the final shape and sealing surfaces. The design corresponds to the GRE Krah pipe flanges and the GRE Krah pipe bolts. The GRE flanges, bolts and nuts, produced in Germany, are chemical resistant against marine water and are well-proven for this application. Long-term testing of all the components in sea water clearly demonstrates that the usage of GRE flanges avoids the installation of complex cost-intensive cathodic protection or the usage of super duplex steel. This reduces both the initial and maintenance costs for the pipelines.

Because of local situation at site the pipe strings could not be fabricated directly at the launching site but had to be lifted onto a wheeled carrier and transported to the shore. String by string

Easy handling offshore.

Wall penetration. Outfall chamber. Concrete blocks fitted to pipelines during installation.

the pipes are transported and lifted and pushed into the sea. Thanks to this special launching process an additional artificial ramp and special railway could be avoided. The final installation and sinking process was carried out once the pipe strings were in position. The maximum installation depth was around 6m and because the tide rises and falls by more than 2m, the installation was planned at low tide. The sinking process of the outfall pipelines was controlled using 3 tonnes concrete ballast blocks and controlled water filling which let them sink into the required position. A hydrostatic test was made on the complete pipeline (in 500 metre sections) to guarantee leakage free pipelines. The pipes were connected on shore to the outfall chamber using Krah pipes wall penetration fittings. The design of the tailor-made wall penetration system provides both radial and axial anchorage to the concrete wall and ensures leak-tight penetration of the chamber wall.

The integrated EPDM puddle flange and the additional swelling material guarantees perfect sealing and maximum safety. The integrated flange joint allows total closure in case of maintenance and pressure testing of the string after installation.

P21 –

BACKGROUND Home to almost one million people, Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada, is a popular U.S. and Canadian tourist destination thanks to its pristine Pacific waters and temperate climate.

In the face of escalating growth and an ageing infrastructure, the Capital Regional District (CRD), as well as the township of Esquimalt and surrounding communities, decided to build a new wastewater treatment facility.

The McLoughlin Point Wastewater Treatment Plant project was initiated as a means to manage growth while exercising responsible environmental practices, ensuring protection of Esquimalt’s waterways.

CHALLENGE The $775 million Canadian dollar tertiary wastewater treatment plant, and associated outfall, will manage the sanitary needs of some 413,000 people. Using a complex, three-stage filtering process, organic material and inorganic compounds will be removed before the treated water is released into the northeast Pacific Ocean.

FEATURE

Replacing steel with North America’s largest ever PE100 pipe Reprinted from: “Replacing steel with North America’s largest ever PE100 pipe” by Borealis AG.Copyright February 2021 by Borealis AG and AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH.

Concrete ballasts were used to anchor the butt-fused HDPE pipe to the ocean floor. (Courtesy of AGRU America, Inc.)

– P22

Integral to the project was a large diameter ocean outfall line, extending from the mouth of Vancouver Harbour, out into the Pacific Ocean. The outfall presented unique design and installation challenges: The need for a large pipe diameter to deal with high-flow volume Durability and anti-corrosion in the marine salt water environment Ductility and toughness to mitigate the Pacific’s tidal and seismic forces Ease of installation with minimal marine traffic disruption The overall cost, including purchase price and construction, installation, and maintenance costs.

The original McLoughlin Point project called for a steel outfall line, but due to concerns over corrosion and long-term maintenance costs, engineers selected high-density polyethylene (HDPE) — namely PE100 pipe resin — as a preferred alternative pipeline material. SOLUTIONThe decision was made to use corrosion-resistant PE100 pipes, produced from Borealis’ BorSafe™ HE3490-LS. It’s a ready-made black PE100 compound material that provides greater durability and longevity in a saltwater environment, as well as the flexibility and toughness required to accommodate float-and-sink installation. The durability of the butt-fusion-joined PE100 pipeline components also assures system integrity during seismic or tidal events.

Soon, the largest HDPE pressure pipe ever used in North America will become operational. The 2,250mm (88.6”) diameter pipe was manufactured by AGRU America using BorSafe™ HE3490-LS. The outfall extends approximately 2km (1.2mi) from the mouth of Vancouver Harbour, and is sunk to a depth of 60m (197ft).

The selection of large diameter PE100 pipe has proven to be a cost-effective decision, and a responsible investment, for the CRD and the residents of Vancouver Island.

Employees in British Columbia stand inside the largest HDPE pressure pipe to be used in North America. (Courtesy of AGRU America, Inc.)

AGRU AMERICA AND BORSAFE HE3490-LS:AN INVESTMENT IN SUSTAINABILITYAs a trusted partner with over 50 years’ experience in polyethylene and polypropylene, AGRU America decided to join with Borealis in manufacturing the pipe. Together, they created 1.3kt (2.86 million pounds) of 2,250mm DR21 and DR26 PE100 pipes using Borealis’ BorSafe™ resin. BorSafe™ HE3490-LS is a PE100+ Association quality listed material (www.pe100plus.com), specifically designed for the production of very large diameter, heavy-wall pipes.

The material’s “LS” designation indicates that it is an excellent low-sag performance pipe grade, designed specifically for the production of very large diameter pipes. This is an essential property for efficient production of large diameter pipe with thick walls. With traditional PE grades, there can be an increase of molten material flowing to the bottom of the pipe during production, resulting in inconsistent wall thickness, distribution and higher production costs. In addition to melt strength, the HE3490-LS demonstrates superior carbon black dispersion for best weatherability, superior resistance to slow crack growth, and resistance to rapid crack propagation, thus assuring long- term durability in the most demanding service conditions. The giant PE100 pipe was produced by AGRU America at its Charleston, SC plant and trucked to Vancouver in 15.25m (50ft) lengths. The pipe was off-loaded and butt-fusion welded using a AGRU W26000 fusion machine, then floated out into Nanoose bay, where 11,000kg (24,200 pounds) concrete ballasts were attached to it. The monolithic pipe structure was then towed approximately 120km (75mi) to the mouth of Vancouver Harbour, where it was then sunk into position on the ocean floor. This way of joining and towing the pipe provided for rapid installation of the pipe string, minimum disruption to local marine traffic, and low demand for divers.

P23 –

AGRULINE PE100, produced from BorSafe™HE3490-LS, is an optimal combination of toughness and durability. It withstands the demanding rigors of the float-and-sink method of marine installation, while providing long-term serviceability in outfall operation and overall cost-effectiveness to the communities on Vancouver Island.

THE BRIGHT FUTURE OF GIANT PE100 PIPESThe design and engineering of PE pipes in this size has only recently become feasible in North America. PE pipes in this size were not previously produced in the region. The 1.3kt of 2,250mm pipe was manufactured by AGRU America at its ‘XXL’ pipe facility in Charleston, SC.

“Before AGRU built this facility in Charleston, SC. in 2017, domestic manufacture of HDPE pipe larger than 1,650mm did not exist. Larger sizes are now available up to 3.5m, and this project demonstrates that they work, which is a great step for plastics,” according to Melissa Grace, Vice President of AGRULINE. “With each successful project, engineers and customers are beginning to see the merits of super-sized PE100 pipe, as well as the full scope of benefits associated with plastic’s versatility.”

As the success of this project indicates, AGRU America’s unique manufacturing site, combined with the superior technical performance capability of Borealis’ BorSafe™ HE3490-LS, suggests a bright future for very large diameter polyethylene pipe in a broad array of applications.

Together with AGRU America, Borealis pipe solutions are enabling life’s essentials.

2km (1.2mi) of the giant HDPE pressure pipe was butt-fusion welded ahead of installation. (Courtesy of AGRU America, Inc.)

Project snapshot

Project McLoughlin Point Wastewater Treatment Plant Outfall

Owner Capital Regional District (CRD)

Location Township of Esquimalt, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Project scope 2km of 2,250mm DR21 and DR26 PE100 pipe, diffuser, and associated fittings

Pipe producer AGRU America, Inc. Charleston, SC, USA

HDPE material HE3490-LS, Borealis, AG

Installer Harbour Resources Partners

Fusion machine AGRU W26000

Fusion operator ISCO Industries, Inc.

– P24

Borouge launches BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H: Improving the efficiency of thick-walled pipe production

PRODUCT NEWS

Borouge has launched a new material BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H, to meet the high demand for very thick-walled PE100 pipes in industrial applications. It is a bimodal, high density polyethylene MRS 10 material specially designed to simplify the production of thick-walled, large diameter HDPE pipes (above 80mm thickness) through its exceptional resistance to sagging and superior melt strength.

This material builds on our successful decade-long experience of providing our customers with PE100 resin with the best sagging performance. It is recently launched and available as a standalone grade with full ISO9080 and related documentation.

A higher melt strength (viscosity) at higher temperature and lower shear rates, which are the conditions of the melt when it leaves the die head (refer point 1 on graph). Returning to normal viscosity values at higher shear rates as the pipe moves further down the production line (refer point 2 on graph).

Numerous customer trials have demonstrated an average of up to 7% material savings and better dimensional control compared to standard PE100 when producing pipes with wall thickness in excess of 80mm, independent of the pipe outer diameter. These benefits will make large diameter PE100 a more attractive choice to end users and pipeline owners.

MORE UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED WALL THICKNESS

Standard PE100

Flow of material to bottom of the pipe

Wasted materials and higher cost due to sagging

BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H

More uniformly distributed wall thickness

Less wastage and material savings of approx. 5-10%

UNIQUE POLYMER DESIGN WITH VISCOSITY BENEFITS

Viscosity Curve of BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H versus Standard PE100

Shear Rate [1/s]0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000

BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H Standard PE100

Visc

osity

[Pa.

s]1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

1

2

OD 1,200mm, SDR 11, thickness 109mm. (Courtesy of Union Pipes Industry)(Courtesy of Union Pipes Industry)

OD 2,000mm, SDR 21, thickness 95mm.(Courtesy of Union Pipes Industry)

OD 800mm, SDR 11, thickness 73mm.(Courtesy of Muna Noor)

OD 1,120mm, SDR11, thickness 102mm. (Courtesy of Thai-Asia P.E. Pipe Co., Ltd., Thailand)

ENABLING CUSTOMER SUCCESS

P25 –

PE pipe solutions enable Minh Phu shrimp farm to thriveby Ly Cong Vinh & Amos Tay

With its coastline of 3,260km and an Exclusive Economic Zone of 1 million km2, Vietnam is the world’s fourth largest aquaculture producer. Its aquaculture sector plays an important role in the country’s economy and can be divided broadly into:

Northern Region: dominated by freshwater fishponds, rice-cum-fish (fish farming is done beside the cultivation of rice) and marine cage culture

Central Region: intensive cultivation of giant tiger prawns and marine cage culture

Southern Region: the most diversified region for farming activities that include pond, fence and cage culture of catfish as well as several indigenous species such as snakehead fish, climbing perch and giant river prawn, various intensification levels of shrimp culture and integrated culture such as rice-cum-fish, rice-cum-prawn and mangrove-cum-aquaculture1.

In 2020, Vietnam’s shrimp exports reached USD3.85 billion, up 15% compared to 2019, despite many difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic2. Aquaculture accounted for more than 53% of Vietnam’s total seafood production of 7.23 million tonnes.

INDUSTRIAL

Production floor. (Courtesy of Lesso)

The 1,200-1,600mm diameter PE100 pipeline transporting seawater at 4,500m3/h for the shrimp farm’s operations. PE100 is perfect due to its high corrosion resistance in marine environments. (Courtesy of Tien Phong JSC)

– P26

Minh Phu Seafood is the largest shrimp producer in Vietnam and one of the world’s leading seafood companies3. In 2019 it exported almost USD650 million worth of shrimp4. Its major aquaculture production sites are located in southern Vietnam, in Vung Tau and Kien Giang province. The company is focusing on organic shrimp farming in its current expansion to meet the growing trend favouring organic products. Minh Phu is also in the process of developing specialty all-natural feeds for its organic shrimp. The company’s goal is to boost its production capacity to 1-2.5 metric tonnes per hectare annually, an increase from the current average of 250-300kg per hectare per year5.

Its newest 302-hectare shrimp farm in Vung Tau was recently completed, requiring large volumes of seawater supply. Minh Phu contracted top plastics producer Tien Phong Plastic Joint Stock Company to supply pipelines transporting seawater to over 500 farming ponds.

A total length of 4.4km of large diameter pipes ranging from 1,200-1,600mm with SDR11-17 were supplied to transport up to 4,500m3/h of seawater to the farms. The pipeline had a nominal thickness ranging from 94-109mm (1,200mm OD x SDR11 & 1,600mm OD x SDR17). Having used Borouge PE100 material since 2017, Tien Phong Plastic JSC chose BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H grade for this project. BorSafe™ HE3490-ELS-H grade enables the production of thick-walled pipes and can help converters reduce wastage and reap 7% material savings on average due to its extra low sag properties.

Thick-walled PE100 is becoming more common, with many converters in Asia commissioning extruders that can produce larger diameters up to 2,000mm. This project is thus a validation that PE100 has gained a strong foothold as a material of choice for pipelines in the marine and industrial segment.

Tien Phong JSC is Vietnam’s largest producer of plastic pipes with a total conversion capacity of more than 100,000 tonnes per year comprising HDPE, PP-R and PVC6, across 6 production sites with a combined area of 450,000m2. It was previously known as Tien Phong Plastic Factory when it was established in 1960s and originally produced children’s toys. In 1990s, it started producing PVC pipes and moved more into the construction industry as the economy accelerated and demands for building material soared. In 2004, it was renamed Tien Phong Plastic Joint-Stock Company (JSC) when the government owned part of the company. In 2006, it was listed on the Vietnam stock exchange and

Sources[1] https://www.aquafisheriesexpo.com/vietnam/ en-us/news-updates/vietnam-aquaculture- overview

[2] https://www.mard.gov.vn/en/Pages/shrimp- exports-in-2020-reached-3-85-billion-usd. aspx

[3] https://minhphu.com/en/about-us/

[4] https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply- trade/minh-phu-s-next-big-bet-is-on-organic- black-tiger-shrimp

[5] https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/ aquaculture/minh-phu-aiming-to-create-a- revolution-in-shrimp-farming-with-2-3-4- technology

[6] https://nhuatienphong.vn/lien-he.html

Aerial view of the shrimp farm in Vung Tau province. (Courtesy of Tien Phong JSC)

has continued to grow with branches in south and central Vietnam. It is now the largest plastic pipe manufacturer in Southeast Asia.

With the successful installation of these PE100 pipelines, the shrimp farms in Vung Tau can look forward to reliable, maintenance free operations from the use of high quality PE100 from a reputable supplier such as Tien Phong JSC.

P27 –

INDUSTRIAL

Gujarat has a long coastline of 1,600km, and to meet the growing need for water resources, the state has increasingly adopted desalination technology in recent years, accounting for over 40% of the desalination plants in India.

Built by the Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC), the Dahej desalination plant will supply water to the Dahej Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemical Investment Region (PCPIR), one of the fastest developing investment regions nationwide.

With a capacity of 100 million litres per day, the plant will help supplement current water supply coming from the Narmada River and a canal, with desalinated seawater. This will enable the PCPIR to be more self-sufficient in water consumption in the long term helping them to develop sustainably.

BorSafe™ HE3490-LS diffusers for outfall pipeline of Dahej desalination plant, Gujarat, Indiaby Chanchal Dasgupta, Prashant Nikhade and Srinivas Goud

– P28

MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF DESALINATION BRINE DISCHARGEDesalination produces large quantities of brine and chemicals as by-products, which need to be diluted before being discharged back into the sea, to limit the environmental impact.

One such method is to mix it via a diffuser in a mixing zone at the end of an outfall pipeline. For example, once a pipeline containing the brine reaches the sea floor, it can split into many branches, each releasing brine gradually through duck-billed valves.

However, diffusers made of conventional materials such as steel are extremely costly, heavy and prone to corrosion, whilst other materials such as glass reinforced plastic (GRP) may undermine the integrity of the diffuser assembly.

A SUSTAINABLE, RELIABLE CHOICE FOR DESALINATION OUTFALL PIPESSangir Plastics Pvt Ltd, a leading manufacturer of piping solutions in India, was selected to produce the diffuser for the outfall pipeline of Dahej desalination plant.

The outfall diffuser required was a massive size of 1,200mm in diameter and 44m in length, making it technically demanding to produce without sacrificing structural integrity and strength.

Having used BorSafe™ HE3490-LS PE100 material successfully for 17 years in numerous intake and outfall lines projects, Sangir Plastics chose it once again for its reliability, to accomplish this rigorous task.

To meet the challenges of operating in marine environments, HDPE is an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective choice because of its many advantages:

Lightweight and flexible for ease of installation

High resistance to corrosion and abrasion for long-term protection of environments

Leak-proof welded joints that withstand ground movements and rough terrains

Versatility in design, e.g. pressure rating of up to 16bars and pipe diameter of up to 2,500mm

Additionally, BorSafe™ HE3490-LS pre-compounded PE100 material has excellent carbon black dispersion and better mechanical properties compared to natural resins and masterbatch, enabling pipes to have better quality consistency.

In traditionally fabricated HDPE diffusers, reducer tees are used and there is extensive welding required. For this project, the use of electro-fusion saddles to install the 10 sections of 630mm diameter branches for duck-billed valves ensured that there was no pressure de-rating of the 1,200mm diameter pipe nor compromise of its structural integrity.

Sangir Plastics’ excellent workmanship, together with the innovative fabrication techniques using PE pipes and fittings, delivered a brine discharge diffuser that sets a nationwide record of being the largest in its class, with its impressive size.

DELIVERING HIGH QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONSThe superior product performance of BorSafe™ HE3490-LS as well as the expertise and quality assurance offered by Borouge are the reasons Sangir Plastics Pvt Ltd counts on Borouge as a trusted partner to succeed in such demanding projects.

Sangir Plastics continues to support the infrastructure industry in India in delivering safe, durable and reliable pipe networks that drive sustainable urban development.

P29 –

TECHNICAL INSIGHTS

HDPE water pipes for sub-zero temperaturesby Chanchal Dasgupta and Prashant Nikhade

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are popular worldwide for water and gas distribution, sewage and wastewater disposal. There are many successful examples of HDPE pipes being used in industrial, nuclear, geothermal and mining applications. In most cases, HDPE pipes are replacing metallic systems owing to its chemically inert nature, low and consistent coefficient of friction, flexibility, superior abrasion resistance, excellent long-term mechanical properties, strong welded joints and high strength-to-weight ratio. The unit cost of delivered water is lowest in HDPE piping systems against competing materials.

First introduced in the early 1960s, HDPE pipes have permanently replaced other piping materials in many applications. For example, all low-pressure gas distribution pipes are now made of polyethylene (PE) today as it has proven to be far superior to other materials in earthquake conditions in the last few decades due to its strong fusion joints and high elongation at break. Similarly, in water distribution networks, HDPE is the material of choice today.

Following the recent plan by the Indian government to ensure that each household is connected to tap water, it is especially necessary to overcome the technical barriers present in areas with extreme climates. One such challenge is to keep water flowing inside pipes in extremely cold Himalayan regions like Leh, Ladakh and Siachen.

As the ambient temperature in these areas can reach -40°C during winter, some of the challenges are:

Preventing water from freezing, especially under low or no-flow conditions

Unfreezing the ice inside the pipe back into water

Ensuring pipe strength and flexibility at such low temperatures

Pre-compounded PE100 material offers the following material property advantages at sub-zero temperatures:

Relevant property comparisons

It also ensures that pipes have excellent UV resistance – critical in the high altitudes of this region.

Properties Units PE Ductile/GI Pipes

Thermal Conductivity W/mk 0.38 13.4

Elongation at Break % >600 23

Modulus of Elasticity MPa 800-1,000 21,000

– P30

OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES IN REGIONS WITH SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURESIn cold regions, water distribution pipes and pumps are the most vulnerable components of a water supply system. When water in pipes freezes, its volume expands by approximately 8.3%, which can damage metallic pipes, causing leakage. HDPE, with elongation at break >600% and being a viscoelastic flexible material, is not affected by this expansion. The dimensions of HDPE pipes are not permanently altered as they have very high resistance to creep and revert to their original size when ice melts. Thermal shrinkage also compensates for the expansion in size to an extent. Leak detection caused by joint failure is another problem in frozen conditions. HDPE, with its leak proof welded joints, can withstand underground movement and soil settlement.

PREVENTING FREEZING OF WATER IN PIPESThe freezing of water in pipes can be avoided by the following combination of methods:

Burying the pipes below the freezing line in the soil. For example, in Ontario, Canada the soil freezes down to 1.5m deep, hence water pipes are buried around 2m deep.

Using insulated pipes, i.e. pipes insulated with polyurethane foam.

Where the pipes come to the surface they should be enclosed in a brick structure with insulation and spirally wound heat tracing.

Keeping the water circulation/flowing in the pipeline. This can either be done by keeping the water network in loop with pressure release valve below the pump shut off pressure, leaving some taps open in the system or recirculating water through a parallel line.

Draining water from pipes at night or during the periods when temperatures are the lowest, through scour or drain valve at the locations with lowest elevation. If there are many camel bumps, then more vales are required. This can be done by installing a vertical air inlet pipe after the outlet gate valve of the water storage tanks or fitting washout valves and drainage facilities at the lowest points in the distribution system.

Using heat tracing, heating tapes or cable at strategic locations.

SURFACE LAID PIPESFor mountainous locations, it is very difficult to excavate trenches and hence surface laid pipes are the easiest options. By measuring the outside air temperature and the temperature of water entering the pipe, it is possible to estimate how long it will take for water to cool to freezing point and the maximum acceptable length for an uninsulated surface laid pipe for a given flow rate. The higher the diameter of the pipe, the longer it will take the water to cool down to 0°C.

PIPE INSULATIONInsulating pipes can be effective on its own but the best results are obtained by burying the insulated pipe – reducing the need for deeper trenches. Burying insulated pipes reduces the minimum trench depth to between 0.5m to 1m. The effects of daily air temperature fluctuation will have less impact on the pipeline and it benefits from reduced burial loads. A 1.2m wide, 50mm thick polystyrene insulating board laid directly above a buried pipe is roughly equivalent to 1.2m of sand or silt cover or 1m of clay cover. Multilayer pre-insulated HDPE pipes are also suitable for such buried applications. Another useful technique is to use a large, insulated pipe housing several smaller pipes like water, sewerage, optic fibre ducts and electrical cables inside the larger pipe.

A comparison of thermal properties of bare and pre insulated HDPE pipes are given below:

Pipe diameter (mm)

Ambient temperature: -18ºC Ambient temperature: -34ºC

No insulation With 50mm polyurethane foam No insulation With 50mm polyurethane foam

Time to freeze (hrs)

Time to freeze (hrs)

Heat loss (W/m)

Time to freeze (hrs)

Time to freeze (hrs)

Heat loss (W/m)

50 1 57 2.7 <1 29 5.0

75 3 107 3.4 1 55 6.5

100 4 149 4.1 2 77 7.7

150 9 241 5.4 5 125 10.2

200 16 333 6.6 8 172 12.4

300 34 530 8.9 17 274 16.8

400 53 692 10.6 27 357 20.0

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DEFROSTING ICE IN BLOCKED PIPESFor HDPE pipes, hot water or steam can be fed into the blocked pipe through a flexible small plastic pipe/small copper pipe respectively. Once partial flow is restored, water passing through the pipe will quickly melt any remaining ice. Application of external heat to the frozen section is another practical way to thaw it. However, it should be done very carefully to avoid damaging the pipe.

One method is heat tracing, which involves wrapping the affected area with pressure sensitive metallic tape first, then further wrapped with a temperature limited (50°C max) heat tracing tape. The metallic tape helps distribute the heat evenly over the pipe surface. Heat blankets are also available. Arc welders or open flames should not be used to thaw HDPE pipes. A wooden hammer is then used to dislodge any remaining ice with careful strokes with the aim of achieving turbulent/aerated flow, instead of laminar flow where ice may form close to the cooler outer diameter.

WELDING HDPE PIPES IN COLD CLIMATESWhen temperatures approach 0°C, fusion operations should be conducted within a fully enclosed shelter. For temperatures below -20°C, a fully enclosed shelter with auxiliary heating should be used. Pipe ends should be preheated using a heating blanket or warm air devices to elevate the pipe temperature. Warming devices should not exceed 50°C. Heating blankets should be wrapped completely around the pipe end for even heating.

Warm air heating devices should be positioned to evenly heat the full circumference of the pipe end. An alternate method of preheating is to clamp the pipe ends in the butt fusion machine, install the heating plate, position the pipe ends within 6-12mm of the heater plate face, and allow the pipe ends to preheat for 30-120 seconds. Larger diameter and greater wall thickness should be preheated for longer. Preheating PE pipes by direct open flame is prohibited due to the lack of adequate heating control, the likelihood of oxidative damage to pipe ends and possible pipe ignition.

BENEFITS OF HDPE PIPES IN COLD CLIMATES HDPE remains ductile even at -60°C, so even if water freezes in the pipe, it is unlikely to crack and can survive many freeze-thaw cycles.

Fusion welded joints are strong enough to resist the pressure of water expansion upon freezing.

HDPE has far lower thermal conductivity compared to metallic piping materials. This insulating effect makes water less likely to freeze in HDPE pipes.

HDPE pipes are available in long coils that makes installation much faster.

Electrofusion joints can work on battery power, and compression fittings do not need any power source.

BENEFITS OF HDPE PIPES IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS Design – For underground water and gas pipelines, PE pipes are typically designed for operation at 20°C for more than 50 years. However, HDPE pipes can operate up to -60°C temperatures with good ductility.

Abrasion resistance –HDPE has exceptional abrasion resistance compared to other pipe materials, for example, the wear rate of PE100 is 6 times lower compared to steel. Dragging HDPE pipe lengths in hilly regions or laying in undulated terrain is not a problem due to HDPE’s superior abrasion resistance.

Lightweight – HDPE pipes can be easily carried in hilly areas for installation.

Flexibility – HDPE pipes can tolerate a bending radius of 20D to 30D depending on the design temperature and SDR. In hilly areas, its flexibility is a significant advantage allowing it to follow the contours.

Outdoor weathering resistance – The primary UV stabiliser used in PE pipes is carbon black, which is the most effective additive capable of inhibiting UV induced reactions and used in PE pipes above ground for over 50 years in European climates and over 20 years in the Middle East desert climate. Borouge BorSafe™ PE pipe compounds contain 2.0-2.5% of well-dispersed carbon black and can deliver many years of outdoor weathering resistance.

CONCLUDING REMARKSThe outstanding properties of PE pipes such as long maintenance-free service life, wide range of diameters and availability across the region have made them very popular for utility and industrial applications. The minimal environmental impact of HDPE pipes such as lowest leakage rates, easy installation in mountainous terrain and extremely cold climates further solidify it as the material of choice for water distribution networks in these areas.

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Sustainable solutions to address extreme water stress in Indian subcontinentby Chanchal Dasgupta

COMMENTARY

India is the seventh largest country in the world by geographical area and the second most populous. In a 2019 World Resources Institute study evaluating global water risks, India was ranked 13th worldwide for overall water stress1 and categorised as experiencing ‘Extremely high baseline water stress’. Additionally, India suffers from massive imbalances in water supply across its regions.

PE100 WATER PIPES FOR IMPROVED INFRASTRUCTUREIndia’s water distribution networks suffer from treated water leakage rates of up to 35-40%. As such, HDPE pipes, with their corrosion resistance and low leakage, are a viable option to address this issue. Pipes made from PE100 compounds have been used worldwide in the transportation of water (and gas in most countries).

Carbon black is the best UV stabiliser for PE, therefore black PE100 pipes can provide over 50 years’ lifetime, whereas other coloured pipes (like blue and yellow) need additional UV additives other than pigments. In addition, non-black pipes have to be buried within 12 to 18 months, as their UV stability is limited.

HDPE PE100 pipes undergo long-term testing to establish a service life of 50-100 years, and they have virtually no leakage due to welded joints. During their service life they also provide a consistent flow and allow constant pumping costs due to the lack of corrosion and encrustation, compared to other metallic pipes.

PE100 pipes also offer cost savings during installation, e.g. low trenching and excavation costs, much faster installation speeds and minimum need for fittings due to flexibility and ease of laying in undulated terrains.

Studies have shown that PE pipes produced from pre-compounded PE material are superior to pipes produced from the same natural PE and a carbon black masterbatch3. For this reason, the international standard (ISO 4427) for PE water pipes specifies the use of pre-compounded material.

THE GROWTH OF HDPE PIPES IN INDIAPolyolefins Industries Ltd. introduced HDPE pipes to India in the late 1960s. Some excellent PE pipe projects completed in the 1970s and 1980s led to an increase in market demand. However, domestic capacity was limited and import duties were very high, which led to suppliers mixing poor quality materials in HDPE pipes. This then caused many failures in the 1980s, which gave HDPE pipes a bad reputation and led to them being banned in several states in India.

With painstaking efforts from a few quality pipe processors, HDPE pipes made a comeback in water distribution systems. However, insufficient supply of high quality PE100 material remained a major bottleneck for the industry to grow. Another major challenge was that prevailing local standards still allowed natural and carbon black masterbatch for pipes, and thus converters are

reluctant to use pre-compounded PE100 due to perceived higher costs.

Borouge entered the India market in 2001 with its black pre-compounded PE100 material for water and sanitation systems. For the first time large quantities of black PE100 were available regionally. Since then, Borouge has successfully collaborated with governmental organisations, consultants, pipe manufacturers and end users on raising awareness of using pre-compounded black PE100 pipes as a sustainable solution in conserving water and delivering improved water supply networks.

Some notable examples are illustrated in the next section.

A SECURE WATER SUPPLY FOR NAGPUR CITYLocated in central India, Nagpur is the tenth largest city and undergoing rapid urban growth. The population is expected to grow to 5 million over the next 20 years, yet residents mostly receive water for only 2 hours a day and the unaccounted for water (UFW) rate is over 60%. As such, the Nagpur Municipal Corporation embarked on a project to provide an uninterrupted, leak-proof water supply to the city.

Veolia Water India was awarded the drinking water service operations and maintenance contract for Nagpur city for the next 25 years. To support the project, Veolia set up a separate company (Orange City Water (OCW)) in a joint venture with Vishvaraj Environment

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Ltd., a leading civil engineering and services company. OCW would be responsible for upgrading existing systems to ensure 24x7 water supply for the entire city population, including the 30% living in slums.

One key technical challenge was connecting about 450,000 homes to the distribution network and increasing the amount of water available per person from 90 to 135 litres a day over the next five years. Thus, to ensure good quality PE pipes and best practices in installation for the project, Veolia worked with Borouge to develop model specifications for PE raw material, pipe, welding and installation. Borouge also conducted seminars and training workshops on materials, installation and practical welding to about 100 Veolia engineers.

Veolia faced major challenges with the 190km of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) sections, which was necessary due to the congestion and open cut trenches which would have severely inconvenienced the population. They experienced many failures of the existing pipes produced from natural PE and carbon black masterbatch, which snapped during the HDD operation. Eventually, Veolia specified PE100 pipes produced from BorSafe™ HE3490-LS-H from Borouge for all HDD operations so that they could be carried out without any risk of failure to the pipes.

OCW invested USD22 million to renovate the city’s six water production plants and repair and extend the 2,500km of pipe network. The eventual production capacity of the system will be close to 750 million litres per day and the original water leakage rates of around 60% will be lowered to international standards.

Following this success, Veolia specified and used BorSafe™ PE100 in all their subsequent projects in areas such as Gulbarga, Hubli-Dharwad, Ilkal, Puthur in Karnataka and Nangloi project in Delhi.

WATER SUPPLY FOR EVERY HOUSEHOLD IN MALKAPUR Borouge worked with Kimplas and Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) on a new water distribution network in Malkapur, Maharashtra, to provide water supply at every doorstep, which enabled many women to save hours of time spent daily on fetching water from a distance.

Using best practices such as pipes made from PE100 compounds, electro fusion fittings and a water network management tool, MJP designed the system for a projected population of up to 67,000 in 2030. Faced with high unaccounted for water (UFW) rates of over 35%, the municipal administration embarked on metered data collection and volumetric billing to ensure more responsible use of water and sustainability of the long-term water supply.

The project gained global publicity on CNBC’s “Beyond business” programme and also won the Prime Minister’s award among 64 selected projects in India for Excellence in Public Administration.

A visit by MJP officials in 2018 confirmed that the water supply system is still working fine, and the area has prospered due to people from neighbouring villages migrating there due to water availability.

CONCLUSIONFor 20 years, Borouge has successfully collaborated with a variety of industry stakeholders from both the public and private sectors in India to promote and demonstrate the advantages of pre-compounded black PE100 pipes as a sustainable solution in conserving water and delivering improved water supply networks.

We continue to be a leading provider of reliable and innovative PE solutions that enable improved infrastructure in communities towards a more sustainable future.

Nagpur city project, 2010

Key achievements: High stress crack resistance of PE100 was specified Technical expertise and training support from Borouge The first city water supply project on Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis

One of the many Borouge training workshops for Veolia engineers.

Malkapur project, 2009

Key achievements: Leak-proof PE100 India’s first rural 24x7 water supply project with application of all best practices Winner of the Prime Minister’s Award for Excellence in Public Administration

Pipe installation in progress in Malkapur, Maharashtra.

– P34

PE pipes continue to play a key role in China’s municipal water sectorby Jinghui Li

The use of polyethylene pipes for water transmission and distribution in China according to globally recognised standards such as EN ISO 12201 and ISO 4427 is gaining traction. This follows the publishing of the local standard GB/T 13663 in 2019 which recommends that only fully compounded PE materials should be used to produce PE pipes for drinking water. Even though PE pipes have been used for the last two decades, late recognition of fully compounded PE meant that operators and water utilities could not fully benefit from using PE due to varying quality levels and frequent low reliability, unlike some of their counterparts in other countries.

Issues like high rates of water leakage, weld failures and cracked pipes plagued the China water utilities in the early days when PE was first adopted. Several water utilities recognised early on – from 2007 onwards – that the key to fully benefiting from PE systems was to start using compounds and develop a more stringent quality surveillance throughout the entire chain. Xiamen Water Company, Beijing Waterworks Group, Shanghai Fengxian Water Company, Zhongshan Tangzhou Water Supply Company, Hua Yan Water Company and the Beijing Municipal Design Institute were among this group of early end users that quickly recognised that PE100 can be very reliable and provide long lasting service over its entire operational life if high-quality materials were used.

Throughout the last 15 years, BorPipe has featured many successful PE100 projects by these companies who were early in adopting high quality standards for PE100 even though they were not specified in national standards. Borouge, together with our partners in the PE100+ Association, is proud to have played a role in supporting such projects and many other utilities in China in realising the full benefits of PE100 for their water supply systems.

As China continues to progress and with the increased recognition that its scarce water resources need to be better protected, some of the recent projects that have adopted this high-quality approach are described in the next section.

UTILITIES

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Yangtze river to Xinghua city, Jiangsu province (2020) Transporting of raw water from Yangtze River to local water treatment plant to be processed into safe drinking water Raw river water travels for almost 90km across different terrains such as riverbanks and rural areas Large diameter pipes of DN630, DN800, and DN900 with SDR13.6 requiring non-digging installation such as Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)

Guangrao County, Shandong province (2020) Linking of water supply between Dongying city and rural towns Dingzhuang and Chenguan Securing drinking water supply for 60,000 city residents and communities in the surrounding 63 villages 55.4km of DN700 SDR17 water pipes to replace old water pipes in the city, build new water pipes in the rural areas and connect the entire water supply network

Yueqing city, Zhejiang province (2020) Transporting high quality raw water from the local Yueqing Danxi Water Reservoir to the water treatment plant No-dig installation of 8.6km long, DN630 SDR17 water pipes within short timeframe of 20 days

Disclaimer The information contained herein is to our knowledge accurate and reliable as of the date of publication. Borouge extends no warranties and makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein, and assumes no responsibility regarding the consequences of its use or for any printing errors. Our products are intended for sale to industrial and commercial customers. It is the customer’s responsibility to inspect and test our products in order to satisfy himself as to the suitability of the products for the customer’s particular purpose. The customer is also responsible for the appropriate, safe and legal use, processing and handling of our products. Nothing herein shall constitute any warranty (express or implied, of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, compliance with performance indicators, conformity to samples or models, non-infringement or otherwise), nor is protection from any law or patent to be inferred. No statement herein shall be construed as an endorsement of any product or process. No one is authorised to make representations or give warranties or assume any other liabilities on behalf of Borouge except if in writing and signed by a duly authorised Borouge employee. Insofar as products supplied by Borouge are used in conjunction with third party materials, it is the responsibility of the customer to obtain all necessary information relating to the third party materials and ensure that Borouge products when used together with these materials are suitable for the customer’s particular purpose. No liability can be accepted in respect of the use of Borouge products in conjunction with other materials. The information contained herein relates exclusively to our products when not used in conjunction with any third party materials.

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