BOT-2: Gross Motor

Bruininks-Oserentsky Test of Motor Proficiency- 2nd

Edition

Key characteristics Purpose

Evaluate proficiency of motor skills Support diagnoses, screening (short form),

educational placement (physical education), etc. Most widely used motor proficiency test

Age 4yrs -21yrs 11 months

Time Complete form= 40-60 minutes Short Form= 15-20 minutes

Cost Gross motor kit- $515.00

Gross motor

Gross Motor Domains

Gross motor composite total: 26 items Body coordination: motor skills used with balance & coordination of

the upper and lower extremities Strength & agility: large muscle strength, motor speed, and motor

skills for maintaining body position for walking and running

Procedures

Testing procedures Standardized test: administered & scored according to specific

procedures Gross motor should be performed in an area 60 feet long 12 feet wide Determine hand preference: set a tennis ball on the table and ask the

examinee to pick up the ball and throw to you. Foot preference: place tennis ball on floor and instruct the examinee

to kick the ball Within each subtest the entire item set should be administered

regardless of the child’s age

Procedures

• Administration procedures• Structured• Can teach the item using pictures, physical

demonstration, or verbal instruction• Establish rapport• Administrative options:

• Complete form: most reliable measure of overall motor proficiency

• Short form: quick and easy overall measure & also used to determine the need for further assessment

• Select composites & select subtest: can administer only subtests or composites that are relevant to the client’s need but the complete form should be used for qualifying a client for special-education services or diagnosis such as DCD

Examples of test items

Gross motor Body coordination

Bilateral coordination Jumping jacks, tapping foot and finger

Balance Walking forward on a line, standing on one leg on a

balance beam

Strength & Agility Running speed & agility

Shuttle run, one-legged side hop Strength

Standing long jump, sit-ups, push-ups

Standardization

Sample: N=1520 12 groups of 4-21 year olds Sample tested in 239 sites within

38 states Based on the Current Population

Survey (Bureau of the Census, 2001) & the Twenty-sixth Annual Report to Congress (U.S. Department of Education, 2004)

Sampling goal to match US population: Sex Race/ethnicity (closely matched US

population) Socioeconomic status Geographic region

•Scores identify motor-skill deficits in individuals with mild to moderate motor control problems

Development

Started out as the BOTMP in 1978

2002 product survey identified less effective items within the test

New content focused on improving measurement among 4 & 5 year olds, and expanding coverage of fine and gross motor skills

Secondary goal Subtest more homogenous collection of activities

2005 final publication of the BOT-2

Psychometric Properties

Internal consistency

Test-retestReliability

Interrater Reliability

Domains (0.86-0.92)

Test-retest study N=134

Interrater reliability: Manual coordination, body coordination, and strength & agility 0.98-0.99

Sub-domains (0.77-0.86)

Mean re-test interval 7-42 days

Fine motor: 0.92

Total BOT-2 Score (0.95-0.96)

Age 4-7=0.81Age 8-12=0.80Age 13-21= 0.75

Psychometric Properties Continued

Validity

Content Validated through logical & empirical procedures that were used to select items during development

Construct Used a composite structure that distinguishes motor skills by limbs and musculature involved in relationship to functional activities in areas of postural control, locomotion, and object manipulation

Clinical group difference Supports diagnosis of motor performance deficits

Criterion BOTMP, PDMS-2, TVMS-R

Scoring & Recording

Results

Converting raw scores to point scores

Compute subtest total point scores

Convert scale scores to composite standard scores

Interpretation

•Well below average•Below average•Average•Above average •Well above average

Test characteristics

Areas of occupation Education (physical education) Play

Assessment approach Bottom-up approach

Frame of Reference Developmental

Where would this tool be used?

Private practice

School system Performed in a gymnasium

Area should be 60 feet long and 12 feet wide, low distractions

Measurement concerns

Normative data did not represent for populations outside of the US

Cost: Complete form test kit= $837.00

Area, size, requirements, special equipment

Examinee dependent

Assessment time