Botany 119- SP Paper

SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.

We would like to express our deep gratitude to Mr. Deemson G. Mones for his positive

suggestions and beneficial critiques during the planning and development of this study. We are

also grateful to the staff of the Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain,

Moises Lup-ac, Mrs. Alice Ciriaco, Mrs. Rose Marie Agustin and Mr. Jared Tuazon for their help in

offering the resources in running the study. Assistance provided by the technicians, Mrs. Alice

Naniong, Mrs. Romely Fernandez, Mr. Jai

room of the University of the Philippines was greatly appreciated.

Our special thanks are extended to Mr. Bryan T. Fabro, Ms. Crystal Joan Medrano, Mr.

Arvin Jeferson Jacala, Mr. Busto Jacala, Ms. Isal

the collection of our resources.

We wish to thank our families and friends, for their support and encouragement

throughout the study.

And to God, who made things possible.

Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.

Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



also grateful to the staff of the Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain, Mr. Wilson Dupais, Mr.

ac, Mrs. Alice Ciriaco, Mrs. Rose Marie Agustin and Mr. Jared Tuazon for their help in


Naniong, Mrs. Romely Fernandez, Mr. Jairus Policarpio and Ms. Amor Pasigon of the instruments

room of the University of the Philippines was greatly appreciated.


Arvin Jeferson Jacala, Mr. Busto Jacala, Ms. Isaland Jacala and Ms. Jianne Jacala, for their aid with

the collection of our resources.


And to God, who made things possible.

Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/

SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,

Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the




Mr. Wilson Dupais, Mr.

ac, Mrs. Alice Ciriaco, Mrs. Rose Marie Agustin and Mr. Jared Tuazon for their help in


rus Policarpio and Ms. Amor Pasigon of the instruments


and Jacala and Ms. Jianne Jacala, for their aid with



I. Introduction

From the quiet world of the old

Diplomat Hotel in Baguio City, lies a species

of milkweed known as Asclepias physocarpa

It is commonly called in said place as

Indonesian puffball because of the bloated

appearance of its fruit; but, in general it is

often called as Swan plant, Balloon plant,

Oscar milkweed, and Family Jewels.

Figure 1. Indonesian Puff Ball (physocarpa)




From the quiet world of the old

Diplomat Hotel in Baguio City, lies a species

Asclepias physocarpa.

It is commonly called in said place as

Indonesian puffball because of the bloated

appearance of its fruit; but, in general it is

n called as Swan plant, Balloon plant,

Oscar milkweed, and Family Jewels.

Indonesian Puff Ball (Asclepias

It belongs to the family,

Apocynaceae, which are usually trees,

shrubs, herbs, lianas, and vines that are

Laticifers that produces milky sap (Olson,

2013). Asclepias physocarpa

as Gomphocarpus physocarpus

origin in Africa (Asclepi

Milkweed for Monarchs, 2008

Just like any other milkweeds,

Asclepias species secrete a milky sap, with

poisonous cardiac glycosides that attracts

species of insects such as Monarch

butterflies and serves as their source of

food. All of its parts are poisonous when

ingested but some species developed

resistance to its toxins and acquire it in

their system. It makes the affected species

poisonous too for their predators. It usually

grows 36-48 in., 4-6 ft., 6

seeds are spread through breeze.

The balloon plant is often

categorized as tropicals and perennials

which usually bloom during mid

late summer or early fall. They are widely

distributed in pantropical, subtropical, and

temperate zones.

There exists various importance of

this plant. As mentioned earlier its sap is

used as primary source of food for some





It belongs to the family,

Apocynaceae, which are usually trees,

shrubs, herbs, lianas, and vines that are

Laticifers that produces milky sap (Olson,

Asclepias physocarpa was renamed

Gomphocarpus physocarpus to reveal its

origin in Africa (Asclepias physocarpa

Milkweed for Monarchs, 2008-2013).

Just like any other milkweeds,

Asclepias species secrete a milky sap, with

poisonous cardiac glycosides that attracts

species of insects such as Monarch

butterflies and serves as their source of

of its parts are poisonous when

ingested but some species developed

resistance to its toxins and acquire it in

their system. It makes the affected species

poisonous too for their predators. It usually

6 ft., 6-8 ft. in height. Its

are spread through breeze.

The balloon plant is often

categorized as tropicals and perennials

which usually bloom during mid-summer,

late summer or early fall. They are widely

distributed in pantropical, subtropical, and

various importance of

this plant. As mentioned earlier its sap is

used as primary source of food for some


insects. This plant is also used to cure

various ailments. They were also cultivated

as hypoallergenic filling for pillows

(Evangelista, 2007).

The Balloon plant has leaves, stem,

and roots, as their vegetative structures

which are known to belong in the

Dicotyledonae. Its reproductive structures

are flowers, and a unique puffy fruit.

Its unique fruit is circular and puffy

with soft bristles around it. The plants

unique appearance was the sole reason for

the groups characterization and the

presence of its sap which was discovered to

be poisonous.

II. Methodology

The plant specimen was collected at

Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain,

Diplomat Hotel Baguio City. The plant

specimen was soaked in water in order to

avoid desiccation and dehydration of plant

parts and further damage of plant tissues.

Different plant parts were subjected

to free-hand sectioning including the stems,

roots, leaf, petiole and midrib. Casting

method was used for the leaves of the plant

specimen to obtain surface sections of the

epidermis of the leaf.




insects. This plant is also used to cure

various ailments. They were also cultivated

as hypoallergenic filling for pillows

The Balloon plant has leaves, stem,

and roots, as their vegetative structures

which are known to belong in the

Dicotyledonae. Its reproductive structures

are flowers, and a unique puffy fruit.

Its unique fruit is circular and puffy

d it. The plants

unique appearance was the sole reason for

the groups characterization and the

presence of its sap which was discovered to

The plant specimen was collected at

Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain,

tel Baguio City. The plant

specimen was soaked in water in order to

avoid desiccation and dehydration of plant

parts and further damage of plant tissues.

Different plant parts were subjected

hand sectioning including the stems,

and midrib. Casting

method was used for the leaves of the plant

specimen to obtain surface sections of the

After sectioning, the sectioned plant

parts were placed in labeled vials filled with

FAA solution to fix plant cells and tiss

After a few days of soaking in FAA, the

sectioned parts are now subjected to the

staining procedure.

The fixed sections were placed in

40% ethyl alcohol to be dehydrated. The

sections were rinsed with 50% ethanol for

30 to 60 seconds. After rinsing, t

were now transferred to vials containing

1% Safranin in 50% alcohol and

haematoxylin. The sections were stained for

about 24 hours to achieve maximum

results.

After the preliminary staining, the

sections were transferred to a petri dish

with 50% acidified alcohol to remove

excess stain. The sections were now

subjected to 95% alcohol for 5 minutes in

order to halt the decolorizing effect of the

acidified alcohol. The sections were now

placed in a dish of Fast Green for 2

seconds and were washe

to remove excess Fast Green stain. The

sections were now transferred to a dish of

50-50 mixture of xylene and absolute

alcohol. Afterwards, the sections were now

placed to a dish of xylene and were soaked





After sectioning, the sectioned plant

parts were placed in labeled vials filled with

FAA solution to fix plant cells and tissues.

After a few days of soaking in FAA, the

sectioned parts are now subjected to the

The fixed sections were placed in

40% ethyl alcohol to be dehydrated. The

sections were rinsed with 50% ethanol for

30 to 60 seconds. After rinsing, the sections

were now transferred to vials containing

1% Safranin in 50% alcohol and

haematoxylin. The sections were stained for

about 24 hours to achieve maximum

After the preliminary staining, the

sections were transferred to a petri dish

0% acidified alcohol to remove

excess stain. The sections were now

subjected to 95% alcohol for 5 minutes in

order to halt the decolorizing effect of the

acidified alcohol. The sections were now

placed in a dish of Fast Green for 2-3

seconds and were washed with 95% alcohol

to remove excess Fast Green stain. The

sections were now transferred to a dish of

50 mixture of xylene and absolute

alcohol. Afterwards, the sections were now

placed to a dish of xylene and were soaked


for about 10 minutes. The sectio

placed in a glass slide and a drop of xylene

was added to every section to avoid

desiccation and was examined if the

sections were suitable for mounting.

The desired sections were mounted

on clean glass slides using Canada balsam

and cover slip was placed above the glass

slide with the mounted specimen. The

specimens were allowed to dry and

properly labeled.

III. Results/Characterization

DERMAL TISSUES

Figure 2. epidermis with cuticle

Basing from the figure of the cross

section of stem shown above,




for about 10 minutes. The sections were

placed in a glass slide and a drop of xylene

was added to every section to avoid

desiccation and was examined if the

sections were suitable for mounting.

The desired sections were mounted

on clean glass slides using Canada balsam

placed above the glass

slide with the mounted specimen. The

specimens were allowed to dry and

Results/Characterization

with cuticle

Basing from the figure of the cross-

section of stem shown above, Asclepias

physocarpa has a uniseriate

epidermis. It has simple trichomes.

These trichomes are unbranched and

can be classified as simple hairs.

Figure 3. Epidermis of stem

exhibiting simple hairs

VASCULAR TISSUES

In, Leaves a vascular cambium is

present in between the primary xylem and

and phloem.

Figure 4. leaf vascular tissues phloem (ph), and xylem (xy)





has a uniseriate

epidermis. It has simple trichomes.

These trichomes are unbranched and

can be classified as simple hairs.

3. Epidermis of stem

ing simple hairs

VASCULAR TISSUES

In, Leaves a vascular cambium is

present in between the primary xylem and

vascular tissues phloem (ph), and xylem (xy)


In stem, the phloem form circular

bundles and forming a cylinder around the

surface of the plant. The vascular cambium

is in between the primary xylem and

phloem. The phloem is posterior to the

vascular cambium. It has sclerified

tracheids and is composed of sieve tube

elements.

Figure 5. stem vascular tissues, phloem (ph), xylem (xy)

In the roots, the xylem region

dominates most of its bulk. A vascular

cambium is present in between the phloem

and xylem and cork cambium is also

present in between the phellem and

phelloderm which is posterior to the cortex.




In stem, the phloem form circular

bundles and forming a cylinder around the

surface of the plant. The vascular cambium

is in between the primary xylem and

phloem. The phloem is posterior to the

. It has sclerified

tracheids and is composed of sieve tube

. stem vascular tissues, phloem

In the roots, the xylem region

dominates most of its bulk. A vascular

cambium is present in between the phloem

rk cambium is also

present in between the phellem and

phelloderm which is posterior to the cortex.

Figure 6. Tracheid( tr), sieve tube elements (sv)

The xylem region has sclerified

tracheids and the phloem region is

composed of sieve tube elements.

Figure 7. roots vascular tissues, xylem (xy) and phloem (ph)





. Tracheid( tr), sieve tube elements

The xylem region has sclerified

tracheids and the phloem region is

composed of sieve tube elements.

. roots vascular tissues, xylem (xy) and phloem (ph)


ROOT

In cross-section, the xylem forms

most of the bulk of the root. A vascular

cambium is present in between the xylem

and phloem. Cortex is also present and is

isodiametric in shape. It has no

roots form secondary growth; therefore, it

has cork cambium that gives rise to its

phellem and phelloderm.

Asclepias physocarpa, has a fibrous

type of root system. It is woody and

undergoes secondary growth.

Figure 8. xylem (xy), vascular (v.c), phloem (ph), xylem ray, phelloderm,

phellogen, phellem




section, the xylem forms

most of the bulk of the root. A vascular

cambium is present in between the xylem

and phloem. Cortex is also present and is

isodiametric in shape. It has no pith. The

roots form secondary growth; therefore, it

has cork cambium that gives rise to its

, has a fibrous

type of root system. It is woody and

. xylem (xy), vascular cambium (v.c), phloem (ph), xylem ray, phelloderm,

phellogen, phellem

Figure 9. Xylem ray

The xylem region dominates most of

its bulk. A vascular cambium is present in

between the phloem and xylem and cork

cambium is also present in between the

phellem and phelloderm which is posterior

to the cortex.

STEM

The phloem forms circular bundles

and forming a cylinder around the

cylindrical portion of the plant body. The

vascular cambium is in between the

primary xylem and phloem. The phloem is

posterior to the vascular cambium

LEAF





. Xylem ray

The xylem region dominates most of

its bulk. A vascular cambium is present in

between the phloem and xylem and cork

cambium is also present in between the

and phelloderm which is posterior

The phloem forms circular bundles

and forming a cylinder around the

cylindrical portion of the plant body. The

vascular cambium is in between the

primary xylem and phloem. The phloem is

vascular cambium


The leaves are entire, simple and

lanceolate to linear in form. It is deciduous

and petiolate.

Figure 10. Lanceolate to linear in form leaves

The cross section of the leaf shows

that it truly belongs to the eudicots because

of the presence of an adaxial palisade

mesophyll layer and an abaxial spongy

mesophyll layer. It has a uniseriate

epidermis with trichomes. The palisade

mesophyll is composed of elongated

parenchyma cells; while the spongy layer is

composed of spongy irregular parenchyma

cells. The presence of cuticle and simple




The leaves are entire, simple and

It is deciduous

. Lanceolate to linear in form

The cross section of the leaf shows

that it truly belongs to the eudicots because

of the presence of an adaxial palisade

mesophyll layer and an abaxial spongy

mesophyll layer. It has a uniseriate

epidermis with trichomes. The palisade

of elongated

parenchyma cells; while the spongy layer is

composed of spongy irregular parenchyma

cells. The presence of cuticle and simple

hair trichomes in the epidermis was also

evident.

Figure 11. simple hairs trichomes (tr), xylem (xy), phloem (ph),

(v.c), isodiametric parenchyma (iso), uniseriate epidermis (ep)

Figure 12. elongated palisade mesophyll (pd), irregular spongy mesophyll





hair trichomes in the epidermis was also

. simple hairs trichomes (tr), xylem (xy), phloem (ph), vascular cambium

(v.c), isodiametric parenchyma (iso), uniseriate epidermis (ep)

. elongated palisade mesophyll (pd), irregular spongy mesophyll


FRUIT

The follicles are pale green, and in

shape of an inflated sphere. It is covered

with rough hairs. It reaches three inches in

diameter.

STOMATAL COMPLEX

The plant has bean or kidney

shaped guard cells indicating that it is a

eudicot. The stomatal complex as observed

was paracytic.

Figure 13. Stomatal complex in the leaf and a simple trichome emerging from it

Figure 14. Stomatal complex cell and a paracytic subsidiary cell




The follicles are pale green, and in

shape of an inflated sphere. It is covered

irs. It reaches three inches in

STOMATAL COMPLEX

The plant has bean or kidney-

shaped guard cells indicating that it is a

eudicot. The stomatal complex as observed

Stomatal complex in the leaf and a simple trichome emerging from it

Stomatal complex with guard cell and a paracytic subsidiary cell

SECONDARY GROWTH

Since there is secondary growth,

periderm is present in stems and roots

Figure 15. Periderm evident in the stem

GENERAL TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION

Shrubby perennial, much branched from

the base, up to 1.5(2.5) m tall, all parts

with latex, branches erect, densely hairy

when young, woody at base, with taproot.

Leaves opposite, simple and entire; petiole

110 mm long; blade linear to narrowly

linear-elliptical, (2.5)4

0.8(1.3) cm, base cuneate, apex attenuate,

mucronate, yellowish-green, sparsely to

densely hairy with soft white hairs on veins.

Inflorescences an extra

umbel, 47(12)-flowered; peduncle 1.5

3(4) cm long; bracts filiform, deciduous.

Flowers bisexual, regular, 5

12.5 cm long; sepals lanceolate or

triangular, 25 mm long, attenuate; corolla

reflexed, white, yellowis





SECONDARY GROWTH

Since there is secondary growth,

periderm is present in stems and roots.

Periderm evident in the stem

TAXONOMIC

Shrubby perennial, much branched from

2.5) m tall, all parts

with latex, branches erect, densely hairy

when young, woody at base, with taproot.

mple and entire; petiole

10 mm long; blade linear to narrowly

12 cm (0.2)0.3

1.3) cm, base cuneate, apex attenuate,

green, sparsely to

densely hairy with soft white hairs on veins.

extra-axillary nodding

flowered; peduncle 1.5

4) cm long; bracts filiform, deciduous.

Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous; pedicel

2.5 cm long; sepals lanceolate or

5 mm long, attenuate; corolla

reflexed, white, yellowish or pink, lobes


ovate, 58 mm 35 mm, acute, margins

ciliate; corona lobes attached 1

above base of staminal column, laterally

compressed, 24 mm 1.53 mm, as tall as

the column, upper margins entire, proximal

margins a pair of falcate teeth c.

long, pointing back along the upper margins

of the lobe or curved down into the cavity;

anther wings 1.52 mm long; ovary

superior, carpels 2, free, stigma head flat.

Fruit a pair of upright follicles, each follicle

ovoid, 47 cm 1.52.5 cm, ta

gradually or abruptly into a long beak,

strongly or weakly inflated, balloon

papery, pale green, sometimes tinged

reddish, short-hairy, with or without soft

spiny processes, many-seeded. Seeds ovate

with one convex and one concave face, 3.5

5 mm c. 2 mm, warted, brownish grey,

coma 2.53 cm long.

NONARTICULATED BRANCHED

LATICIFERS IN Asclepias

physocarpa

Laticifers are cells or series of

connected cells containing a

latex (plural, latices) and forming

that permeate various tissues of the plant

body. The word laticifer and its adjectival

form laticiferous are derived from the word




5 mm, acute, margins

ciliate; corona lobes attached 11.5 mm

above base of staminal column, laterally

3 mm, as tall as

the column, upper margins entire, proximal

margins a pair of falcate teeth c. 11.5 mm

long, pointing back along the upper margins

of the lobe or curved down into the cavity;

2 mm long; ovary

superior, carpels 2, free, stigma head flat.

Fruit a pair of upright follicles, each follicle

2.5 cm, tapering

gradually or abruptly into a long beak,

strongly or weakly inflated, balloon-like,

papery, pale green, sometimes tinged

hairy, with or without soft

seeded. Seeds ovate

with one convex and one concave face, 3.5

mm c. 2 mm, warted, brownish grey,

NONARTICULATED BRANCHED

Asclepias

Laticifers are cells or series of

ected cells containing a fluid called

(plural, latices) and forming systems

that permeate various tissues of the plant

body. The word laticifer and its adjectival

form laticiferous are derived from the word

latex, meaning juice in Latin. Although the

structures bearing latex may be single cells

or series of fused cells, bo

produce complex systems of tube

growth form in which recognition of the

limits of individual cells is highly

problematical. The term laticifer therefore

appears most useful if applied to either a

single cell or a structure resulting fro

fusion of cells (Evert, 2006).

The branched nonarticulated

laticifers of the Euphorbiaceae,

Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, and

Moraceae arise during the development of

the embryo in the form of relatively few

primordia, or initials, then grow

concomitantly with the plant into branched

systems permeating the whole plant body

(Mahlberg, 1961, 1963; Cass, 1985;

Murugan and Inamdar, 1987; Rudall, 1987,

1994; van Veenendaal and den Outer, 1990;

Roy and De, 1992; Da Cunha et al., 1998).

In the Asclepiadaceae, th

initials appear in the embryo as the

cotyledons are being initiated, and are

located in the plane of the embryo that later

represents the cotyledonary node. In some

species, the initials arise in the outer region

of the future vascular cylinder





latex, meaning juice in Latin. Although the

structures bearing latex may be single cells

or series of fused cells, both kinds often

produce complex systems of tube-like

growth form in which recognition of the

limits of individual cells is highly

problematical. The term laticifer therefore

appears most useful if applied to either a

single cell or a structure resulting from

fusion of cells (Evert, 2006).

The branched nonarticulated

laticifers of the Euphorbiaceae,

Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, and

Moraceae arise during the development of

the embryo in the form of relatively few

primordia, or initials, then grow

with the plant into branched

systems permeating the whole plant body

(Mahlberg, 1961, 1963; Cass, 1985;

Murugan and Inamdar, 1987; Rudall, 1987,

1994; van Veenendaal and den Outer, 1990;

Roy and De, 1992; Da Cunha et al., 1998).

In the Asclepiadaceae, the laticifer

initials appear in the embryo as the

cotyledons are being initiated, and are

located in the plane of the embryo that later

represents the cotyledonary node. In some

species, the initials arise in the outer region

of the future vascular cylinder (i.e., from the


procambium that will develop into

protophloem); in others, they arise just

outside the future vascular cylinder. In

either case, the laticifer initials are closely

associated spatially with the phloem. The

number of initials varies both be

within species. The initials form protrusions

in various directions, and the apices of these

protrusions push their way intercellularly

among the surrounding cells by intrusive

growth, in a manner resembling the growth

of a fungal hypha. Typically the laticifer

initials penetrate downward into the root

and upward into the cotyledons and toward

the shoot apex. Additional branches rapidly

penetrate the cortex, extending as far as the

sub-epidermal layer; others penetrate the

pith (Evert, 2013).

FUNCTION OF LATICIFERS

The majority, if not all, of the

milkweedsin particular, the members of

the Genus Asclepias, including

physocarpacontain the sticky white latex

sap that you see when you cut or break the

leaves or stems. The latex, plus other

chemical components such as cardenolides,

are the plants defense against herbivores.

There are insects that do thrive on the

milkweeds (e.g, the monarch butterfly,




procambium that will develop into

protophloem); in others, they arise just

outside the future vascular cylinder. In

either case, the laticifer initials are closely

associated spatially with the phloem. The

number of initials varies both between and

within species. The initials form protrusions

in various directions, and the apices of these

protrusions push their way intercellularly

among the surrounding cells by intrusive

growth, in a manner resembling the growth

y the laticifer

initials penetrate downward into the root

and upward into the cotyledons and toward

the shoot apex. Additional branches rapidly

penetrate the cortex, extending as far as the

epidermal layer; others penetrate the

TION OF LATICIFERS

The majority, if not all, of the

in particular, the members of

the Genus Asclepias, including A.

contain the sticky white latex

sap that you see when you cut or break the

leaves or stems. The latex, plus other

al components such as cardenolides,

are the plants defense against herbivores.

There are insects that do thrive on the

milkweeds (e.g, the monarch butterfly,

Danaus plexippus) and have devised

strategies to subvert the plant's defenses.

(Angrawal, A. and M. Fishbein., 2006)

IV. SUMMARY

From the family

tropical perennial milkweed

puffball (Asclepias physocarpa

by the group to characterize because of the

unique puffy appearance of its fruit. It has a

uniseriate epidermis, simple

kidney-shaped guard cells

stomatal complex. Since there is secondary

growth, periderm and vascular cambium

are present in stems and roots.

region has sclerified tracheids and the

phloem region is composed of sieve tube

elements in stems and roots.

entire, simple and lanceolate to linear

form. There is the presence of an adaxial

elongated parenchyma palisade mesophyll

layer and an abaxial irregular parenchyma

spongy mesophyll layer.

physocarpa has a fibrous type of root

system. Its cortex is isodiametric in shape.

The flower is umbels of white stellate

flowers and the fruit is a pod.

laticifers was also present in the plant body.

V. REFERENCES





) and have devised

strategies to subvert the plant's defenses.

. Fishbein., 2006)

family Apocynaceae, the

milkweed Indonesian

Asclepias physocarpa) was chosen

by the group to characterize because of the

unique puffy appearance of its fruit. It has a

simple hair trichomes,

shaped guard cells and paracytic

stomatal complex. Since there is secondary

growth, periderm and vascular cambium

are present in stems and roots. The xylem

region has sclerified tracheids and the

phloem region is composed of sieve tube

in stems and roots. The leaves are

entire, simple and lanceolate to linear in

form. There is the presence of an adaxial

elongated parenchyma palisade mesophyll

layer and an abaxial irregular parenchyma

spongy mesophyll layer. Asclepias

has a fibrous type of root

cortex is isodiametric in shape.

mbels of white stellate

and the fruit is a pod. Abundance of

also present in the plant body.

REFERENCES


Asclepias physocarpa. Retrieved

from

http://en.hortipedia.com/wik/Ascle

pias_physocarpa. Accessed on

September 14, 2013

Common milkweed. Retrieved from

http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes

/ecology common_milkweed.htm.

Accessed on September 14

PlantFiles: Swan Plant, Balloon

Plant, cotton-bush, Oscar,Hairy

Balls, Giant Swan Milkweed

Gomphocarpus physocarpus. (2000

2013). Retrieved from

http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf

/go/61453/#ixzz2ev

Accessed on September 14, 2013.

Asclepias physocarpa Milkweed for

Monarchs. (2008-2013). Retrieved

from

http://www.joyfulbutterf

icles/asclepias-physocarpa.html.

Accessed on September 14

Apocynaceae: The Milkweed and

Oleander Family. (2013). Retrieved

from

http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classe

s/bio366/families/Apocynaceae.pdf

. Accessed on September 15

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Ascle




Asclepias physocarpa (Milkweed) flowers





/Figure 4. leaf vascular tissues phloem (ph), and xylem (xy)In stem, the phloem form circular bundles and forming a cylinder around the surface of the plant. The vascular cambium is in between the primary xylem and phloem. The phloem is posterior to the vascular cambium. It has sclerified tracheids and is composed of sieve tube elements./Figure 5. stem vascular tissues, phloem (ph), xylem (xy)In the roots, the xylem region dominates most of its bulk. A vascular cambium is present in between the phloem and xylem and cork cambium is also present in between the phellem and phelloderm which is posterior to the cortex. /Figure 6. Tracheid( tr), sieve tube elements (sv)The xylem region has sclerified tracheids and the phloem region is composed of sieve tube elements./Figure 7. roots vascular tissues, xylem (xy) and phloem (ph)/Figure 8. xylem (xy), vascular cambium (v.c), phloem (ph), xylem ray, phelloderm, phellogen, phellem/Figure 9. Xylem ray/Figure 10. Lanceolate to linear in form leavesThe cross section of the leaf shows that it truly belongs to the eudicots because of the presence of an adaxial palisade mesophyll layer and an abaxial spongy mesophyll layer. It has a uniseriate epidermis with trichomes. The palisade mesophyll is composed of elongated parenchyma cells; while the spongy layer is composed of spongy irregular parenchyma cells. The presence of cuticle and simple hair trichomes in the epidermis was also evident./Figure 11. simple hairs trichomes (tr), xylem (xy), phloem (ph), vascular cambium (v.c), isodiametric parenchyma (iso), uniseriate epidermis (ep)/Figure 12. elongated palisade mesophyll (pd), irregular spongy mesophyll

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