Botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea (“botrytis” from Ancient Greek botrys (βότρυς) meaning “grapes” [1] plus the Neolatin suffix - itis for disease) is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as botrytis bunch rot ; in horticulture, it is usually called grey mould or gray mold. The fungus gives rise to two different kinds of infections on grapes. The first, grey rot, is the result of consistently wet or humid conditions, and typically results in the loss of the affected bunches. The second, noble rot, occurs when drier conditions follow wetter, and can result in dis- tinctive sweet dessert wines, such as Sauternes or the Aszú of Tokaji/Grasă de Cotnari. The species name Botrytis cinerea is derived from the Latin for “grapes like ashes"; although poetic, the “grapes” refers to the bunching of the fungal spores on their conidiophores, and “ashes” just refers to the greyish colour of the spores en masse. The fungus is usually referred to by its anamorph (asex- ual form) name, because the sexual phase is rarely ob- served. The teleomorph (sexual form) is an ascomycete, Botryotinia fuckeliana, also known as Botryotinia cinerea (see taxonomy box). 1 Biology A Botrytis cinerea conidiophore Botrytis cinerea is characterized by abundant hyaline conida (asexual spores) borne on grey, branching tree- like conidiophores. The fungus also produces highly re- sistant sclerotia as survival structures in older cultures. It overwinters as sclerotia or intact mycelia, both of which germinate in spring to produce conidiophores. The coni- Botrytis cinerea growing on a plate with a ring of visible sclerotia (dark brown balls) dia are dispersed by wind and rain-water and cause new infections. A considerable genetic variability has been observed in different Botrytis cinerea strains (polyploidy). Gliocladium roseum is a fungal parasite of Botrytis cinerea. [2] 2 Viticulture Main article: Noble rot In the Botrytis infection known as “noble rot” (pourriture noble in French, or Edelfäule in German), the fungus re- moves water from the grapes, leaving behind a higher per- cent of solids, such as sugars, fruit acids and minerals. This results in a more intense, concentrated final product. The wine is often said to have an aroma of honeysuckle and a bitter finish on the palate. A distinct fermentation process initially caused by na- ture, the combination of geology, climate and specific weather led to the particular balance of beneficial fungus while leaving enough of the grape intact for harvesting. The Chateau d'Yquem is the only Premier Cru Supérieur, largely due to the vineyard’s susceptibility to noble rot. Botrytis complicates winemaking by making fermentation more complex. Botrytis produces an anti-fungal that kills yeast and often results in fermenta- tion stopping before the wine has accumulated sufficient levels of alcohol. Makers of fine German dessert wines 1
Transcript
Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinerea (“botrytis” from Ancient Greek botrys(βότρυς) meaning “grapes”[1] plus the Neolatin suffix -itis for disease) is a necrotrophic fungus that affects manyplant species, although its most notable hosts may be winegrapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as botrytisbunch rot; in horticulture, it is usually called grey mouldor gray mold.The fungus gives rise to two different kinds of infectionson grapes. The first, grey rot, is the result of consistentlywet or humid conditions, and typically results in the lossof the affected bunches. The second, noble rot, occurswhen drier conditions follow wetter, and can result in dis-tinctive sweet dessert wines, such as Sauternes or theAszúof Tokaji/Grasă de Cotnari. The species name Botrytiscinerea is derived from the Latin for “grapes like ashes";although poetic, the “grapes” refers to the bunching ofthe fungal spores on their conidiophores, and “ashes”just refers to the greyish colour of the spores en masse.The fungus is usually referred to by its anamorph (asex-ual form) name, because the sexual phase is rarely ob-served. The teleomorph (sexual form) is an ascomycete,Botryotinia fuckeliana, also known asBotryotinia cinerea(see taxonomy box).
1 Biology
A Botrytis cinerea conidiophore
Botrytis cinerea is characterized by abundant hyalineconida (asexual spores) borne on grey, branching tree-like conidiophores. The fungus also produces highly re-sistant sclerotia as survival structures in older cultures. Itoverwinters as sclerotia or intact mycelia, both of whichgerminate in spring to produce conidiophores. The coni-
Botrytis cinerea growing on a plate with a ring of visible sclerotia(dark brown balls)
dia are dispersed by wind and rain-water and cause newinfections.A considerable genetic variability has been observed indifferent Botrytis cinerea strains (polyploidy).Gliocladium roseum is a fungal parasite of Botrytiscinerea.[2]
2 Viticulture
Main article: Noble rot
In the Botrytis infection known as “noble rot” (pourriturenoble in French, or Edelfäule in German), the fungus re-moves water from the grapes, leaving behind a higher per-cent of solids, such as sugars, fruit acids and minerals.This results in a more intense, concentrated final product.The wine is often said to have an aroma of honeysuckleand a bitter finish on the palate.A distinct fermentation process initially caused by na-ture, the combination of geology, climate and specificweather led to the particular balance of beneficial funguswhile leaving enough of the grape intact for harvesting.The Chateau d'Yquem is the only Premier Cru Supérieur,largely due to the vineyard’s susceptibility to noble rot.Botrytis complicates winemaking by makingfermentation more complex. Botrytis produces ananti-fungal that kills yeast and often results in fermenta-tion stopping before the wine has accumulated sufficientlevels of alcohol. Makers of fine German dessert wines
have been known to take fermenting tubs of wine intotheir homes to nurture the yeast through the night toassure that the alcohol level reaches legal minimums forthe product to be called wine.
Botrytis cinerea on Riesling grapes.
Botrytis bunch rot is another condition of grapes causedby Botrytis cinerea that causes great losses for the wine in-dustry. It is always present on the fruitset, however, it re-quires a wound to start a bunch rot infection. Wounds cancome from insects, wind, accidental damage, etc. To con-trol botrytis bunch rot there are a number of fungicidesavailable on the market. Generally, these should be ap-plied at bloom, bunch closure and veraison (the most im-portant being the bloom application). Some winemakersare known to use the Germanmethod of fermentation andprefer having a 5% bunch rot rate in their grapes and willusually hold the grapes on the vine a week longer thannormal.
3 Horticulture
Botrytis cinerea affects many other plants. It is econom-ically important on soft fruits such as strawberries andbulb crops.[3] Unlike wine grapes, the affected strawber-ries are not edible and are discarded. To minimize in-fection in strawberry fields, good ventilation around theberries is important to prevent moisture being trappedamong leaves and berries. A number of bacteria havebeen proven to act as natural antagonists to B. cinerea incontrolled studies.[3]
In greenhouse horticulture, Botrytis cinerea is well knownas a cause of considerable damage in tomatoes.The infection also affects rhubarb, snowdrops and whitemeadowfoam, and cannabis.
4 Human disease
Botrytis cinerea mold on grapes may cause"winegrower’s lung", a rare form of hypersensitivity
pneumonitis (a respiratory allergic reaction in predis-posed individuals).
5 Mycoviruses of Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinerea not only infects plants, it also hosts severalmycoviruses itself (see Table).
Mycoviruses of Botrytis cinerea.
A range of phenotypic alterations due to the mycoviral in-fection have been observed from symptomless tomild im-pact, or more severe phenotypic changes including reduc-tion in growth/suppression of mycelia, sporulation andsclerotia production, formation of abnormal colony sec-tors (Wu et al., 2010[4]) and virulence.
7 References[1] βότρυς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–
English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
[2] Yu H, Sutton JC (1997). “Morphological devel-opment and interactions of Gliocladium roseumand Botrytis cinerea in raspberry” (PDF). Cana-dian Journal of Plant Pathology 19 (3): 237–246.doi:10.1080/07060669709500518.
[3] Donmez, M. F.; Esitken, A.; Yildiz, H.; Ercisli, S.Biocontrol of Botrytis Cinerea on Strawberry Fruit byPlant Growth Promoting Bacteria, The Journal of Animal& Plant Sciences , 21(4), 2011: pp. 758-763, ISSN 1018-7081.
[4] Wu M. D., Zhang L., Li G., Jiang D., Ghabrial S.A. (2010). “Genome characterization of a debilitation-associated mitovirus infecting the phytopathogenic fun-gus Botrytis cinerea". Virology 406 (1): 117–126.doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.010. PMID 20674953.
8 External links• Genome information for Botrytis cinerea
• Genome analysis of Botrytis cinerea
• Choquer M, Fournier E, Kunz C et al. (De-cember 2007). "Botrytis cinerea virulence factors:new insights into a necrotrophic and polyphageouspathogen”. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 277 (1): 1–10.doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00930.x. PMID17986079.
• TheWineDoctor.com
• Büttner P, Koch F, Voigt K et al. (May 1994).“Variations in ploidy among isolates of Botry-tis cinerea: implications for genetic and molecu-lar analyses”. Curr. Genet. 25 (5): 445–50.doi:10.1007/BF00351784. PMID 8082191.
• Vallejo, I.; Santos, M.; Cantoral, J. M.; Collado, I.G.; Rebordinos, L. (2004). “Chromosomal poly-morphism in Botvytis cinerea strains”. Hereditas124: 31. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1996.00031.x.
• Staats M, van Baarlen P, van Kan JA (Febru-ary 2005). “Molecular phylogeny of the plantpathogenic genus Botrytis and the evolution of hostspecificity”. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (2): 333–46.doi:10.1093/molbev/msi020. PMID 15496556.
9.2 Images• File:Aardbei_Lambada_vruchtrot_Botrytis_cinerea.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Aardbei_Lambada_vruchtrot_Botrytis_cinerea.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rasbak
• File:Botrytis_conidiophore_40X.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Botrytis_conidiophore_40X.pngLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ninjatacoshell
• File:Botrytis_plate.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Botrytis_plate.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-tributors: Own work Original artist: Ninjatacoshell
• File:Botrytis_riesling.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Botrytis_riesling.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: No machine readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machinereadable author provided. T.o.m.~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims).
• File:Mycoviruses_of_Botrytis_cinerea.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Mycoviruses_of_Botrytis_cinerea.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Retrieved data from ICTV website and appropriate publications. Originalartist: Bboine
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