20
Bottom of Barrel Processing Chapters 5, 6, & 8
Bottom of Barrel Processing
Chapters 5 6 amp 8
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Petroleum Refinery Block Flow Diagram
2
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Need For Heavy Ends ProcessingWorldwide crude slate has become heavier
Concentration of sulfur amp other contaminants has been increasing
Sulfur specifications becoming more stringent
bull Environmental protection
Demand for No 6 Fuel Oil declining
bull Environmental protection
Cost of light crude relative to heavy crude is increasing
Trends in the United States have become more complicated due to the flood of light sweet tight oil from shale in the United States
3
Gunaseelan amp BuehlerldquoChanging US crude imports are driving refinery upgradesrdquoOil amp Gas Journal Aug 10 2009
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Processing Options
Physical separations Vacuum distillation
bull Volatility
Solvent Deasphalting
bull Solubility
Lube Oil Processing Requires specialized feedstocks
Chemical reactions (in order of increasing severity)
Visbreaking
Catalytic cracking
Coking
bull Delayed coking
bull Fluidized bed coking
Hydrocracking
4
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
US Refinery Implementation
5
EIA Jan 1 2019 database published June 2019httpwwweiagovpetroleumrefinerycapacity
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Solvent DeasphaltingPurpose
Remove asphalts from lube plant feeds
Increase gas oil yield from crude Make commercial asphalts from
asphaltic crude unit bottoms
Characteristics Physical recovery using light
hydrocarbon solvent (C3 C4 C5) bull Dissolve saturated componentsbull Leave behindprecipitate asphaltenesbull Resins split between phases
Products
Deasphalted Oil (DAO)
Resins
Bottomspitch ndash asphaltenes
6
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical SDA Process
7
Foster Wheeler SDA processHydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Petroleum Refinery Block Flow Diagram
2
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Need For Heavy Ends ProcessingWorldwide crude slate has become heavier
Concentration of sulfur amp other contaminants has been increasing
Sulfur specifications becoming more stringent
bull Environmental protection
Demand for No 6 Fuel Oil declining
bull Environmental protection
Cost of light crude relative to heavy crude is increasing
Trends in the United States have become more complicated due to the flood of light sweet tight oil from shale in the United States
3
Gunaseelan amp BuehlerldquoChanging US crude imports are driving refinery upgradesrdquoOil amp Gas Journal Aug 10 2009
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Processing Options
Physical separations Vacuum distillation
bull Volatility
Solvent Deasphalting
bull Solubility
Lube Oil Processing Requires specialized feedstocks
Chemical reactions (in order of increasing severity)
Visbreaking
Catalytic cracking
Coking
bull Delayed coking
bull Fluidized bed coking
Hydrocracking
4
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
US Refinery Implementation
5
EIA Jan 1 2019 database published June 2019httpwwweiagovpetroleumrefinerycapacity
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Solvent DeasphaltingPurpose
Remove asphalts from lube plant feeds
Increase gas oil yield from crude Make commercial asphalts from
asphaltic crude unit bottoms
Characteristics Physical recovery using light
hydrocarbon solvent (C3 C4 C5) bull Dissolve saturated componentsbull Leave behindprecipitate asphaltenesbull Resins split between phases
Products
Deasphalted Oil (DAO)
Resins
Bottomspitch ndash asphaltenes
6
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical SDA Process
7
Foster Wheeler SDA processHydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Need For Heavy Ends ProcessingWorldwide crude slate has become heavier
Concentration of sulfur amp other contaminants has been increasing
Sulfur specifications becoming more stringent
bull Environmental protection
Demand for No 6 Fuel Oil declining
bull Environmental protection
Cost of light crude relative to heavy crude is increasing
Trends in the United States have become more complicated due to the flood of light sweet tight oil from shale in the United States
3
Gunaseelan amp BuehlerldquoChanging US crude imports are driving refinery upgradesrdquoOil amp Gas Journal Aug 10 2009
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Processing Options
Physical separations Vacuum distillation
bull Volatility
Solvent Deasphalting
bull Solubility
Lube Oil Processing Requires specialized feedstocks
Chemical reactions (in order of increasing severity)
Visbreaking
Catalytic cracking
Coking
bull Delayed coking
bull Fluidized bed coking
Hydrocracking
4
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
US Refinery Implementation
5
EIA Jan 1 2019 database published June 2019httpwwweiagovpetroleumrefinerycapacity
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Solvent DeasphaltingPurpose
Remove asphalts from lube plant feeds
Increase gas oil yield from crude Make commercial asphalts from
asphaltic crude unit bottoms
Characteristics Physical recovery using light
hydrocarbon solvent (C3 C4 C5) bull Dissolve saturated componentsbull Leave behindprecipitate asphaltenesbull Resins split between phases
Products
Deasphalted Oil (DAO)
Resins
Bottomspitch ndash asphaltenes
6
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical SDA Process
7
Foster Wheeler SDA processHydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Processing Options
Physical separations Vacuum distillation
bull Volatility
Solvent Deasphalting
bull Solubility
Lube Oil Processing Requires specialized feedstocks
Chemical reactions (in order of increasing severity)
Visbreaking
Catalytic cracking
Coking
bull Delayed coking
bull Fluidized bed coking
Hydrocracking
4
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
US Refinery Implementation
5
EIA Jan 1 2019 database published June 2019httpwwweiagovpetroleumrefinerycapacity
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Solvent DeasphaltingPurpose
Remove asphalts from lube plant feeds
Increase gas oil yield from crude Make commercial asphalts from
asphaltic crude unit bottoms
Characteristics Physical recovery using light
hydrocarbon solvent (C3 C4 C5) bull Dissolve saturated componentsbull Leave behindprecipitate asphaltenesbull Resins split between phases
Products
Deasphalted Oil (DAO)
Resins
Bottomspitch ndash asphaltenes
6
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical SDA Process
7
Foster Wheeler SDA processHydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
US Refinery Implementation
5
EIA Jan 1 2019 database published June 2019httpwwweiagovpetroleumrefinerycapacity
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Solvent DeasphaltingPurpose
Remove asphalts from lube plant feeds
Increase gas oil yield from crude Make commercial asphalts from
asphaltic crude unit bottoms
Characteristics Physical recovery using light
hydrocarbon solvent (C3 C4 C5) bull Dissolve saturated componentsbull Leave behindprecipitate asphaltenesbull Resins split between phases
Products
Deasphalted Oil (DAO)
Resins
Bottomspitch ndash asphaltenes
6
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical SDA Process
7
Foster Wheeler SDA processHydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Solvent DeasphaltingPurpose
Remove asphalts from lube plant feeds
Increase gas oil yield from crude Make commercial asphalts from
asphaltic crude unit bottoms
Characteristics Physical recovery using light
hydrocarbon solvent (C3 C4 C5) bull Dissolve saturated componentsbull Leave behindprecipitate asphaltenesbull Resins split between phases
Products
Deasphalted Oil (DAO)
Resins
Bottomspitch ndash asphaltenes
6
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical SDA Process
7
Foster Wheeler SDA processHydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical SDA Process
7
Foster Wheeler SDA processHydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of ProductsDAO resembles gas oil but is of drastically different boiling point range
8
Scaled HTSD Distribution Profiles for Garyville ROSE Samples
00000
00005
00010
00015
00020
00025
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Boiling Point (degF)
Ma
ss Y
ield
Dis
trib
uti
on
(1
degF)
Feed
DAO
Bottoms
Recombined (511wt Lift)
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Characteristics of Products
9
Residue Upgrading Technology Options for Cost Effective SolutionsSteve Beeston ARTC 2014 Singapore March 5 2014 httpwwwfwccomgetmedia200f27cb-c130-439e-aa08-51adaca15dd0Residue-upgrading-technology-options-for-cost-effective-solutionspdfaspxext=pdf
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Integration of SDA into Refinery
10
Handbook of Petroleum Refining ProcessesRobert MeyersMcGraw-Hill Inc 1986
Atm Resid Vacuum
DistilationGas Oil HDS FCC
SDA
Vac Bottoms
SDA Bottoms
DAO
Cycle Oil
Slurry
Fuel Gas
C3
C4
Naphtha
Distillate
H2
Base With SDA Base With SDA
Atm Resid Feed bpsd 50000 50000 Feed to FCC bpsd 27340 40651
degAPI 151 151 degAPI 240
wt S 402 402 HDS Fuel Gas Mscfd 4200 6310
ppmw metals 69 69 FCC Fuel Gas Mscfd 4430 6582
Vac Resid bpsd 20000 20000 Total Fuel Gas Mscfd 8630 12892
degAPI 56 56 HDS C3C4 bpsd 190 289
wt S 555 555 FCC C3C4 bpsd 5220 7765
ppmw metals 160 160 Total C3C4 bpsd 5410 8054
SDA Bottoms bpsd 5400 HDS Naphtha bpsd 260 388
degAPI -126 FCC Naphtha bpsd 15420 22927
wt S 715 Total Naphtha bpsd 15680 23315
ppmw metals 475 degAPI 545 545
SDA DAO bpsd 14600 FCC Cycle Oil bpsd 7108 10569
degAPI 114 degAPI 255 255
wt S 484 FCC Slurry bpsd 1367 2033
ppmw metals 20 degAPI 09 09
Gas Oil bpsd 30000 30000 HDS Distillate bpsd 2750 4090
degAPI 223 223 degAPI 325 325
wt S 304 304
Feed to HDS bpsd 30000 44600
degAPI 223 185
wt S 3 366
ppmw metals 7
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
VisbreakingPurpose
Cut viscosity in frac12 of feed (specs for heavy fuel oil)
Reduces cutter stockldquo
Reduces heavy fuel oil amount
Characteristics
Relatively mild thermal cracking operation
Flexible on feedstock quality
Typically high resin crude oils
Low capital cost for process
Products ~20 feed cracked to light ends
naphtha gas oil amp distillate
Products contain a lot of olefinsbull Olefinic C3s amp C4s often recovered
bull Naphtha amp distillate often hydrotreated because of olefins amp sulfur
Gas oil high in aromatics mdash more appropriate for hydrocracking than cat cracking
Large volumes of heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content
Bottoms (visbreaker tar) sent directly to heavy fuel oil
11
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Typical Coil Visbreaker
12
httpwwwfwccomindustriespdfResidue_upgrading_English_10th_SeptpdfDIRNAME=23dirName23
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Figure httpwwwoshagovdtsostaotmotm_ivotm_iv_2html
Catalytic CrackingPurpose
Make gasoline amp distillates (dieselheating oil)
Try to minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Medium severity cracking process
Gas oils are typical feedstocks
Not normally used on whole atmospheric or vacuum resids
bull PNAs tend to condense leading to coking
bull Catalysts sensitive to poisoning by sulfur amp metals present in PNAs
Products
Light gases
bull Olefins
Light amp Heavy Naphtha
Light amp Heavy Cycle Oils
Slurry
13
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
HydrocrackingPurpose
Minimize heavy fuel oil
Characteristics
Severe cracking process
bull Combines cracking amp hydrogenation
Coking better for resids
High pressures amp large amounts of hydrogen required
Products
Produces high yields of liquids
bull Hydrogen suppresses coke formation
bull Liquids low in sulfur amp olefins
14
Figure Haldo Topsoslashe process flow2011 Refining Processes HandbookHydrocarbon Processing 2011
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
CokingPurpose
Create light gases amp distillates
ldquoCarbon rejectionrdquo
Characteristics
Severe thermal cracking process
Can process a wide variety of feedstocks ndash high High metals (nickel and vanadium) sulfur resins amp asphaltenes
Side chains broken off from thermally stable PNA cores
bull PNAs contain majority of the heteroatoms (sulfur nitrogen metals)
Products
Light gases distillates (naphthas amp gas oils) for catalytic upgrading
bull High in sulfur amp olefins
Coke
bull High in sulfur amp metals
15
Fired Heater
Fractionator
Coke Drums
Gas
Naphtha
Light Gas Oil
Heavy Gas Oil
Fresh Feed
Steam
Coke
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Summary
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SummaryReason for ldquoBottom of the Barrelrdquo processing
Attempt to get more liquid fuels from the portion of the crude oil that is heavier (of higher boiling point) than the diesel range
Processes
Physical separations
bull Vacuum Column
bull Solvent Deasphalting (SDA)
Chemical conversions
bull Visbreaking
bull Coking
bull Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
bull Hydrocracking
17
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Supplemental Slides
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
SDA Technology Providers
19
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler KBR ROSEcopy
Provider Features
Foster WheelerLight hydrocarbon solvent with DAOsolvent separation at supercritical conditionsKBR
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
Updated July 1 2019Copyright copy 2016-2019 John Jechura (jjechuraminesedu)
Visbreaking Technology Providers
20
Hydrocarbon Processingrsquos 2008 Refining Processes Handbook
Foster Wheeler Shell Global Solutions
Provider Features
Foster WheelerVisbreaker heater amp downstream coil
Shell Global Solutions
