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    BOVINE ABORTIONS 

    Prepared by

    Dr. Drh. PRABOWO PURWONO PUTRO, M.Phil.

    International Bovine Reproductive Courses for

    Developing countries

    Funded by JICA

     August, 200

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    Causes of Abortion

    !on"infectious

    Infectious

    #iral

    Bacterial

    Proto$oal

    %ycotic

    http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/images/clinical-rotations-services/cow-calf-afterbirth.jpghttp://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1053/40004556.JPGhttp://www.biteglobalwarming.org/images/cowbrownclose2.jpg

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    Non-Infectious Abortions

    enetic &'bryonic 'ortality

    Fetal ano'alies

    Miscellaneous Fetal 'u''ification

    Fetal 'aceration (terine torsion

      (terine rupture

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    Non-Infectious Abortion

    Pine Nee!le Abortion

    Ingestion of needles fro' t)e Ponderosa pine tree *Pinus ponderosa+ can result in t)ird tri'ester abortion Feeding

    )ig) levels of protein increases pine needle consu'ption-)e e.act abortive principle )as not been identified as of

    yet, but )as been found to produce profound constriction ofcaruncular arterial beds resulting in progressive reductionin uterine blood flo/ causing pre'ature parturition /it)nor'al prepartu' c)anges in steroid secretion

    Retained placenta and endo'etritis are co''on seuelae

    Prevention reuires isolation of cattle fro' areascontaining pine needles

    http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/54282000/Images/ponderosa1.gif

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    Non-Infectious Abortions 

    "oco#ee! to$icosis Astragalus and Oxytropis are t)e 'ost co''on species

    affecting cattle and can result in a /ide range of

    reproductive defects including abortion, teratogenesis,)ydrops annuii, )ydrops allantois, deficient uterine andplacental vascular develop'ent, decreased cotyledonarydevelop'ent, decreased conception, reduced libido, andlo/ sper' production Abortion can occur at any stage of gestation follo/ing

    continuous consu'ption for 1 to /ee3s-)e to.ic principle is t)e indoli$idine al3aloid

    s/ainsonine It causes increased perip)eral vascularresistance in t)e fetus resulting in )eart failure, deat),and abortion

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    Non-Infectious Abortions 

    Nitrate to$icosis

    !itrate to.icity can result fro' cattle ingesting nitrate

    accu'ulating plants or )eavily fertili$ed pastures andcan cause abortion in late gestation co/s

    -)e nitrate accu'ulates in t)e ru'en /)ere it is reducedby 'icrobes into nitrite -)e nitrite is absorbed into t)ebloodstrea' /)ere it o.idi$es nor'al ferrous)e'oglobin to t)e ferric state, for'ing 'et)e'oglobinPlacental transfer of o.ygen is severely reduced,resulting in fetal )ypo.ia and deat) -)e )ypo.ia alsocauses increases of fetal cortisol and adrenocorticotropic)or'one /)ic) can contribute to abortion

    http://www.spokane.wsu.edu/academic/engineering/Rumsey/Mortz/dynamite.jpg

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    Non-Infectious Abortions Other %lants&

    4oldenrod, Jo)nson grass, 5e'loc3, etc

    Corticosteroi!s&Iatrogenic abortion can occur /it) steroid ad'inistration during

    t)e last 'ont) of gestation

    'o!iu( Io!i!e&Its use is avoided in pregnant co/s because of t)e t)reat of

    abortion, but t)is )as not been proved e.peri'entally

    Nutrition&Rarely a cause of abortion 6ong standing vita'in A deficiency

    can result in abortion, /ea3 calves, and retained placentas.

    'tress

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    )iral Abortions

    Infectious Bo*ine Rhinotracheitis +IBR-bo*ine her%es *irus

    Reproductive for' is spread in secretions fro'reproductive organs7ften persists latently in t)e trige'inal ganglia but

    s)edding can be induced by stress or steroid in8ectionContagious aerosol Abortion usually occurs during t)e second to t)ird

    tri'ester /it) autolysis of t)e fetus in 29"90: ofinfected ani'alsDisease is best controlled by vaccination %odified live

    vaccines WI"" cause abortion A 3illed vaccine isavailable for vaccination of pregnant co/s

    http://www.selectvac.com/images/CM-Gold.jpghttp://www.selectvac.com/images/BS-Gold.jpg

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    Infectious factor

    Co((on na(es

    Abortion rate Abortion ti(in Recurrence ofabortion

    )iral

    Bo*ine )iralDiarrhoea )irusB)D-MD

    (sually lo/ Co'ple. pat)ology Abortion usually up to 1'ont)s

    (nco''on i''unitydevelops

    Bo*ine/er%es*irus

    t0%e I +B/) IInfectiousBo*inerhinotracheitis*irus +IBR)IBRIBR-IP)

    9"0:in non

    vaccinated)erds

    Possibly any stage but'ost co''on

    fro' 1 'ont)s to ter'

    (nco''on i''unity

    develops

    1%i2ooticBo*ine Abortion3oothillAbortion

     

    Can reac)=9:6i'ited 'ainlyto California int)e (;

    (sually in t)e lasttri'ester

    (nli3ely

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    Proto2oal Abortions

    Neospora canina6ife cycle is un3no/n but is believed to be si'ilar to

    Toxoplasma gondii  resulting in ingestion of oocysts in

    fecal conta'inated feed by carnivores

    -ransplacental

     Abortion occurs bet/een >"? 'ont)s of gestation

    Co''on fetal lesions include 'ultifocal, necrotic, non"supportive encep)alitis /it) 'ononuclear 'yositis and

    'yocarditis

    Da' trans'its to offspring for several generations

    http://www.anri.barc.usda.gov/pbel/images/neospora_parasite1.jpghttp://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/FIGbrain2.jpg

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    Proto2oal Abortions

    Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas fetus)

    #enereal trans'ission @ pyo'etra

     Abortion in st tri'ester 

    Repeat breeding

    If abortion occurs in later gestation, diagnosis 'ay be

    'ade by 'icroscopic e.a'ination of fetal sto'ac)

    contents

    http://www.moondragon.org/images/trichomoniasis.jpghttp://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/PHR/TRICH_LAB/t_foetus.jpg

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    Infectious factor

    Co((on na(es

    Abortion rate Abortion ti(in Recurrence of abortion

    Proto2oan

    Tritrichomonas(Trichomonas)foetusTrichomoniasis 

    ;poradic first )alf of gestation Ani'al gains i''unitybut probably not life"long

    Neosporacaninum!eosporosis

    5ig) in firstgestation and/)en infectionenters t)enave )erd

    (p to >0: firstoutbrea3&n$ootic 9"0:

     Any stage, but 'ostoften 9" 'ont)s

    Decreases /it) parity butal/ays possible

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    M0cotic Abortions

    %ost co''on agent causing abortion in bovine speciesis Aspergillus fumigatus.

    -)e 'ost co''on route of infection is t)roug) t)erespiratory passages but can originate fro' t)egastrointestinal tract

    0: abortion rate B(- 'ainly a placental disease

    http://www.gefor.4t.com/concurso/hongos/aspergillusfumigatus3.jpghttp://www.vscht.cz/kch/galerie/obrazky/houby/asp14du.gifhttp://www.aspergillus.org.uk/secure/veterinary/fig24comp.jpg

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    M0cotic Abortions

     Abortion can occur anyti'e after t)e t)ird 'ont) ofgestation, but usually occurs in late pregnancy and tends topea3 in t)e /inter and spring due to feeding of )ay, silage,and grain and t)e large nu'bers of calves being born at t)isti'e

    Retained placenta is a co''on occurrence follo/ing'ycotic abortions

    -)e fetus 'ay appear nor'al or s)o/ signs ofly'p)adenitis, de)ydration, e'aciation Ring/or'"li3e s3inlesions are very indicative of a 'ycotic etiology

    Reproductive perfor'ance of cattle follo/ing 'ycoticabortions is usually not )indered because t)e organis' doesnot see' to persist in t)e reproductive tracts

    http://www.moldbacteria.com/images/asperspores.gifhttp://www.saber.ula.ve/micosis/contenido/capitulo1/figuras/1-0009.jpg

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    Infectious factor

    Co((on na(es

    Abortion rate Abortion ti(in Recurrence of abortion

    3unal

     Aspergillus sp*0"?0:Mucor  sp ,

     Absidia , orRhiopus sp

    (sually sporadicbut can reac) 9"0:

    1 'ont)s toter''ost co''on

    in /inter

    %ay recur 

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    Bacterial Abortions

    Leptospira interrogans

    -rans'ission can occur t)roug) urine conta'ination,placental and uterine disc)arges, transplacentally,venereally, or t)roug) 'il3 conta'ination Acute disease is usually 'anifested as (astitis C)ronic

    disease is 'anifested as abortion, stillbirt), and t)e birt) ofpre'ature, /ea3 calves Abortion rate 29">0: " abortion and fetal deat) freuently

    at ter';erovar )ard8o is associated /it) infertility, abortion *1

    'ont)s to ter'+, and retained placenta ;erovar po'onais 'ost co''only associated /it) abortion in t)e t)irdtri'ester -etracycline can be used to treat acute infections#accines are available and t)e ris3 of feed conta'ination

    reduced by li'iting contact /it) /ildlife and rodent

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rivm.nl/infectieziektenbulletin/bul1308/leptospirendonkerveld.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rivm.nl/infectieziektenbulletin/bul1308/leptosirose.html&h=214&w=300&sz=17&hl=en&start=56&um=1&tbnid=H-Waz-QtCWVpYM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLeptospira%2Binterrogans%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

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    http://www.pasteur.fr/actu/presse/images/spirocoul1.jpghttp://www.spc.int/images/leptospira.jpg

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    Bacterial Abortions

    Epizootic Bovine Aortion (EBA)(!oothi"" Aortion)

    90s foot)ills of Central #alley of CA

    &tiologic agent is not 3no/n but suspected organis'sinclude C)la'ydia psittaci and Borrelia burgdorferi It istrans'itted by t)e argasid tic3 Ornithodoros coriaceous.-)e abortions occur in late pregnancy /it) no clinical signs

    seen in t)e da'?0: ani'als abort-)is disease is controlled by e.posing yearlings and open

    t/o year old co/s to su''erti'e brus) areas /)ere t)etic3 is present and breeding in t)e fall A se(inal *esiculitis syndro'e in bulls is associated /it)

    t)e sa'e area as epi$ootic bovine abortion

    http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/hirez/hechemy2.gif

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    Bacterial Abortions

    Listeria monoc#togenes

    -rans'itted via conta'inated feed

    -)is bacteria is a nor'al in)abitant of t)e soil and intestinal tract ofani'als -)e 'ost co''on 'ode of infection is ingestion, and isoften traced to feeding poorly cured silage in t)e /inter

    -)e organis' invades t)e intestinal epit)eliu' and enters t)ebloodstrea' locali$ing in t)e placento'es and entering t)e a'nioticfluid -)e bacteria are aspirated and replicate in fetal organs

     Abortions occur in t)e second )alf of gestation /it) t)e da' usuallynot de'onstrating any clinical signs of disease

    !o vaccine is available

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    Bacterial Abortions

    $amp#"oacter fetus (Virio fetus)

    #enereal trans'ission Abortions at >"1 'ont)s gestation

    9"0: abortion rate

    %a8or cause of infertility

    !o vaccine is available.

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    Bacterial Abortions

    7t)er bacteria t)at )ave been found to causeabortion in cattle includeMycoplasma spp

    !reaplasma spp

    "almonella

    #aemophilus somnus

    $hlamydia

    %R!$&''A spp.

    Infectious factor Abortion rate Abortion ti(in Recurrence of

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    Infectious factorCo((on na(es

    Abortion rate Abortion ti(in Recurrence ofabortion

    Bacterial

    %rucella abortusBrucellosisBangs diseaseEoonosis

    (p to ?0: ofunvaccinatedani'als infectedin st or 2ndtri'ester 

    " 'ont)s Abortion orstillbirt) 2 /3 to 9'o after infection

    %a8ority abort onlyonce

    $ampylobacter  fetus enerealis#ibriosis

    0: 9"? 'ont)s (nco''on,convalescent co/sresistant to infection

    $  fetus fetus$   euni  

    ;poradic 1" 'ont)s (nco''on,convalescent co/sresistant to infection

    'eptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa 

     pomona, hardo, canicola,icterohaemorrhagiae*oonosis 

    9"10: 6ast tri'ester   Abortion 2"9

    /ee3s afterinfection

    I''unity to t)eserotype causing

    abortion butsensitive to ot)ertypes

    'isteria monocytogenes Eoonosis (sually sporadicbut can reac) 6ast tri'ester %ay recur  

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    3iel! Necro%s0

    Piece of placenta if possibleRe'e'ber t)is is conta'inated /it) environ'ental

    organis's

    Fetal tissuesPiece of fetal lung

    Piece of fetal liver and spleen

     Abo'asal fluid

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    Direct Obser*ation

    Placental All loo3 si'ilar @ can not tell /)at agent caused

    placentitis

    Fetal All fetuses loo3 si'ilar @ can not tell /)at agent

    caused t)e abortion

    &.ception @ so'eti'es ring/or' li3e lesions due to

    fungal infections on t)e s3in

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     Thank you very much for your kind

    attention!


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