BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-TAILED DEER

8/7/2019 BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-TAILED DEER

1/10

74 9

Jnar na l ,)f S V I! dI if e 1 )i se a. se s. 33(4) iyyT , PP C \5 ild IiI I) is rase A ssocia tio n 199

BO V IN E TUBERCULOS IS IN FREE -RANG ING W H ITE -TA IL ED DEERFROM M ICH IGANS tephen M . Schm itt, S co tt D . F itzg e ra ld ,2 Thom as M . C oo ley,1 C o lleen S . B run ing -F ann ,3Larry Su llIvan ,4 D a le B e rry ,5 Thom as C ar lson ,6 R ichard B . M inn is ,7 J ane t B . P ayeu r,8 andJam es S ika rsk ie9, Wild life Disease Labo ra to ry , R ose La ke W ild life R esea rch S ta tion , M ic h ig an D epartm en t o f N a tu ra l R esource s ,E as t L an s in g , M ich iga n 48 823 , U SA2 A n im a l H ea lth D ia gno st ic L ab ora to ry an d Depa rtm en t o f Pa th o lo gy , C o lleg e o f V e te rin a ry M ed ic ine ,M ic h ig an S ta te Un ive rs ity , Ea s t La ns ing , M ic h ig an 4 8824 , USA3 A n im a l an d P lan t H ea lth Inspe ction Se rv ice , Ve te r ina ry S erv ic es , U n ited S ta tes D epartm en t o f Ag ric u ltu re ,H o lt , M ich iga n 4 8842 , USA4 A n im a l Ind us try D iv is io n , M ich iga n Depar tm en t o f Ag ric u ltu re , La ns ing , M ich iga n 48 909 , U SAS ta te Comm un ity H ea lth La bo ra to ry , M ich iga n Depa rtm en t o f C om m un ity H ea lth , L an s in g , M ich iga n 48 909 , U SA

6 A tla n ta F ie ld O ffice , W ild life D iv is io n , M ic h ig an D epar tm en t o f N a tu ra l R esou rce s , A t lan ta , M ich iga n 49 709 , U SADepa rtm en t o f W ild l ife a nd F ish e r ies , M iss iss ip p i S ta te U n iv e rs ity , M is s is s ip p i S ta te , M iss iss ipp i 3 976 2 , U SA

6 Na tio na l V e te rin a ry S erv ice s La bora to rie s , U n ite d S ta tes Depar tm en t o f A g r icu ltu re , Am es , Iow a 50010 , U SA#{ 176}Sm a ll An im a l C lin ica l S c ien ce s , C o lle ge o f Ve te rina ry M ed ic in e , M ich ig an S ta te U n ive rs ity , Ea s t La ns ing ,M ic h ig an 4 8824 , U SA

ABSTRACT : A 4 .5 yr-o ld m ale w hite -ta iled deer (Odoco i l eu s v irg in ianus ) k illed by a hun te r duringthe 1 994 firea rm hunting season in no rth eas tern M ich igan (U SA ) ha d les ion s su gg est ive of tu -bercu lo sis and w as pos itiv e o n cu ltu re fo r M ycoba c te rium bov is the cau sa tiv e ag en t fo r b ov in etube rcu los is. Su bsequently , a su rvey o f 354 hun te r-ha rves ted w h ite -ta iled deer fo r tubercu los iswas conduc ted in th is a rea from 15 Novem be r 19 95 throu gh 5 January 1996 . H ead s and /o r lu ngsfrom dee r w ere ex am ined grossly and m icroscop ica lly fo r le sions su gg estiv e o f b ov in e tu be rcu lo sis .G ross les ions sugg es tiv e of tub ercu lo sis w ere seen in 15 d eer . T issu es from 16 d eer had ac id -fastb acilli on h isto log ical ex am ination an d in 12 cases m ycob acteria l iso la tes f rom lym ph nod es and/orlun gs w ere iden tified as M . bo vis . In a dd itio n, l ymph node s from 12 d ee r (11 fem ales and 1m ale ) w ith ou t gross or m icroscopic lesions w ere po oled in to 1 sam ple from w hich M . bo vis wa scu ltu red . A lth ough m ore m ale (9 ) th an fem ale (3 ) deer h ad bov ine tubercu los is in fec tion s, th isd ifferen ce w as no t s ta tis tica lly s ign ifican t. Mycobac te r ium bov i s cu ltu re po sitive de er ran ged inage from 1 .5 to 5 .5 y r with a m ean of 2 .7 y r (m edian 2 .5 y r) fo r m a les an d 3 .2 y r (m ed ian 3 .5yr) fo r fem ales. Th is appears to be the fir st ep idem ic o ccurrence o f M . b ov is i n fre e-ra ng in gc erv ids in N orth Am e rica . A com bina tion of env ironm en tal (h ig h deer density and poo r qua lityh ab it) an d m anagem ent-re lated fac to rs (ex tens ive su pp lem en tal feed ing) m ay b e respons ib le fo rth is ep izo otic .

K ey w ords: Bovin e tu be rcu losis, e p id em ic, M ycoba cte r ium bo vis , O do co ileu s v irg in ia nus, pa -th o lo gy , w h ite- ta i led d eer .

I N TRODUCT IONThere a re few repo rted cases o f bo v ine

tub ercu los is in free -ran g ing ce rv ids in N orthAm erica (S tum p if , 1 982 ; C lifto n -H ad ley andW ile sm ith , 1 991 ; E ssey and V an tiem , 1995 ;R hyan et a !., 199 5) . B ov in e tu be rcu lo sis hasbeen repo rted in fo u r w hite -ta iled deer(O doco ileu s v irg in ia nu s) from Ne w Yo rk(L ev ine , 193 4 ; F rien d e t a! ., 1 96 3) and onefrom O nta rio (B eth , 1 962 ); th ree ax is deer(Ax i s ax is ) from H aw aii (S aw a et a ! ., 1 974 );one e lk (Cerurus e l aphus ) from M anitob a(R hyan e t a !., 199 2); o ne m ule d ee r (Oc to -co ileu s h em ion us) from M ontana (R hyan e ta ! ., 1 995 ); and tw o m u le d ee r , s ix m oose (Al-

ce s a lces ) , and 73 elk from A lbe rta (H adw en ,1942) . A ll case s, ex cep t th e w hite - tailed deerfrom O n ta rio , w ere geog raph ica lly a ssoc iat-ed w ith M . b civ is in fec ted ca ttle , b ison , cap -tiv e e lk , o r fe ra l swine (R hyan e t a !., 1995) .Once th e in fected an im a ls w ere rem oved ,bov ine tub ercu los is w as n o t m a in ta ined inth e free -ran g ing ce rv id po pu la tion s (E sseyand V an tiem , 19 95). B ased on em p irica l ev -idence, it w as comm only be liev ed tha t w ith -ou t in fec ted d om estic liv es tock to tran sm itth e d isease to free -rang ing cerv id s, the rew as little lik elih ood tha t M . bov is w ould b em ain tain ed in free -rang ing ce rv id p opu la -tio ns (E ssey and V an tiem , 1995) .

A pprox im a tely 50 y r ago , M ich ig an led


2/10

FIG uR E 1 . R ib cage from a w hite-ta ile d (le er IflN Iich igan iii fect td v i th f s jc oba cte riu ,iz bov is . Noteth e nm ltip le 5 to 1 0 mm d iam ete r pa le raised n(x lu les(511 the parie ta l p le ura . B ar = 1 (111

750 JOURNA L OF W ILDL IFE D ISEASES , VOL . 33 , NO . 4 , O CTOBER 1997

th e U nited S tate s in th e n um ber o f cattlete sting pos itive fo r bo v ine tubercu los isw ith 30% of the n a tion al to tal (F rye ,1995 ). Im p lem en tatio n of the bo v ine tu -b ercu losis e rad ica tion program resu lted inM ich igan becom ing c lass if ied as bo v ine tu -be rcu losis free in 1979 . Howev e r , a h un t-e r-k illed 9 .5 -y r-o ld , fem a le free-rang ingw hite -ta iled d eer taken in A lcon a C oun ty ,M ich igan in N ov em ber 1975 , h ad gross le -sion s su ggestive o f tu be rcu lo sis (num erou s3 to 1 5 mm nodu le s con tain ing g ritty o rcaseou s m ate r ial) th roug hou t the p leu ra(S tuh t and F ay , 1 975 ). H isto pa tho lo g icf ind ings w ere com pa tib le w ith tube rcu losis(Keahey , 1976 ) an d M . bov is w as con-f irm ed on cu ltu re (V . M a!lm ann , pe rs .comm un .). B ecau se th e 1975 M . b ov ispos itive d eer w as b e lieved to he an iso la t-ed case , no furthe r tes ting of the su r-roun d ing dee r o r live stock w as pe rfo rm ed .

In N ovem ber 19 94 , a free-ran g ing 4 .5 -y r-o ld m ale w hite -ta iled dee r w as ha rv est-ed (lu rin g th e firea rm deer seaso n on pri-va te lan d in the no rth east p o rtio n of M ich -ig an s low er pen insu la (A lpena C oun ty ,U SA ; 44#{176 }52 N , 83# {176}51 W ). T he bov ine

tube rcu losis po sitive d eer k illed in 19 75w as ha rv es ted app rox im a te ly 1 3 km fromw here th e bov ine tu be rcu lo sis pos itiv edeer w as harv es ted in 1 994 . T he 1994 an-im a l had tho racic le sions tha t inc lud ed ab-scesse s in the lun gs an d on the p leu ra (F ig .1 ). T he h un te r co n tacted th e M ich ig anD ep a rtm en t o f N a tu ra l R esources(M DNR ) and prov id ed the ca rcass fo r ex -am in atio n . Th e d ee r w as exam in ed at th eM DNR Ro se Lak e W ild life D isease L ab-o ra to ry (E ast L ansin g , M ich igan , U SA )and at the A nim a l H ea lth Diagnost ic Lab -o ra to ry (A HDL ) a t M ich igan S ta te U ni-v ersity (M SU ; E as t L ansin g , M ich ig an ,U SA ) an d a ten ta tive d iagno sis o f bov inetub ercu losis w as m ade . M yco bac te ri ii rnbov is w as iso la ted from lun g tis sue by theM ich igan D epa rtm en t o f C omm unityH ea lth (M DCH ; Lans in g , M ich igan , U SA )and the N ationa l V eter in a ry Serv ices L ab-o ra to ries (N V SL ), U n ited S ta tes D epart-m en t o f A gricu ltu re (U SD A ; A m es, Iow a ,USA ). Th is cons titu ted the firs t rep o rtedoccurrence o f b ov in e tu be rcu lo sis in afree -rang ing w hite -ta iled deer in N o rthAm erica since 1 961 (F rien d e t a !., 1963) .

B ased on h isto rica l da ta, it was tho ugh tpos sib le tha t the 1994 M . b ov is in fecteddeer w as assoc ia ted w ith tube rcu lous live -stock . In sp ring 1 995 , pe rso nn el from th eM ich ig an D ep a rtm en t o f A g ricu ltu re(M DA ; Lans ing , M ich ig an , U SA ) and theU SDA tested a ll liv e stock (7 71 ca ttle , 14sw ine an d 17 goa ts) w ith in a 16 km rad iuso f the 1 994 positiv e d eer . N o ev idence oftub e rcu lo sis w as fou nd in the live stock .A lso du rin g the sp ring o f 1 995 , theM DNR collected 1 4 d ee r from an 8 kmrad ius su rro un d ing the a rea w here th e in -fec ted deer w as k illed in 19 94 . N o ev i-d en ce o f M . bov is was fou nd in these deerbased on nec ro psie s , h is top a tho lo gy andcu ltu re o f ce rv ical an d tho racic lym phnodes. D ee r from tw o cap tiv e he rds w ith inthe bounda ries o f th e su rve illan ce a reaw ere exam in ed by h is topa tho logy an d cu l-tu re w h en ev er an im als d ied or w erecu lled . Tw en ty -th ree d ee r from th esehe rds w ere exam ined ; th ere w as no ev i-


3/10

SCHM ITT E T AL-TU BERCU LO S IS IN FR EE -R ANG ING DEER 751

d en ce of b ov in e tub e rcu los is . In o rd er tod ete rm ine if M . bov is ex isted in the free-ran g ing dee r p opu latio n , a m ore ex ten sivesu rv ey o f h un te r-k illed d ee r w ith in a 1 6km rad ius o f th e 19 94 po sitive d ee r w asp lan ned fo r th e 1995 d ee r hun ting season .R esu lts o f the su rv ey , inc lud in g gross andm ic ro scop ic le sions , m y cobacte r ial iso la-tion resu lts , an d m an agem en t p lan s a rep resen ted here .

MATER IA LS AND M ETHODSIn Novem ber 1 995 , de er hu nte rs w e re asked

to coo perate in a surv ey to d ete rm ine if bo v in etu bercu losis ex iste d in the f ree -ran g in g deerp opu lation from wh ich th e tub ercu lo us de erw as ha rve sted in 19 94 . In o rde r to de tect a d is-ea se pre sen t in a p opulat ion at a low preva-le nce , a la rge sam p le s ize is requ ired . A sam plesize o f ap pro x im ately 300 d ee r is su ff icien t tod etec t a t lea st o ne tu bercu lous dee r w ith 95%co nfiden ce w hen th e p rev alence is 1% (M ar-tin e t a l ., 19 87 ). D u rin g fa ll 1 995 , heads and /o rlun gs w ere reque ste d from deer harves ted b yhunters f rom w ith in a 16 km rad ius of th e lo-ca tio n w here the tub ercu lou s dee r w as h ar-v este d the p rev iou s hu nting se aso n . A ny addi-tio nal tub ercu lo us de er w ou ld m o st l ike ly befou nd in th e usual ran ge of the infe cte d d ee r.B ased on th e MDNR estim a te that w hite- ta ileddee r in th is area rang e up to 8 km , a sam p leare a of 16 km radiu s f rom th e lo cation of thetub ercu lo sis in fected dee r w as used .

The sam ple are a of n orth ea stern low e rM ich igan w as approx im ate ly 65 0 km 2, boundedby 4 pav ed ro ad s, and included portions o f A l-pen a, M ontm orency , O scoda , an d A .lco na coun -tie s. T his are a is prim ar ily p riv ate ly ow ned an dcon tains n um ero us un fenc ed p arc els v ary ing insize from 16 to 1 1 ,3 40 ha . M ost of th is lan d isused fo r hu nting an d o the r recreat ion al p ur-su its. L and typ es fa ll in to 5 broad ca teg orie sand the re is abu nd ant w ater from stream s an dlak es. C onifer fo res t co ve r, in clu d in g n orthern-w h ite cedar ( Thu j a occ iden ta l i s ) and balsam fir(A b ies ba lsansea ), o ccu rs on ve ry p oo rlydra ined m uck so ils of anc ien t lake b ottom s an dcom pr ises th e w in te r ran ge pre fer red by wh ite-ta iled dee r. The oth er 4 typ es of la nd are usedby dee r th rou ghout th e rem a ind er of the ye ar.As h (F raxinus sp .), re d m aple (Acer r t t h ram ) ,and a va rie ty of m ed ium -sized sh rub s are foun don som ew hat po orly dra ined san ds o f o ld g la -cia l lakes. Jack p ine ( P i nus banks iana ) an db lueberry (V a ccin ium sp .) are su ppo rte d b ydeep , w ell-d ra ined sands of g la cia l o u tw ashch an ne ls. M oraines w ith w ell d ra ined loam y

sand so ils su pp ort ex ten siv e stan ds of a spen(P opu lu s sp .) and northe rn red oa k (Que rc usrubra ) . A fina l and m inor com ponen t o f th isare a is m ode rately w ell-d ra ined sand y loam s onw hich m ost o f the land in agricu ltu ra l p rod uc-t ion is fou nd . A g e c lass d is tribu tio n of th e fo r-es t type s cou ld gen era lly be characteriz ed assecon d o r th ird grow th d ecidu ous an d o ld -g row th coni f er.

D eer subm itted fo r necrop sy w ere aged byw ild life b io log ists u ti liz ing to o th dev elo pm en tand w ear p atte rns (S everingh au s, 194 9 ; R ye l etaL , 1961). Th e heads an d/o r lun gs w e re exam -m ed at th e A HD L w here the paro tid , m and ib -ular, m ed ial and latera l re trop ha ryn gea l, b ron -ch ial and m ed ias tina l lym ph node s and any v is-ib le lesions w ere co llec ted (if ava ilab le) . A por-tion o f each lym ph nod e and an y t i s sue withle sions w as fixed in 10% neu tral b uffe red fo r-m alin fo r h istop atho logy , w h ile the rem ainderw as kep t ch illed p rio r to m ycobac teria l c u ltu re .H istop atho lo gy usin g rou tin e hem atoxy lin andeo sin (H& E ) (P ro ph et e t a l., 1992 a) and acid -fas t (A F) s ta in in g (P rop het et a l., 1 992b ) w asdon e a t the AH D L . C hilled p ortions o f lym phnod es w ere sh ipp ed to bo th the MD CH andNVSL for m ycobac ter ia l iso la tion and iden tif i-cat ion .

L ym ph nodes from deer susp ec ted to be pos-itiv e fo r b ov ine tu bercu losis o n gro ss (absces sor g ran u lom ato us le sion ) o r h isto log ic ex am i-na tion w ere sen t to M DCH , and lym ph nod esfrom al l d eer w ere sen t to NV SL . D iffe ren tm ethod s w ere used b y th e tw o lab ora to ries toprocess th e tissues. A t MD CH , the lym phnodes w ere grou nd , d igested , and co ncen trated(K en t and K ub ica , 1985) . Sm ears o f the resu lt-ing m ateria l w e re sta ined and ex am ined us inga flu ore scen t ac id - fas t sta in ing pro ced ure (K entan d Kubica , 1985) . S am ples pos itiv e by the fluo -resc en t sta in ing m ethod w e re exam in ed us ingthe Ze ih l-N eelsen sta in in g m eth od (K en t an dKubica , 1985) . Low ens te in Jensen m edia (B ec-to n-D ick inson , C ockeysv ille , M ary land , U SA ),M idd leb roo k 7H uS m ed ia (B ecton -D ick inson ,C ockeysv ille , M ary land , U SA ), and a B ac tec12B b ro th v ia l (B ec ton-D ick inso n , Spark s,M ary land , U SA ), w ere inocu la ted w ith th e re -m ain ing m ate ria l (K en t an d K ubica, 1985) . M e-d ia w ere ex am ined fo r g row th on a w eekly b asisfor 8 w k. Iso la tes d ete rm ined to b e ac id -fast bys lide exam in atio n (K ent and K ub ica , 19 85)w ere tes ted by g en etic p robe (A ccuP robes ,G en-P robe , S an D iego , C a lifo rn ia ) to de te r-m ine w hether they w ere m em bers o f the M .tuberculosis com plex (R e isner e t a l., 19 94).C om ple te spec ies iden tifica tion w as perfo rm edu sin g b iochem ic al tests a nd h igh p erform an celiqu id chrom ato graphy to d iffe ren tia te M . bov isf rom o the r m em bers o f th e M . tu be rc ulo sis


4/10

752 JO URNA L OF W ILDL IFE D ISEASES , VOL . 33 , N O . 4 , O CTOBER 1997

Ficu R E 2. R ight m edial re troph arvng ea l l ymphnode from a w hite -ta iled ( lee r in M ich igan infec tedwith .\ f,jc oba cte riu :n b oris . Th e illciSe(l lym ph nod econtains pa le pi i riilen t nsa teria l arrow h ead s). B a r =1 cm .

com plex and to spe cia te o ther m ycobacte ria(K en t and K ubica , 1985 ; B utler et a l., 19 91 ;N olte an d M etchock , 1 995 ).

A t N V SL , lym ph nodes w ere trimm ed o f ex-cess fa t, m accrated in ph eno l red nutrien tbro th (B ec ton-D ick inson , C ockey sv ille , M ary -la nd , U SA ), decontam ina ted in 2% NaOH for10 mm , c en trifu ged fo r 20 m iii , a nd th e sup er-n atan t d ec an ted (Payeu r e t al. , 1 99 3). B ac tec1 2 B (M iddlebro ok 7H 12 ), m odified M id dle -b roo k 7H 1 1 (C anad ian form ula) (S uppor t Se r-v ices L abora to ry , N V SL , A m es, Iow a , U SA ),S tonebrink (Support Se rv ices Laborato ry ,N V SL , A m es , Iow a , U SA ), M idd leb roo k 7H 10(B ecton-D ick in so n , Co ckeysv ille , M ary lan d ,U SA ), H erro ld E gg Y o lk (R em el, L enexa , K an -sas ), and L ow en stein Jensen m edia w ere ino c-u lated with the sed im en t. Th e ino cu lated m e-d ia w e re in cub ated at 3 7 C fo r 12 w k and ex -am ined fo r co lo ny fo rm a tio n eve ry w eek . A llm ycobac te rial iso la tes w ere c lass if ied to spec iesus ing stan dard g row th and bio ch em ical cha r-ac te ris tic s (P ay eu r e t al ., 19 93 ). I so lates w ereco nfirm ed by gen etic pro be (A ccuP rob es)(R e isn er e t a l., 1994 ; Stockm an , 199 4a) and gasliq u id ch rom ato graph y (S to ckm an , 199 4b ).D eer w ere c las sified as hav in g b ov ine tub er-cu los is if M . bov i s w as iso lated from the tis su e.D ue to lim ited incuba to r space and econom icco nsideratio n , no t all de er w ere ind iv idua llycu ltu red a t N VSL . In the absenc e o f g ros s le -sio ns, sam p les from 10 to 22 dee r w ere p oo ledprio r to cu ltu ring . T he d a ta w ere ana lyzed us-ing Epi In fo , V ers ion 6 .04a (C en te rs fo r D is-ea se Contro l a nd Preven tion , A tlan ta , G eorg ia ,U SA ; D ean et a l., 19 94) .

RESULTSO f the 35 4 hun te r ha rvested dee r ex -

am ined , b o th the lun gs an d heads o f 64 ,on ly the heads o f 2 57 , and on ly th e lu ngso f 33 w ere ava ilab le fo r ex am ina tion . Inth ree o f these case s th e w ho le ca rca ss w asp re sen ted to the M DNR . G ro ss le sio nsw ith in the lung s and /o r the p leu ra ! su r-faces w ere rep orted by hun te rs in fo u r o fthe deer; tw o add ition al d ee r had p u lm o -n ary les ions at g ro ss necrop sy . In th esecase s, num ero us 5 to 1 0 mm diam e te r tano r ye llow nodu le s w ere d issem ina ted ov e rth e p leu ra l su rfaces an d th ro ug hou t th elu ng pa ren chym a (F ig . 1 ). In m o st ca ses ,th ese le sions con ta ined w hite to ye llow pu -ru len t m a ter ia l a ltho ugh occasio na lly th ele sio ns w ere caseogranu lom as or had ag ritty tex tu re . S im ila r th o rac ic le sion s w erep re sen t in a ll s ix d ee r an d one of thesedee r a lso exh ib ited en la rg ed m esen te riclym ph nodes con tain ing caseou s m a te ria l.

G ross le sions sugg es tive o f tub e rcu lo sisw ere seen in 15 dee r. F o ur dee r had le -sion s in the lym ph nodes o f the h ead an dthe ir lu ng s/tho racic cav ity , w h ile 1 deerhad le sio ns in th e lu ngs and th e lym phnod es o f th e head and m esen te ry . G rossles ions w ere seen in 9 cases in w h ich on lythe head w as subm itted and in 1 casewh ere on ly the lung s w ere subm itted . O fthe 14 an im a ls w ith g ro ss lesio ns p re sen tin the h ead , le sions w ere seen in on ly them ed ia l re troph aryn gea l lym ph nodes o f 1 2(86% ) an im a ls , on ly the subm and ibu la rlym ph nodes o f 1 ( 7%) an im a l, an d in m ul-tip le cran ia l lym ph nodes o f 1 ( 7%) an ima l .Th e m ed ia ! retrop ha ry ngea l lym ph nodesw ere b ila te ra lly a ffec ted in 8 cases, andun ila te ra lly affec ted in 5 cases. M o st o fthese lym ph nod es w ere g ro ssly en la rg edan d co n ta ined w h ite to ye llow -g reen p u-ru len t m ate r ial, alth ough less frequ en tlyth e le sions w ere pa le caseog ranu lom asw ith ou t frank pus (F ig . 2 ) o r had a grittytex tu re.

M ic ro scop ic exam in a tio n o f hem a tox y linand eos in s tain ed tissue sec tions revea ledle sion s su ggestiv e o f bo v ine tube rcu losis in


5/10

,.f. f6 .

It1 i. .

** .gq ,

SCHM ITT ET A L-TU BERCULOS IS IN FR EE -R ANG ING DEER 753

F IGURE 3 . P hotom icro graph of a c aseogranu lom afrom a m edia l retro pha rv ngeal lym ph node from aw hite-ta iled d eer ill M ich igan infec ted w ith Myco-bactenun i bo ris . C entra lly a (lark zo ne of pa rtia llym in era lized deb ris (a rrow ) is presen t. Th e per iph era lzon e contain s large num bers of lym phocytes , m ac -rophages , and m ultinu c lea ted g ian t ce lls (a rrow -hea (ls) . lI& E s tain . B a r = 30 1 a.m .

th e 15 d eer w ith g ro ss lesio ns. H isto lo g i-ca lly , the lym ph nodes con ta ined v a riab lysized zones o f co agu la tive n ec rosis , w h ichw ere su rrou nded by m acroph ag es , lym -phocy tes , and v ar iab le num bers o f L an-ghans type , m ultinuc leated g ian t cells (F ig .3). M any of the coagu la tive fo ci con tain edone o r m o re a reas o f p artia l m in era liza -tio n . In 4 o the r d ee r , in w h ich gros s le sionsw ere no t o bserv ed , les ions sugg estive ofbov ine tu be rcu lo sis w ere fou nd m ic ro -scop ical ly .

A cid-fast bac illi w ere observed in les ionsfrom 84% (16 /19 ) o f th e d eer w ith m icro -scop ic les ions sugges tive of bo v ine tuber-cu lo sis in the lym ph nodes. A c id -fast h a -

FIGUR E 4. Photo in ic ro graph o f the sam e caseo-granu lom a as F igu re 3 . T he cy to p la sm of the m u lti-nuc lea ted g ian t cel l con tains seve ral acid -fa st p os itiv ebac illi . A c id fast s ta in . B ar = 10 p . 111 .

ciii w e re g en era lly low in num bers re -q u ir ing a d ilig en t sea rch at h igh m agn ifi-ca tion to find th em . B acilli w e re freq uen tlylocated w ith in h isto cy tes and p re sen t ex -tracellu lar ly w ith in th e coagu lum and le sscomm only w ith in m ultinuc lea ted g ian tce lls (F ig . 4 ).

A cid -fa st bac illi w ere iso la ted from 12 o f19 (6 3% ) dee r w ith m ic roscop ic lesio nscom pa tib le w ith tu be rcu lo sis . G en eticprobe resu lts ind icated tha t iso la tes f roma ll 12 (1 00% ) d ee r w ere in th e M . tub er -culosis com p lex (m em bers inc lude M . tu -be rcu lo sis , M . b ov is , M . a fr ica nurn , a nd M .microt i ) . These 1 2 iso la tes w ere iden tifiedas M . b ov is on stand ard g row th an d b io -chem ica l cha rac te ris tic s . L ym ph nodesfrom 7 o f 19 d ee r w ith m ic ro sco p ic le sion ssu gg estiv e o f b ov in e tub ercu los is w ere n o tcu ltu red in d iv id ua lly a t NV SL . R ath er ,lym ph nodes o f each of these 7 dee r w erep oo led w ith lym ph nod es from up to 20o the r dee r. Mycobac te r ium bov i s w as no tiso la ted from the 7 re su ltin g poo led sam -p les . H ow eve r, M . bo v is w as cu ltu red fromano th e r lym ph nod e sam ple p oo led from12 dee r w ithou t g ross o r m ic rosco p ic le-


6/10

754 JO URNA L OF W ILDL IFE D ISEASES , VOL . 33 , N O . 4 , O CTOBER 1997

sio ns. A lth ough th e cu ltu re s a t the M DCHlabora to ry w ere in cu ba ted un til th ere w assig n if ican t g row th or , if no grow th w as no t-ed , fo r 8 w k and tho se a t the NV SL w ereincu ba ted fo r 1 2 w k , th ere w ere n o d is -c rep an cie s no ted am ong the d ee r sam ple scu ltu red ind iv idu a lly . In o ne case w h ereNV SL poo led th e sam p le and M DCH cu l-tu red the sam p le in d iv id ua lly , on ly M DCHcultu red M . bov is .

N ine o f 19 8 (5% ) m ales and 3 o f 132(2% ) fem a les su bm itted fo r exam in a tio nw ere cu ltu re p ositiv e fo r M . b ov is (exclud -ing th ose an im als o f un know n sex , th e cu l-tu re pos itiv e po o led sam p les , and the 7h isto log ica lly p ositive b u t cu ltu re nega tivean im a ls) . T h e preva lence be tw een m a lesand fem a les d id no t d iffe r sig n ifican tly(K rusk a!-W a!h is H = 1 .187 , df = 2, P =0 .55 ). T he overal l ap pa ren t p reva lence o fbo v in e tube rcu losis in hun te r ha rv es tedfree-ran g ing w hite - tailed d ee r in th e su r-ve illance area (a s de term in ed by m ycobac -te ria ! cu ltu re) w as 3. 5 2 .1% (12 /34 2)and an add itiona l 2 .0 2 .4% (7 /342) w eresusp ic ious o f bo v ine tu be rcu lo sis (hadgross and /o r h isto lo g ic le sion s). A ges o f thetub ercu losis positiv e dee r ran ged from 1 .5to 5 .5 y r , w ith a m ean of 3 .2 y r (m ed ian3 .5 y r) fo r fem a le s an d 2 .7 yr (m ed ian 2 .5y r) fo r m a les .

D ISCUSS IONThere a re few pub lished rep orts o f b o -

v in e tub ercu losis in free-ran g ing ce rv ids inthe U .S .A ., and n one w here the d isea sew as m ain tained in th e cerv id p opu la tio nw itho u t in fec ted liv e stock or b iso n serv in gas a re serv o ir. This is the f irs t rep orted o c-currence of b ov ine tubercu los is in f ree-rang ing cerv ids in N orth A m erica w herethe d isease is be ing m ain tained in the d eerpop u lation w ithou t in fec ted live stock in -vo lvemen t .

In ou r sam ple o f heads, som e th orac icv is ce ra, and 3 w ho le ca rca sse s, th e m ed ia lre troph aryn gea ! lym ph nodes app ea r to bethe site in w h ite- ta iled d ee r m o st fre-quen tly a ffec ted b y bov ine tu bercu losis .T his o bse rv atio n is in acco rd ance w ith a

p rev io us rep ort on bov ine tu be rcu losis incerv id s (G riffin and B uchanan , 19 94). A l-tho ugh b ilate ral invo lvem en t w as com -m on , a sig n ifican t n um ber o f in d iv id ua lshad u n ila tera l invo lvem en t o f these nod es .In o ur sam ple o f hun ter ha rv es ted d ee r ,d issem in ated tube rcu losis w as ra re . T hesere su lts su ggest tha t b ila tera l sam p ling ofthe m ed ia l re troph aryn geal lym ph nodes iscr itic al in any su rvey program designed tode tect b ov in e tub ercu losis in ce rv ids.

G ro ss les ions o bse rv ed in our sam p lew ere m o st freq uen tly pu s-f illed abscesse san d occasio na lly caseo gran u lom as sim ila rto p rev io us repo rts (C lifto n -H ad ley , 199 1 ;G riffin and B uchanan , 19 94). Tub ercu lou sles ions in dee r a re in d istin gu ish ab le g ross -ly from abscesse s caused by S ta ph y lococ -cus , S trep tococcus , A ctinob ac illu s or Act i -nom yces s -pp . B ecause the typ ica l tuber-cu lous le sion s in ca ttle a re caseogranu lo -m as (N e ill e t a l., 19 94 ; T hoen and B loom ,19 95), d iagno stic p e rso nne l m ust be aw areo f the ten dency of d ee r to fo rm ab sces ses ,an d m ic rosco p ic ev a lu a tion an d m ycobac-ter ia l iso latio n a re c r itica l to p reven t m is-d iagnosis .

A lthou gh , th e NV SL and the M DCHused som ew hat d iffe ren t tech n iqu es incu l tu r ing M . bo v is , resu lts from the 2 lab -o rato rie s ag reed in all ca se s ex cep t one . Inth is ca se, N VSL poo led a susp icio us dee rsam ple w ith 2 1 o the r dee r sam ple s andM DCH cultu red the d ee r sam ple in d iv id -u a lly ; on ly M DCH cultu red M . bo vis . Insev en deer , g ro ss le sion s w ere n o t seenan d th ese sam p les w ere poo led prio r tothe d iscov ery o f h is to log ic le sions in th etissues from th ese an im a ls . Mycobac te r iumbov is w as no t cu ltu red from any of th esepoo ls . I t ap pears tha t po o ling of sam ple sd ecreased th e ab ility o f th e labora to r ies tocu ltu re the agen t. W h ile th e spec ific ity o fm ycob ac te ria l cu ltu re is 100% , th e sensi-tiv ity o f th is te st is in flu en ced b y th e ex ten to f tube rcu losis in th e an im a l and th e q ua l-ity o f th e sam ple subm itted (G riffin andB u ch an , 1 994 ). C u ltu re re su lts from an i-m a ls in fec ted w ith tu be rcu lo sis m ay ben ega tive d ue to sm a ll num bers o f bacilli in


7/10

SCHMITT ET AL-TUBE RCULOSIS IN FREE-RANGING DEER 755

tis sues subm itted or to destruc tion of M .b ov is by th e u se o f p rese rva tive s o r deco n-tam ina te s (O R eilly , 1 995 ). B ecause inmany ca ses on ly the heads w ere ex am inedand gross ly normal dee r w ere po o led prio rto c ultu rin g, it is poss ib le tha t som e tu -bercu los is in fected an im als w ere cu ltu renegat ive.

T he preva len ce o f tube rcu losis n o ted inth is report is the apparen t p rev a lence inhun te r-k illed d ee r su bm itted to theM DNR fo r exam ina tion . T h is fig u re is in -flu en ced b y w hich an im a ls w ere h a rvested ,w he the r the hu n te rs ch ose to subm it theca rca ss , and w hat po rtio ns o f the ca rcassw ere subm itted to the M DNR fo r exam i-na tion . A lso , th e m a!e:fem a le sex ra tio o fthe hu n te r-ha rv es ted dee r (1 .5 :1 ) do es n o tre f lec t th at o f th e d ee r p opu latio n in thea ffected area (e stim a ted by the M DNR at1 :3 ) . A ltho ugh true p reva len ce rem a insd iff icu lt to qu an tify , the appa ren t p rev a-lence is a use fu l m easu re in a llow ing u s tom on ito r th e sp read of tube rcu losis an d th esuccess o f the d isease e rad ica tion ef fo rt inthe fu tu re. I t is d ifficu lt to m ake a d irec tcom pariso n b e tw een the situ atio n inM ich igan an d o th e r tube rcu losis o ccu r-ren ces because the re a re no rep orts e sti-m a ting the p reva lence o f tu be rcu lo sis infree-ran g ing w h ite- ta iled d ee r an yw here ,o r in any o the r free -rang ing ce rv id sp ec ie sin N orth Am erica. N ew Z ealand , a coun tryhav ing w ild and dom estic an im al re servo irsfo r tub ercu losis , rep o rted a 37% prev a-lence o f tu be rcu lo sis in h arvested free -ran g ing red dee r (Gervus e lap hus sco ticu s)(N ug en t and L ug ton , 1 995 ).

Tu be rcu lo sis caused by M . bov is is azo onotic d is ease spread prim ar ily b y con-tact w ith in fec ted an im a ls and ex ace rba tedb y c row d ing and s tre ss (T ho en and H im es,1 981 ). W hile the re a re num erou s rep ortso f tube rcu losis in dom estic live stock andcap t ive cerv id op e ra tions (E ssey , 199 5),w ild life in N o rth Am erica h av e n ev er be -fo re been im p lica ted as a re servo ir fo r M .bovis . I t is thou gh t tha t m a in tenan ce of M .bov i s in M ich igan w hite -ta iled deer is

lated to the foca l d en sity o f th is po pu la tionan d su pp lem en ta l feed ing .

S pring d ee r den sities in the northeast-ern low er pen in su la o f M ich igan havebeen m a in ta ined a t 19 to 23 pe r km 2 fo rm any y ea rs . Fo cal co ncen tra tion s o f d ee rat feed ing site s can re su lt in m uch h ighe rdensitie s . A t som e feed ing site s , s ev era lhun dred d ee r have been obse rv ed . A fte r atyp ica l w in te r and in the ab sence o f su p -p lem en ta l feed ing , it is es tim a ted tha t thedee r density w ou ld dec line to 9 to 10 p erkm 2 . W hile ov era ll deer d en sities a re m od -e ra te ly h igh fo r M ich igan , it is the unn a t-u ral con cen tra tion of dee r caused b y sup-p lem en ta l feed ing w h ich is tho ugh t to p laya m a jo r ro le in the transm is sion o f tu be r-cu losis be tw een an im als .

S up p lem en ta l w in te r feed ing o f d ee rhas becom e com m on in northe rn M ich i-gan as th is p ractice is thou gh t to decreasew in te r d ea ths d ue to sta rv atio n and in -c rea se th e p rop ortion o f fem a les p ro duc -ing and su ccessfu lly su ppo rtin g m u ltip leb ir th s . Even non-hu n te rs m ay engage insup p lem en ta l feed ing fo r the p lea su re o fwild l i fe v iew in g an d th e p sycho lo g ica l sa t-isfac tion rece ived from the pe rcep tio n tha twild l i fe h av e bene fited from th is p rac tice .S u pp lem en ta l feed ing con sists o f p lacin g avar ie ty of food stu ffs inc lud ing ca rro ts , sug -ar b ee ts , co rn , and hay , in large p ile s anda llow ing w ild life free access to th ese p rod -uc ts du ring w in te r (app ro x im a te ly 4 to 5m o). T h is p rac tice b rings tog eth er a la rg enum ber o f deer fo r a p ro lon ged pe riod o ftim e . U nde r these circum s tan ces, in ha la -tion o f d rop let nu cle i o r con sum ption o ffeed con tam ina ted by co ugh ing and exha -la tion becom es m uch m ore like ly to occurthan w ith a m o re free -rang ing ce rv id po p-u la tion . S upp lem en ta l feed ing h as b eenim p lica ted as co n tr ibu tin g to the sp read o ftub ercu losis in b ison (H adw en , 194 2).

T he pre sen ce o f b ov in e tu be rcu lo sis inM ich igan s w hite -ta iled d ee r he rd is a se -rio us p ro b lem endang ering d ee r , o the rw ild life , live sto ck , an d hum ans. T o add re ssth is u n iqu e situ atio n , a m ulti-agency com -m ittee (M DNR , M DA , AHD L , M DCH ,


8/10

756 JOURNAL OF WILDL IFE DISEASES, V OL. 33, NO. 4, O CTOBER 1997

and th e U SDA ) com po sed of ind iv idua lsw ith d iv erse expe rtis e and ju risd ictio n w asfo rm ed . T he prop osed m an ag em en t strat-egy inv o lves su rvey in g w ild life p op u la -tion s, te sting live sto ck , redu cin g supp le-m en ta l feed ing of d eer , reduc ing the dee rden sity in the a rea th rou gh lega l h un tin g ,and ed ucatin g the pu b lic .

S u rve illance fo r tub ercu losis in th e af-fec ted fou r-cou n ty area and in o th er p a rtso f the sta te w ill co n tinu e. T o fu rthe r d elin -ea te the tu be rcu lo sis a ffec ted a rea o f thefo u r-cou n tie s an d to m on ito r an y sp read ofth is d isease , hu n te r-ha rves ted deer su rveysw ill b e co ndu cted on a y ea rly b asis . A l-tho ugh bov in e tube rcu losis w as n o t su s-pec ted e lsew h ere in M ich ig an , a sta te-w ide su rvey h as b een com ple ted confirm -ing tha t the rem a in in g free -rang in g dee rpo pu latio n is free o f M . b ov is . Becau se M .bov i s is know n to a ffec t a w ide va rie ty o fsp ec ie s and w ild life h ave been im plica tedas a re se rvo ir fo r tub ercu los is in o th ercou n trie s (N o lan an d W ile sm ith , 19 94 ;P a tterson e t a! ., 199 5 ; S au te r an d M orris ,1 995 ), o the r w ild life in the affec ted fo u r-cou n ty area, inc lud ing opossum (Dide iph isvirginiana) , raccoon (P rocyo n lo to r), coy-ot e (Can is latrans) , red fo x (Vu lpe s viii-pes ) , bobcat (F elL s ru fu s), an d b ad ge r (Tax -idea taxus ), a re be ing su rveyed . T ube rcu -los is te sting o f d om estic liv es tock (in tra -de rm a! sk in te sting of a ll te st elig ib lelive sto ck ) w ith in an 8 km rad ius o f each ofthe tw elv e M . bov is cu ltu re pos itive free -ran g ing w h ite- ta iled dee r has b een com -p le ted w ith n eg ativ e re su lts . T o be tte r d is-ce rn the ex ten t an d d irectio n o f w h ite-ta iled d ee r m ovem en ts and subsequ en tlythe sp read of tu be rcu lo sis , rad io -co lla reddee r w ill be m on ito red fo r at lea st 3 y rs .

Th e M . bov is in fec ted a rea o f M ich iganm ay no t be un iq ue in hav in g fo ca l h ighdee r den sities an d c lose co n tact be tw eenan im a ls . T he re a re o th er a rea s in M ich i-gan , and pe rhaps e lsew h ere , w ith sim ila rcon d ition s. W ild life and agricu ltu ra l ag en -c ie s sho u ld b e aw are o f th e po ten tia l dan -ge r c rea ted w hen ce rv id po pu la tion s a rem anaged a t h igh densitie s an d su pp lem en-

ta l feed ing is a llow ed . U nd e r these con-d itions , in trod uc tio n o f a pa th ogen ic ag en tcou ld lead to ca ta stro ph ic co nsequ en ces.C on tinued and ex panded w ild life d isea sesu rve illance is needed in M ich ig an andth rou ghou t the U nited S ta tes .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSW e th ank M DNR , A HD L , M D A , MD CH ,

an d U SDA p erson ne l w ho h elp ed w ith th e1995 and 1996 dee r su rveys. S pec ia l thanks isex tended to th e d ee r hu n te rs w ho p artic ipa tedin th e su rvey s. Th is w ork w as supported b y th eF ed e ra l A id in W ild life R es to ra tion A ct un derM ich igan P ittm an -R obe rtso n P ro jec t W-127 -R .T he ass is tan ce of D . R edm ond and L . N ee ly inthe p repa ratio n o f the m anusc rip t w as g rea tlyappreciated .

L ITERATUR E C ITEDBEw , L. B . 1962 . Bovin e tub ercu lo sis in a w h ite -

ta ile d dee r (O d oco ileu s v irg in ian us) . CanadianV e terinary Jo urnal 3 : 35 6-3 58 .

BUTLER , W . R ., K . C . JO sT , JR ., A N D J. 0. K IL BURN .1991 . Iden tif ica tion o f m ycobacter ia by hig h-per formance liqu id ch rom atography . Jou rna l o fC lin ica l M icrob io lo gy 29 : 2468-2472 .

CL I FTON -HADLEY , R . S ., AN D J. W . WIL E 5M Im .1991 . Tub ercu lo sis in de er: A rev iew . T he V e t-enna ry R eco rd 1 29 : 5-1 2 .

DEAN , A . G ., J. A . D EAN , D . C OU LOMB IER , K . A .B R ENDEL , D . C. SM ITH , A . H . BURTON , R . C .D I C K E R , K . SULL IVAN , R . F . FAGAN , AND T . C .ARNER . 1994 . Ep i In fo , V ers ion 6 : A wo rd p ro-c ess ing , databa se, a nd s tat istics pro gram fo r ep -id em io logy on m ic rocom puters . C en ters for D is-e ase C on tro l an d P rev en tion , A tlan ta , G eorg ia ,6 01 pp .

E55EY , M . A . 1995 . O v erv iew o f bo vin e tu bercu losisin cap tiv e cerv id ae . P roceed ings of the U .S . An -im a l H ea lth A ssoc ia tion M eeting 99 : 63 9 .

AN D J. S. V A N T I E M . 1995 . Mycohac t e r i u ; nbacH in fec tion in capt ive Cerv idae : A n eradica-tio n prog ram . In M yco bac ter iu7 n b ovis in fect ionin anim als an d hum ans, C . 0 . T hoen an d J. H .S teele (eds.). Iow a S tate U niversity P res s, A m es.I owa , pp . 145-157 .

FR I END , M ., E . T K R O L L , A N D H . GRAFT . 1963 . Tu -b ercu lo sis in a w ild w h ite- ta iled dee r. N ew Y orkF ish and G am e Jou rna l 10 : 118 -12 3 .

F R Y E , C . H . 1 995 . Bovine tub ercu lo sis erad icat ion :Th e p rog ram in th e U nited S tates. in Mycohac -terium bovis in fec tion in an im als and hum ans , C .0 . T hoen an d J. H . S te ele (eds.) . Iow a S tate U n i-versity P ress , A m es , Iow a, pp . 11 9-1 29 .

GRIFFIN, J. F . T , AN D G . S . B UCHAN . 1994 . A etio l-o log y , pathog en esis and diagn osis o f Mycohac t e -


9/10

SCHMITT ET AL-TUBERC ULOSIS I N F REE-RANGING DEER 757

r i un i bor is in d eer . V eter ina ry M icro b io log y 40:193-205 .

HAI )WEN , S . 1942 . T ub ercu los is in b uffa lo . Jou rna lo f the Am e rican V e terinary M ed ica l A ssociatio n100 : 19 -22 .

KEA I I EY , K . K . 19 76 . R eport o f labo rato ry ex am i-n ation for c ase # 146139 (#7 6-5 0). V ete rin ary D i-agn ostic Laborato ries . M ich ig an S tate U niv ers ity ,East L ansing , M ichigan , 1 p .

KENT , P . T ., AN D C . P . KUB ICA . 1985 . Pu blic hea lthm vcobacte rio logy . A guid e for the le vel III la b-o rato ry . U .S . D ep artm ent o f H ealth and H um anS erv ice s. A tlan ta , G eo rg ia , 2 02 pp .

LEV INE , P . P . 193 4. A re po rt on tube rcu los is in w ild( leer (O doco ileu s e irg in ian us) . The C orn ell V et-e rin aria n 24 : 2 64 -26 6 .

MART IN , S . W , A . H . M EEK , AN D P. WILLEBERG.1987 . S am plin g M e tho ds. in V ete rina ry ep ide-m iology princ ip le s and m eth ods . Iow a S ta te U ni-vers ity P ress, Am es, Iow a , pp . 22-47 .

NEILL, S. D., J. M . POLLOCK , D . B . B RY SON , AND J.HANNA . 1994 . P ath ogene sis o f Mycobac te r iumbor i s in fe ctio n in c attle . V eter ina ry M icrob io lo 4 0 : 4 1-5 2 .

NOLAN , A ., AN D J. W WILESMITH . 1994 . Tubercu-losis in badgers (M ele s m ele s). V ete rina ry M ic ro-b io logy 40: 17 9-1 91 .

NOLTE , F . S ., AN D B. M E T C H O C K . 1995 . M ycob ac-ter ium. in M anual of c lin ical m icrob io lo gy . P . R .M urray , E . J. Baron , M . A . P fa ller , F . C . Tenov er,a nd R . H . Y olken (ed s.) . Am erican S oc iety forM icro b io log y (ASM ) Pre ss, W ashin g to n , D .C .,p p. 4 00 -43 7.

NUGENT , C. AN D I. LUGTON . 1995 . P reva len ce ofb ov ine tub ercu lo sis in w ild d eer in th e H auhun-g aro a ran ge, N orth Isla nd , N ew Zea lan d . in Tu -b ercu lo sis in w ild life and dom es tic an im als. F .G riffin an d C . D e L is le , O tago Confe ren ce S e-ries 3 . Unive r s i ty o f O tag o Press , D unedin , N ewZ ea lan d , pp . 27 3-2 75 .

OR E ILLY . L . M . 1995 . Tubercu lin sk in te sts : Sensi-t iv ity and spe cific ity . in M ycoh ac terium bo vis in -fect ion in an im a ls and hum ans . C . 0 . Thoen andJ. H . S tee le , (ed s.) . Iow a S ta te U n ive rsi ty P res s.A m es, Iow a, p p . 86-87 .

PATFERSON, B . M ., H . S . MORR I s , J. W ESTON , ANDP . E . C OWAN . 1995 . F orag in g an d d enn ing pat-tef llS o f brush tai l possums, an d th e ir poss ib le re-la tio nsh ip to con tac t w ith cat tle an d the tran s-m iss ion o f bo vin e tub ercu lo sis. N ew Zea lan dV eterin ary Jo urn al 43 : 2 81 -28 8 .

PAYEUR . J. B. , J. L. J A R N A G I N , J. C. MARQUARDT , L.A . ScHAPER, AND B . M . MART IN . 1993 . L abo -ra to ry M e tho ds in V e ter inary M ycob ac terio lo gyfo r th e Iso lation an d Iden tifica tio n of M ycob ac-te ria. N a tiona l Ve terinary Serv ic es L abo rato ries,A m es, Iow a, p p . 7 9-1 17 .

PRO PhET , E . B ., B . M ILLS , J. B. AR R ING TON , AND L .H. S0BIN (EDIToRS). 1992a. in Laboratory

In etho ds in h isto tech no log y Am e rican R eg istrvo f Pa tho log y , W ashin g to n , D .C ., pp . 56-57 .

, , A N D (E D IT O R S ).1992b . in L aboratory m etho ds in h is to te chn ol-ogy . A m e ric an R eg is try o f Pa tho log s W ash ing -to n , D .C ., p . 219 .

R E ISNER , B . S ., A . M . G A T S O N , A N D C . L . WOOD S .1994 . U se o f gen-p rob e accup rob es to iden tifyM ycoba cte riu rn av iun i complex , Mycohac t e r i unmtuberculosis c o m p l e x , M ycoba cte riu in ka nsa siian d M ycoh acterium go rdo nae direct ly fromBACTEC TB b ro th cu ltu res. Journal of C lin ica lM icro b io log y , 32 : 2 99 5-2 998 .

R HYAN , J. , K. AUNE , B . H ooD , H . C LAR KE , J. PAY -EUR , J. JAR NAG IN , AND L. STACKHOUSE . 1995 .Bovin e tu bercu lo sis in a fre e-rang ing m ule d eer(Odoco i leu s hem ionus ) from M ontana. Jo urn al ofW ild life D ise ase s 31 : 432 -43 5 .

D . A . SAAR I , E . S . WILL IAMS , M . W . MILLER ,A . J. DAV IS , AND A . J. WILSON . 1992 . G ros s andm icro sco pic les ion s of n atu rally o ccu rrin g tub er-cu losis in a cap tive h erd of w ap iti (Cervus e la -ph us nelson i) in C olo rad o . Jou rna l of V eterinaryD ia gn ostic In ves tig atio n 4 : 4 28 -4 33 .

R YEL , L. A ., L . D . F A Y , A N D H . C . VA N ETrEN. 1961 .V alid ity of ag e de term in atio n in M ich ig an deer.Papers of the M ich ig an A cadem y of Sc ien ce,A rts , an d Le tte rs 4 6 : 2 89 -31 6 .

SAUTER , C . M ., AN D R . S . MORR I s . 1995 . B ehav-io ura l s tud ies on the po ten tia l fo r d irec t tran s-In ission of tub ercu los is from fera l ferre ts (Mus -te la fu ro ) and possum s (T richo surus vu lpec u la )to fa rm liv estock . N ew Z ealand V e ter ina ry Jo ur-na l 43 : 2 94 -30 0 .

S AWA , T . H ., C . 0 . THOEN , AND \V . T NAGAO . 1974 .M ycob acter ium bov is in fe ctio n in w ild axis deerin H aw a ii. Jo urn al of the Am erican V ete rin aryM edic ine A ssocia tio n 165: 9 98 -99 9 .

SEVER INGHAUS , C. W 1949 . Tooth dev elo pm ent andw ea r as cri teria of ag e in w h ite -ta i led d eer . T heJou rna l of W ild l ife M anag em ent 13 : 195 -2 16 .

STOCKMAN , L . 19 94a . D NA P rob es for th e iden tif i-c atio n o f m ycobacte ria . in C lin ic al m icrob io lo gyp roc edu res hand book , V ol. 1 , H . D . Isen be rg(ed ). Am er ican S oc iety fo r M icro b io log y , W ash-ing ton , D .C ., pp . 3 .1 5.1 -3 .15 .4 .

1994b . G as- liqu id ch rom atograph y (m icro-b ial iden tif ica tion system ) for th e iden tif ica tiono f m y co ba ct er ia . in C lin ic al m icro b io log y p ro-c edu res h and book , V ol. 1 , H . D . Isen berg (ed).Americ an Soc iety fo r M icrob io lo gy , W ashing ton ,D .C ., p p . 3 .14 .1-3 .1 4 .5 .

STUHT , J. , AN D L . D . FAY . 1975 . Laborato ry re cordfo r ne cro psy #76-5 0 , W ild life Pa tho log y Labo-rato ry , E a st L ansin g , M ich ig an , 7 p p .

STUMPFF , C . D . 1 982 . E pid em io lo g ic study of ano utb reak o f bo vin e TB in con fin ed e lk he rds.P roce ed ings of th e U .S . A nim al he alth A ssoc ia-tion M ee ting 86 : 524 -.5 27 .

THOEN , C . 0 ., AND B. H . B LooM . 1995 . P ath og en-


10/10

75 8 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DI SEASES, VOL. 3 3, NO . 4, O CTOBER 1 997

e sis of M ycoba ctenum bov is . I n M y co b ac te ri un l Inf ect ious d iseases of w ild m amm als , J. W . D av is,bov i s in fect ion in an im als and hum an s, C . 0 . L . H . K ars tad , an d D . 0 . T ra ine r, (ed s.). Iow aT h o en an d J. H . S teele , (e ds .). Iow a S ta te U ni- S ta te U n ive rsity P ress , Am es , Iow a, pp . 263 -27 4 .v ers ity P re ss , Am es, Iow a, pp . 3-14 .

- AN D E . M . HIMES. 1981 . Tubercu los is , in R ece ive d for pub lic a tio n 24 O cto ber 1 99 6 .

Date post:	08-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	alejandra-santa
View:	220 times
Download:	0 times

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-TAILED DEER

Documents