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Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of JohannesburgThe Fourth Industrial Revolution, Artificial Intelligence and Society

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

ContentsWhat is Artificial Intelligence?Learning: Neural NetworksOptimization: Swarm intelligence, Ant Colony, Genetic AlgorithmsApplicationsFourth Industrial RevolutionConclusions

KAIST Robot

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

KAIST RobotLearnsSensesReactsSees DrivesWalks AdaptsAlmost humanIt is artificially intelligentDoes it commit a crime?Does it fall in love?Is it conscious?

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Nature is the best artist, learn from it - Anonymous

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

What is artificial intelligence?Artificial: man-madeIntelligence: the ability to make sense of information beyond the obviousBuilding machines that are able to do sophisticated tasks that are at least in the domain of human capabilities.Artificial Intelligence is concerned with modeling complex systems with computational tools.Algorithms are developed to mimic physiological systems such as the human brain in order to carry out certain tasks.Mathematical models are used to build systems that exhibit advanced intelligence in carrying out goals.

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

What is artificial intelligence?A machine is intelligent if when humans interact with it, they are not able to know if they are interacting with a human being or a machine. (This is a Turing test)Two types of intelligence: Individual versus group intelligenceIndividual intelligence: A single agent (single brain) learns on its ownGroup intelligence: Multiple agents (many brains) learn together

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Individual Versus Group Intelligence

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Learning

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Neural Networks

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Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Neural NetworksBuilding machines that are able to propagate input variables into output variables This propagation is conducted using network weights (neurons)These weights are identified from observed dataThe process of identifying these weights is called optimizationThese networks are made to be able to think (generalize) as opposed to rememberingDeep learning = complicated network = network learning from big data

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Deep Learning

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Deep LearningHas multiple layersIs able to learn huge amounts of dataIs able to learn the structure of the dataIs expensive to learn and requires huge computational power

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Optimization

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Ant Colony Optimization

From the Eugene Marais book Die Siel van die MierAnt movement leaves a trail of pheromones on the way from one point to anotherMore and more of these pheromones are deposited because of the increased trafficThe path with the strongest pheromones then is the shortest path between one point to anotherThis method has found use in applications such as scheduling

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Particle Swarm Optimization

Each bird updates its position and velocity based on:Local best known position (individual intelligence)Global best known position (group intelligence)This procedure can be put in a computer and be used to optimize problemsThis method has been used to optimize the utilization of computer memory, for designing power lines etc

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Evolution

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

From Evolution to Genetic AlgorithmIt is a computational procedure for optimization which is based on Darwins Theory of EvolutionIt is not the strongest or the biggest that will survive but it is that which is most adaptable to the environmentIt is driven by the following concepts crossover, mutation and reproduction based on the fitness functionThese concepts can be used to design better solutions based on having multiple solutions and getting them to crossover, mutate and reproduce according to a fitness function

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Applications

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Knowledge only becomes education when it is used for the benefit of society

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can help prioritize patients (triage)

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can map utilization of land

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can help control prosthesis arm

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI is able to detect epilepsy

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can predict internet instability

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can be able to replace voice lost (artificial larynx)

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI automatically diagnose pulmonary embolism

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can recognize faces of people

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can estimate missing data

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can make rational decisions

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can bluff

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Every object has something to say, we should learn to listen and interpret its message

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can monitor the condition of structures

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Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can improve finite element models

Courtesy: http://compmech.se/Structure.htm

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI can improve finite element models

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI understands the economy

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI reduces information asymmetry in the market Two used car salesmen one sells good cars another bad cars but the customers dont knowThe salesman who sells bad cars is willing to give discountCustomers dont know which cars are good or bad. This drives the good car salesman out of the marketThis is called information asymmetry and (Stiglitz et al Nobel Prize)Substituting customers by artificial intelligent machines which crawl the internet for information (two salesman)This reduces information asymmetry

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

AI makes markets more efficientWhen human traders are replaced by artificially intelligent traders then factors such as emotion are subtracted from the marketsThen decisions are made purely based on data Because of this the markets become more rationalRational markets become efficient.

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Industrial Revolution1st Industrial revolution (1784): steam engines, trains, mechanical machines for production2nd Industrial Revolution (1870): assembly line, electricity3rd Industrial evolution (1969): transistor, electronics, automation, information technology4th Industrial revolution (Upon us): information, big data, cybernetics, AIArtificial Intelligence is the DNA of the 4th industrial revolution The 4th industrial revolution will result in the reduction in the participation of people in the world of work70% of the work that exists today will not exist in 50 years

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

It is inhumane to expect that which can be done by a machine to be done by a human being Japanese Proverb

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Top 10 skills2050Critical ThinkingPeople ManagementEmotional IntelligenceJudgementNegotiationCognitive Flexibility

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

The end of labour is to gain leisure - Aristotle

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Implications of 4th Industrial RevolutionEducation: Online and blended learning enabled by Natural Language processingTransportation: Automated cars, trucks, buses, airplanes Cost of goods: The cost of goods will drop significantlyStructure of the economy: Capital will count more than talent and inequality will increase unless there is state interventionJobs: New jobs will emerge and many tasks will become redundantSafety and security: robotic copsMedical health: Medical devices, Automated diagnosis

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Ethics and artificial IntelligenceHow do we ensure that machines do not harm humans?What ethical framework will guide the decision making of an Intelligent machine?For example: Faced with an accident, which life should a self-driving car save, That of the passenger (owner of the car) or that of the group of pedestrians?How does a machine avoid statistical bias which could have dire social consequences e.g. AI in mortgage applications?Machines will need to have a moral status: The ability to act in a manner that is considerate towards humans and possibly other machinesThis relies on our ability to model a moral status..Work in progress

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

Referencehttp://www.frontrangeforum.org/courses/a-laymans-study-of-human-evolution/ http://hochmanphotography.com/tag/swarm-of-birds/http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap1.htmlhttp://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap6.htmlhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/purpose-and-maintenance-of-transformer-bushingshttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34532394https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGOUSvaQcBshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-pmeWCHHmYhttp://www.briozone.com/living/human-body/human-brain10-interesting-facts-human-brain/http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/do-fish-swim-in-schools-in-the-summer/ https://za.fotolia.com/?&utm_source=Google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Fotolia_ZA_Free+Stock+Image&tmplaceref=ZA&tmad=c&tmcampid=7&gclid=Cj0KEQjwo5--BRCS8ceLjv-XppUBEiQAGp15ECWEdBe7NtkGTnGiR56Gs9VB8tdmAqx2fjCSyZj-vpkaAlKd8P8HAQhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tza09kC6Xnchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0LABzJxCg8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGqp6_PG6k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrnxZVEHZCo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL6RRIOZyCMBrian Wigdorowitz, David Rubin, Dan Golding, Meir Perez, Anthony Gidudu, Greg Hulley, Nadim Mohamed, Dhiresh Surajpal, Megan Russel, Sebastian Kaulitzki, Elbert Marais and other postgraduate studentsThe slide titles ethics and artificial intelligence was added by Dr Lufuno Marwala

Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg

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