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Brain Imaging Techniques
• CT Scan: Computerized Topograph Scan
• MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• PET Scan: Positron Emission Tomograph Scan
• EEG: Electroencephalogram
CT Scans: An x-ray of the brain.
A CT scan is essentially a computerized assembly of several x-ray images taken from a series of different angles. With a CT, the resolution is much better than conventional x-rays, and the detail that can be seen is much greater.
MRI is a noninvasive imaging technique that does not use x-rays. The process involves passing a strong magnetic field through the head. The magnetic field used is 30,000 + times that of the earth's magnetic field. It's effect on the body, however, is harmless and temporary. The MRI scanner can detect radiation from certain molecules, which are present in different concentrations in different tissues.
Tumor in Wernicke’s Area
PET measures the emission of positrons from the brain after a small amount of radioactive isotopes, or tracers, have been injected into the blood stream. A common example is a glucose-relative with embedded fluor-18. With this molecule, the activity of different regions of the brain can be measured. The result is a three-dimentional map with the brain activity represented by colors.
PET
SCANS
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Dopamine
After Implant of Dopamine-secreting Tissue
Brain Development in First Year of Life
Normal Brain ADHD Brain
EEG Cap
EEG of Mouse with Epileptic Seizure
Deep Sleep Alert
The Evolution of the Brain
The Brain
The Brain
Brainstem the oldest part and central core of the brain,
beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
responsible for automatic survival functions
Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing
THALAMUS
•It relays to the cerebral cortex information received from diverse brain regions. Sort of a requisite 'last pit stop' for information going to cortex. •Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex
CEREBELLUM
Alcoholims causes brain shrinkage to the cerebellum
The Limbic System
Hippocampus Is particularly involved with memory phenomena, specially with the formation of long-term memory (the one that, sometimes, lasts forever).
Amygdala A little almond shaped structure, connects with the hippocampus.
Emotion and Memory are closely connected.
The pituitary gland may be king, but the power behind the throne is clearly the hypothalamus.
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
MotorArea
Sensory Area
LANGUAGE CENTERS
Speaking the Written Word Speaking the Heard Word
Angular Gyrus
Speak & Understand, Unable to Read
Disrupts UnderstandingDisrupts Speaking