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Breaking Down the APUSH Exam
Historical Thinking Skills, Thematic Analysis, and Nine Periods of U.S. History
9 Historical Thinking Skills:
• Historical Causation• Patterns of Continuity and Change• Periodization• Comparison• Contextualization• Historical Argumentation• Appropriate Use of Historical Evidence• Interpretation• Synthesis
7 Historical Themes
• American and National Identity• Work, Exchange, and Technology• Migration and Settlement• Politics and Power• America in the World• Geography and the Environment• Culture and Society
9 Historical Periods (Henretta)
• Transformations of North America (1450-1700)• British North America & the Atlantic World (1660-1763)• Revolution and Republican Culture (1763-1820)• Overlapping Revolutions (1800-1860)• Creating & Preserving a Continental Nation (1844-1877)• Industrializing America (1877-1917)• Domestic and Global Challenges (1890-1945)• The Modern State & the Age of Liberalism (1945-1980)• Global Capitalism & End of American Century (1980-)
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
• Identify, analyze, and evaluate relationships among historical events as both causes and effects.
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
• Many events have correlation but no direct proof of causation- beware of coincidental events.
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
• Historians often try to distinguish between immediate, proximate, and long-term causes and effects.
Long-Term
Proximate
Immediate
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
• Example from reading: what were the causes of the Civil War?
Long-Term
Proximate
Immediate
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
• Slavery
• Secession
• Fort Sumter
Long-Term
Proximate
Immediate
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
• Example from text: what were the causes of the “discovery” of America?
Long-Term
Proximate
Immediate
Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation
• The Crusades
• New Inventions
• Christopher Columbus
Long-Term
Proximate
Immediate
Let’s Try This:
• How did each event lead to the other?
– The Renaissance– The Reformation– National Monarchies– Exploration
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• Describe, analyze, and evaluate diverse interpretations of historical sources and construct one’s own interpretation.
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• Understand how particular circumstances and perspectives shape interpretations.
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• Example from reading: “What historians have written tells us as much about their own generation as about the Reconstruction period”
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• Dunning Interpretation: Reconstruction was forced upon the South through armed occupation and placed in power incompetent blacks who misruled.
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• Revisionist Interpretation: despite its faults, Reconstruction was a bold interracial experiment with positive results.
Why the Change?
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• The civil rights movement or “Second Reconstruction” changed historians perspectives in the 1950s and 1960s.
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• Example from the text: How is the interaction between Europeans and Native Americans depicted?
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• 1844 textbook: “But in every part of the New World there were people to whom this custom [cannibalism] was familiar.”
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• 1920 textbook: “His powers of smell, sight, and hearing were incredibly keen … but at the same time he showed a stolid stupidity … The Indian seems to have been generally friendly to the European on their first meeting…”
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• After the long period of industrialization and defeat of native tribes, Indians became “noble savages” who were uncorrupted by civilization.
Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation
• Still more changes after the civil rights movement evolved in the 1970s…
And Now More on Interpretation…
• As a group- identify and record at least one example of evidence and one example of interpretation for each paragraph (divide and conquer).