Date post: | 21-Oct-2014 |
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Health & Medicine |
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iPS cells: A BREAKTHROUGH IN STEM CELL RESEARCH
Presented by Mridula Ray
H+ 2010
Outline
• Embryonic Stem Cells
• iPS cells – turning Adult Cells into Embryonic-‐like cells
• ImplicaCons in research & drug design
• ImplicaCons in medicine
Embryonic Stem Cells
• Self-‐renewal Can divide indefinitely into two iden/cal “daughter cells” that have the same
proper/es as the original cell
• Pluripotency Can turn into ANY cell in the body
Where do ES cells come from?
Modified fromh@p://www.biology-‐online.com
What can ES cells do?
Courtesy Biobusiness.tv
differen
CaCo
n
reprogramming
Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells
• RevoluConary technique to turn cells from adult Cssue into an ES cell-‐like state
Shinya Yamanaka 2006
• RelaCvely easy to do, phenomenon reproduced by many labs around the world
How are iPS cells made?
• Put in 4* genes involved in development and cancer
• Conferred ES cell like properCes
THE TECHNIQUE
THE EXPERIMENT
Replace most of a virus’s DNA with human DNA.The part of the virus DNA that makes it dangerous is removed
Infect a human cell The the human DNA (and the virus’s DNA) get integrated into the cell’s DNA
DNAhuman DNA
Embryonic Stem Cells
• Self-‐renewal Can divide indefinitely into two iden/cal “daughter cells” that have the same
proper/es as the original cell
• Pluripotency Can turn into ANY cell in the body
And iPS
Cells!!
WHAT CAN IPS CELLS DO?
The near-‐future of scienPfic discovery
• Cannot always obtain, idenCfy or purify stem cells from a diseased paCent
• Cannot always study diseased cells in a lab (limited lifespan even if you can)
• May take years to see effect
• Disease model is improved• Drug targets found discovery improved• Toxicity studies are improved
THE PROBLEM
iPS SOLUTION
iPS cells are a LONG way off from
• Mice grown from iPS cells are more likely to get cancer than natural babies
• Is an iPS cell completely reprogrammed on the molecular level?
• Quality standards?• Making iPS cells takes a long Cme!
• Stem cells increases risk of cancer• Delivery of a stem cell to the right place may be a challenge!• Ge^ngthe right signals to the stem cells is hard to control
Autologous versus Allogenic
• Autologous – from your own body• Allogenic – from a donor
Your immune system can recognize “self” from “non-‐self”
If the donor does not have similar enough geneCc properCes as you, your immune system will reject the transplanted organ, blood, cells etc
PaCents who have had organ transplants oden have to take immuno-‐suppressive medicines for the rest of their lives
Current and PotenPal Uses of Stem Cells
Current Use• IVF• Bone marrow transplants• Cord blood banking• Drug Screening & toxicity• Disease models• Diabetes• Cornea repair (Australia, India)• Skin grads• Spinal Cord injury (1st ES C FDA
approved clinical trial in the US) • Cardiac and bone/carClage regen.• Full organ regeneraCon challenges
PotenCal use with iPS• N/A
• Autologous
• Not necessary
• Personalized medicine
• From actual diseased cells
• Autologous
• Autologous (no difference)
• Autologous
• Autologous
THANK YOU!