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Brian LassenEesti Maaülikool
Parasites are not “sexy” diseases!
Do they cause any
“real” problems?
agebb.missouri.edu/select/overview.htm
BCS
Do parasites cause any real problems?Corruption as analogy
agebb.missouri.edu/select/overview.htm
BCS
Do parasites cause any real problems?Corruption as analogy
agebb.missouri.edu/select/overview.htm
BCS
Do parasites cause any real problems?Corruption as analogy
When is everyones problem your problem?
Stress
incl. infectious diseases
Coccidia in cattle:EimeriaCryptosporidium
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Eimeria_life_cycle_usda.jpg
http://aapredbook.aappublications.org/content/images/large/2003/1/036_06.jpeghttp://www.atlas.or.kr/donation/donation_files/Dscn4097.jpghttp://www.cryptosporidium.it/img/detection/1cB.jpg
Cryptosporidium life cycle
Macrogamont
Acid-fast staining method
http://www.avianbiotech.com/Diseases/Images/cryptosporidium_3.gif
Sporozoites
Eimeria and CryptosporidiumOverview
Eimeria Cryptosporidium
Life cycle Direct DirectInfects Intestine IntestineInfective stage Oocysts OocystsPrepatent period 15-24 days * 3-12 daysPatent period 2-11 days * 0 daysClinical signs “Diarrhoea (bloody)” “Diarrhoea”
Reduced wt gain Reduced wt gainLoss of appetite Loss of appetite
* E. alabamensis, E. bovis, E. zuernii
Eimeria in Estonia
100%
Vanus (kuud)
%
- Eimeria spp.+ Eimeria spp.
0-3 3-12 >12 All0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Alar Karis (1987): National prevalence: 100%
Sample prevalence: 35% (0-94%)
35
63
17
37
Eimeria in Estonia
Table 2 Distribution of bovine Eimeria species in Estonia
Species Samples%
E. alabamensis -
E. auburnensis 11.6E. bovis 45.0
E. brasiliensis -
E. bukidnonensisE. canadensis -
E. cylindrica -
E. ellipsoidalis 49.8E. pellita -
E. subspherica 1.3
E. wyomingensis -E. zuernii 6.5
Table 2 Distribution of bovine Eimeria species in Estonia
Species Herds SamplesN % N %
E. alabamensis 19 42.2 32 3.5
E. auburnensis 25 55.6 51 5.6E. bovis 40 88.9 274 29.9
E. brasiliensis 7 15.6 9 1.0
E. bukidnonensis 1 2.2 1 0.1E. canadensis 33 73.3 117 12.8
E. cylindrica 11 24.4 21 2.3
E. ellipsoidalis 37 82.2 128 14.0E. pellita 6 13.3 8 0.9
E. subspherica 17 37.8 52 5.7
E. wyomingensis 15 33.3 28 3.1E. zuernii 34 75.6 206 22.5
P = Pathogenic
P
P
(P)
Alar Karis (1987) 2007
Cryptosporidium in Estonia
86.7%
Talvik and Daugschies (2004): Case study of calves with diarrhoea
Eimeria and Cryptosporidium
0 – 3 3 – 12 > 12 All0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Cryptosporidium spp. in Estonian dairy farms
+ Cryptosporidium spp. - Cryptosporidium spp.Age (months)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(%
)
2427
34 29
Mainly C. parvum(zoonotic)
0 – 3 3 – 12 > 12 All0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eimeria only Cryptosporidium only Mixed
Age (months)
Fre
quen
cy o
f di
arrh
oeic
sam
ples
(%
)
Diarrhea is fairly common (17.4% of samples)
Diarrhea most common in youngest animals (25.6%), both pathogens
Diarrhoea and coccidia
Diarrhea in mainly 3-12 month old animals infected with Eimeria
Diarrhea in older animals mainly infected with Cryptosporidium
Parasites are not “sexy” diseases!
Why bother with coccidia?
What does it cost? What is the best action?
Do they cause any
“real” problems?
Costs of Eimeria spp. to the dairy farmer
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
Column C
Column H
Age in years
BW
, k
g
Normal growth
Altered growth (Eimeria)
Model (SimHerd) Mortality Reduction in growth
Global annual loss estimate by Fitzgerald
731 bill. US$ (1980)
1,659 bill. US$ (2005)
Scenarios Worst case effects Best guess (status quo) Low case effects
Costs of Eimeria spp. to the dairy farmer
Ten year period. Herd size: 100. High infection and death risk.
Effects High Low ValueNew calves -3,5 -0,7 NSold meat -952 -106 KgMilk -8564 -2183 KgMilk per cow -26 -5,3 KgIncome milk -23725 -6004 DKRIncome heifers -17542 -4519 DKRIncome cows -6900 -768 DKRIncome calf -761 -204 DKR
-7,5 -1,4 NTotal balance (DKR) -61354 -5442 DKRTotal balance (EEK) -122708 -10884 EEK
Insemination quotient
Costs of Eimeria spp. to the dairy farmer
104,000 cattle in Estonia (2007) amounting to losses between 1.1-12.8 million EEK/year (low-high estimate)
Treatment of all new calves (~90,000/year) with Toltrazuril products cost ~6.75 million EEK/year
Globally1,339,000,000 cattle in the worldLosses: 12-131 billion US$/year
(Fitzgerald in 1980 currency: 346-1,385 bill. US$/year)
Prophylactic? Metaphylactic?Therapeutic?Prophylactic?
Actions to prevent coccidiosis
Management!
Removing sick animals
Don't mix age groups
Late turn out
Pasture rotation (grazing)
Frequent cleaning
<15 ºC in farm
<80% humidity in farm(ventilation)
Slatted floors
Low animal density
Dormant period before reusing pens
The fast solution
Neospora caninum life cycle
http://www.neosporosis.com/Life-cycle-image.asp
Neospora caninum
http://www.neosporosis.com/abortions.asphttp://www.jkkeskus.ee/english/sisu/aastaraamat_2007.pdf
Reported abortions 2007: 845 (0.9%)
Reported stillbirths 2007: 6773 (7.0%)
3.43.7
23.9
0.1
25
14.6
5.6
11.2
12.6
Culling reasons (%)RESULTS OF ANIMAL RECORDING IN ESTONIA 2007
AgeLow productivitySterileInfectious diseasesUdder diseasesFeet diseasesAccidentsMetabolic diseasesOther reasons
Neospora caninum in Estonia
Bulk milk samples
26%
2007
16%
2008
N=65 N=320
15.5%
2005
N=1421.01%
N=495
2005
Hurkova, L., Halova, D., Modry, P. The prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in bulk milk of dairy herds in the Czeck Republic: a case report. 2005. Vet. Med. - Czeck, 12, 259-552.Eihvalde, E., Keidans, P., Antane V. Serological examination of bulk milk samples to neosporosis in Lativa and comparison of cow's morphological composition of blood. The 2nd Scandinavian – Baltic Symposium for Parasitology. 2007. Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland: 31
ExampleTable 2: The cause of treatment time against gastro-intestinal parasites in small ruminant flocks in Norway
1001001009.40.50Others*
075.60Dry period (non- lactating period)
00.50Faecal egg count0.83.06.9Clinical signs
89.820.493.1Experience/climatic conditions
Sheep(n=628)
Dairy goats(n=201)
Non-lactating goats(n=29)
*housing time most common
100100
1.26.2Other
6.23.3Weight of the heaviest animal
12.17.1Mean weight
78.682.5Visual appraisal of weight
1.90.9Individual weight
Sheep (n=626)Goat (n=212)
Table 3: Estimation of the dose of anthelmintic used (%) in small ruminant flocks
Treatment procedures against gastro-intestinal parasite infection in small ruminant flocks in NorwayAtle V. Meling Domke1, Christophe Chartier2, Bjørn Gjerde3, Nils Leine4, Synnøve Vatn5, Olav Østerås3, Snorre Stuen1
1Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Sandnes ([email protected]); 2AFSSA Niort, France; 3Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo; 4Norwegian Goat Health Service, Oslo; 5Norwegian Sheep Health Service, Oslo
Who do you consult when in doubt about treatment?
1. Neighbors2. Family
.
.
.My veterinarian
Diagnostic investigations in Estonia
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Parasitological faecal investigationsEstonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory
Year
Sa
mp
les
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Cattle virus diarrhoea investigations (var-ious methods)Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory
Cattle virus diarrhoea (samples) Positive samples
Year
Sam
ples
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Eimeria investigationsEstonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory
Eimeria (cattle) Eimeria (cattle herds)
Year
Sa
mp
les
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cryptosporidium investigationsEstonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory
Cryptosporidium (cattle) Cryptosporidium (cattle herds)
Year
Sam
ples
Rapid tests
Not sensitive to infection intensity and species!
Individual samples!(min. info.: age)
Do I have eimeriosis?
Species!
Intensity!
Diagnose
Climate Change and parasitesChange in climate opens new opportunities for parasitic pathogens in areas they could previously not survive...
...but it is humans who introduce the new parasites!
New habitats Tourism Import New hosts