Brick Masonry

Brick Sizes

A standard metric brick has coordinating dimensions of 225 x 112.5 x 75 mm (9''×4½" ×3“) called nominal size and

working dimensions (actual dimensions) of 215 x 102.5 x 65 mm (8.5“ * 4 *2.5) called architectural size

Brick Sizes

Brick Sizes

The coordinating dimensions are a measure of the physical space taken up by a brick together with the mortar required on one bed , one header face and one stretcher face.

The working dimensions are the sizes to which manufacturers will try to make the bricks.

Bats

• The portions made by cutting standard bricks across their width are known as brick bats.

• These are named according their fraction of full length of a standard brick.

Closers

• The portions made by cutting across their length in such a manner that their one strecher face remains uncut or half cut.

• queen closer King closer

Quoins

• The external corners of walls are called quoins• The brick which form the external corner is known as

quoin brick.

Types of Brick by ShapeI. Solid bricksSolid brick shall not have holes,

cavities or depressions.

II. Perforated bricks Perforated brick shall have

holes not exceeding the 25% of the gross volume of the brick.

III. Frogged bricks Frogged bricks shall have depressions in one or more bed faces but their total volume shall not exceed 20% of gross volume of a brick.

IV. Cellular BricksCellular Bricks have cavities or depressions exceeding 20% of the

volume in total.

What is Brick Masonry ?Laying of bricks bonded together with mortar is known as brick masonry.

Types of brick masonry• Brick work in mud.• Brick work in cement.

Brick work in mud

• The mud is used to fill up the joints • Thickness of the mortar joint is 12 mm.• cheapest.• Maximum height of wall is 4 m.

Brick work in cement I class

• Cement or lime mortar is used.• The surfaces and edges of bricks are sharp.• The thickness of mortar joints doesn’t exceed 10 mm.

II class•Ground moulded bricks are used .•Bricks are rough and shape is slightly irregular.•The thickness of mortar joint is 12 mm.

III class•Bricks are not hard , rough surface with distorted shape.•Used for temporary structures.•Used in places where rainfall is not heavy.

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Mortar Functions Provides for full bearing Seals between masonry units bonds masonry units

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Brick Masonry - Uniqueness

Fire Resistance

Size

Durability

Basic TermsHeaderBrick which is laid with its length perpendicular to the face of the wall.

StretcherFull brick which is laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall.

CourseHorizontal layer of brick.

Header course Course of brick work fully composed of header

Stretcher courseCourse of brick work fully composed of stretchers.

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Header

Stretcher

Soldier

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Basic Brickwork Terminology

BedJoint

HeadJoint

Course - horizontal layer of brick

Types of Bond

Stretcher Bond

Header Bond

English Bond

Flemish Bond

Stretcher Bond

Header Bond

English Bond

• In general practice this type of bond is used.• It consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers .• Considered as strongest bond in brick work• For breaking vertical joints queen closer is placed after first header

Flemish Bond

• Each course consists alternate headers and stretchers.• Not as strong as English bond.• Alternate course starts with a header at the corner. • For breaking of vertical joints , closers are inserted in alternate courses next to the quoin header.

TYPES OF FLEMISH BONDS(a) DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND

The bond in which headers and stretchers are laid alternately in each course, both in the face and back of the wall, is called Double Flemish Bond.

(b) SINGLE FLEMISH BOND• The bond provided in a wall with Flemish bond in facing and

English bond in backing is called "Single Flemish bond" or "Cross bond".

• This bond combines the advantages of both English and Flemish bonds and simultaneously eliminates their disadvantages.

• This bond is recommended where costly bricks are specified for facing in order to provide good appearance to the wall. Also, it can be made more economical by using cheap quality of bricks on the back of wall.

• it can not be provided in walls having thickness less than 13 ½ in.

TYPES OF GARDEN WALL BONDS

(a) ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND

The garden wall bond in which a heading course is provided after 3 or 5 stretching courses is called "English Garden Wall Bond"

GARDEN WALL BOND This bond is used for constructing one brick thick garden walls, boundary walls, and other walls such as outer leaves of cavity walls to provide good appearance.

TYPES OF GARDEN WALL BONDS(b) FLEMISH GARDEN WALL BOND• In this bond a header is provided after 3 or 5 stretches in

each course. • This bond is also known as “Sussex or Scotch Bond".

TYPES OF BONDS RAKING BOND

• The bond in which all the bricks are laid at an angle other than 900 to the facing and backing of the wall is known as "Raking bond".

• This bond is used for doing inner filling of walls at suitable intervals to improve their longitudinal strength.

• This bond can also be used as paving in case of brick floors, 4 ½ in thick.

TYPES OF RAKING BONDS(a) HERRING BONE BOND• The raking bond in which bricks are laid at an angle of 45

degree , starting at the central line and proceeding towards the facing and backing of the wall, is called "Herring Bone Bond"

TYPES OF RAKING BONDS(b) DIAGONAL BOND

The raking bond in which bricks are laid starting from the corner in parallel rows inclined to the facing and backing of the wall is known as "Diagonal bond".

TYPES OF BONDS MONK BOND• This bond in which two stretchers and one header are

laid alternately in each course is called "Monk bond".• This bond is used in the construction of boundary walls.

TYPES OF BONDS(9) RHOM BOND

• This bond in which brick/ tiles are laid in order to have straight horizontal and vertical joints in the facing is called "Rhom bond".

• This bond is used only in facing work to provide architectural beauty.

Jointing :

• It is the word to describe the finish of mortar joints between bricks, toprovide a neat joint inbrick work that is finished fairface.

• Fairface describes the finished face of brick work that will not be subsequently covered with plaster or other finish

Pointing :

• It is the operation of filling mortar joints with a mortar selected for colour and texture to either new brickwork or to old brickwork

• The mortar for pointing is a special mix of lime, cement and sand or stone dust chosen to produce a particular effect of colour and texture.

Weathered Joint: Mortar joint has sloped

(downwards) edge.

Concave joint: Joint concave inwards.

Vee joint: mortar joint is in the form of a V.

Flush Joint: Mortar joint is flush with the

brick surfaces.

Raked Joint: A large portion of the mortar

joint is raked out - Not a safe impermeable joint.

Struck Joint: Mortar joint has a sloped

(upwards) edge.

Jointing and pointing IN BRICK MASONRY

Concave

Flush

Racked

Struck

Weathered

Vee

JAMB

The vertical sides of door or window openings provided in a wall are

known as "Jambs.

These may be plain or splayed or may be provided with recesses to receive the frames of doors and windows.

SILLThe horizontal part (either of timber, concrete, stone, metal, etc) at the

bottom of a door or window, supporting the vertical members of the frame is known as " Sill " and its height window base from the floor level is known as " Sill level ".

CopingA capping layer on top of masonry to protect it and to shed water. Can be many materials including brick, stone, slate, ceramic

 Plinth: it is the horizontal course of stone or brick provided at the base of the wall above ground level. It indicates the height of the ground level above the natural ground level. It protects the building from dampness.

 Plinth Course: It is the top most course of the plinth masonry.

 String Course: It is a horizontal projecting course of masonry projecting out of the face of the wall for shedding rain water off the face. It imparts an aesthetic appearance to the structure and is generally provided at every floor level.

 Lintel: it is a horizontal member of stone, brick, wood, iron or RCC used to support the masonry or load above an opening.

  Reveals: These are exposed vertical surfaces left on the sides of an opening after the door or window frame had been fitted in position

 Cornice: It is a projecting ornamental course near the top of a building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.

 Blocking Course: It is atop most course of stone masonry provided immediately above the cornice to prevent the tendency of the cornice to overturn. It also adds to the aesthetics of the cornice.

  Corbel: It is the extension of one or more course of stone or brick from the face of a wall to serve as a support for wall plates.

FOUNDATION : The lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level.It is also known as substructure of the building

A damp-proof course (DPC) is a barrier through the structure through a phenomenon known as rising damp. Rising damp is the effect of water rising from the ground into your property. damp proof course may be horizontal or vertical.A DPC layer is usually laid below all masonry walls, regardless if the wall is a load bearing wall or a partition wall.

The walls in different directions are to be united at certain places. These places are known as connections.There are 2 forms of such connections: junctions and quoins

1.Junctions : a connection between main wall and a partition wall ,

Junction can be classified in to 2 categories

a) right angled junction b) squint junction

Right angled junction has 2 forms : 1) Tee junction 2) cross junction or intersection.

Squint junction is formed when 2 walls meet each other at an angle other than right angle with out making a quoin.

2. Quoins : a connection which is formed when a wall takes a turn is known as quoin.

There are 2 forms of quoins :

a) Right angled or square quoinb) Squint quoin : acute squint, obtuse squint

BONDS AT CONNECTIONS

Junctions and quoins

Squint junctions Cross junctions

Rightangled quoin ,

T junctions

T junctions

Comparison of English Bond and Flemish bond

Sr No.

English Bonds Flemish bond

1 This bond consists of headers and stretchers laid in alternative courses.

This bond consists of headers and stretchers laid alternatively in each course.

2 It is strongest of all the bonds. It is less strong for walls having thickness more than 13 ½ inches.

3 It provides rough appearance especially for one brick thick walls.

It provides good appearance for all thickness of walls.

4 There are no noticeable continuous vertical joints in the structure built in this bond.

There are partly continuous vertical joints in the structure built in this bond.

5 Much attention is not required in providing this bond.

Special attention is required in providing this bond.

6 Progress of work is more. Progress of work is less. 7 It is costly because the use of brick bats is

not allowed. It is economical because brick bats are allowed for forming this bind.

Advantages of brick masonry The brick masonry is cheaper as compared to stone masonry.

Bonding strength is very good.

In brick work , the mortar joints are thin and hence the structure becomes more durable.

No complicated lifting devices are necessary in brick work.

Brick work can be done by the less skilled labours also.

In Brick work good quality of bricks posses good fire resistance.

Due to regular size of bricks they are easy to handle.