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Bridging Science and Local Knowledge to Address the Impact of Fires
and Smoke Haze Through the Enhancement of Sustainable Peat Management Practice
Forest Fire Laboratory, Division of Forest Protection, Department of Silvicuture, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
2018
Bambang Hero Saharjo, Lailan Syaufina, Endrianto Indra Putra, Adi Dwi Nurhayati, Robbi Deslia Waldi, Wardana
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NASA (2013)
NASA (2014)
NASA (2015)
NASA (2016)
Sago plantation
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AKASIA
Perkebunan kelapa sawit
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Some of 90 gases detected during peat fires in Central Kalimantan(Stockwell et al, 2016)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1564(77)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 291(49)
Methane (CH4) 9.51(4.74)
Dihydrogen (H2) 1.22(1.01)
Acetylene (C2H2) 0.121(0.066)
Ethylene (C2H4) 0.961(0.528)
Propylene (C3H6) 1.07(0.53)
Formaldehyde (HCHO) 0.867(0.479)
Methanol (CH3OH) 2.14(1.22)
Formic Acid (HCOOH) 0.180(0.085)
Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) 3.89(1.65)
Glycolaldehyde (C2H4O2) 0.108(0.089)
Furan (C4H4O) 0.736(0.392)
Hydroxyacetone (C3H6O2) 0.860(0.433)
Phenol (C6H5OH) 0.419(0.226)
1,3‐Butadiene (C4H6) 0.189(0.157)
Isoprene (C5H8) 5.28E‐2(4.33E‐2)
Ammonia (NH3) 2.86(1.00)
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) 5.75(1.60)
Compound (formula) Study avg (stdev) (g/kg)
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> Pernahkah kita berfikir dan berbuat untuk mereka yang terkena dampak asap akibat kebakaran hutan dan lahan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung ?> Mengapa masyarakat yang tidak berdosa yang terkena dampaknya ? dan mengapa pula pelaku pembakaran hutan dan lahan sering justeru dilindungi untuk melakukan kejahatannya ?> Kepada siapa para korban asap harus mengadu dan memohon perlindungan dan pernahkan saudara‐saudari merasakan apa yang mereka rasakan ?> Haruskah kita biarkan mereka melakukan pengolahan lahan (gambut) nya sendirian dengan cara mereka sendiri termasuk mengendalikan kebakarannya?> Bagaimana dengan anak didik yang terkena imbas asap ? tahukah mereka akan bahayanya ?> Dengan apa yang mereka kerjakan sekarang akankah berkelanjutan ?
Pertanyaan yang muncul (????....)
Jumlah Hotspot di provinsi Riau dari tahun 2013 ‐ 2017
Sumber: FIRMS (Satelite: Terra/Aqua MODIS)
TahunConfidence Level (%)
Jumlah< 29 30 ≤ 79 ≥ 80
2013 1350 10484 7624 19458
2014 2245 14005 11114 27364
2015 842 6320 3091 10253
2016 435 2506 958 3899
2017 184 1058 133 1375
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Jumlah Hotspot di Kabupaten Siak dari tahun 2013 ‐ 2017
Sumber: FIRMS (Satelite: Terra/Aqua MODIS)
TahunConfidence Level (%)
Jumlah< 29 30 ≤ 79 ≥ 80
2013 183 1265 1096 2544
2014 349 1859 1513 3721
2015 76 499 181 756
2016 72 294 79 445
2017 28 182 5 215
Desa Rawa Mekar Jaya, SIAK
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Desa Rawa Mekar Jaya, SIAK
Desa Sungai Rawa, SIAK
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Jungkat, Kal‐Bar
MPA RAWA MEKAR JAYA, SIAK
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DESA RAWA MEKAR JAYA
DESA SUNGAI RAWA
MANGROVE
SDN XII SUNGAI RAWA
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MTs Nurul Iksan
PELATIHAN PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN
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PENGGUNAAN PERALATAN
PRAKTEK PEMADAMAN
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Water management ?
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Semoga mereka tetap ceria !
Kesimpulan
• Penyelesaian masalah kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang bersinggungan dengan masyarakat tidak cukup hanya dengan jargon dan, berbagai janji manis belaka, tetapi harus diaktualisasikan dalam bentuk nyata di lapangan....
• Keinginan masyarakat untuk berubah menjadi lebih baik sejatinya harus diappresiasi dan dilanggengkan sehingga berkesinambungan
• Pelaksanaan kegiatan di lapangan hendaknya didasarkan atas kaidah‐kaidah ilmiah dan sesuai aturan yang berlaku dan bukan hanya sekedar membuat kepuasaan sesaat
• Penyelesaian masalah kebakaran harus dengan keterlibatan semua pihak dan bukan membebani masyarakat
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Terima kasih
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MASYARAKAT TEMPATAN DALAM DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN, KEBAKARAN HUTAN
DAN KABUT ASAP DI PROVINSI RIAU (Indigenous People in the Dynamics of Land Use Changes, Forest
Fires and Haze in Riau Province, Indonesia)
Helmi1, Nurdin2, Muhammad Badri2, Defriman Djafri1, Cut Mutiani1, and Yefni2
1Andalas University, Indonesia 2Islamic University Sultan Syarif Kasim (UIN SUSKA), Pekanbaru -Indonesia
OUTLINE
PENGANTAR (INTRODUCTION);SUDUT PANDANG (PERSPECTIVE);TENTANG MASYARAKAT TEMPATAN (BRIEF RELEVANT
INFORMATION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE);KOMPLEKSITAS PERMASALAHAN DAN FAKTOR PEMICU
KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN KABUT ASAP;KERANGKA ETIK DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL DLM
MEMBERIKAN DUKUNGAN BERSAMA TERHADAP MASYARAKAT TEMPATAN;
KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI.
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Pengantar(Introduction)
Mengapa penting memberi perhatian terhadapmasyarakat tempatan? (Why is it important to put attention to indigenous people?)- 1
Mereka adalah korban dan sekaligus bagian dari dinamika perubahanlahan, kebakaran hutan dan kabut asap. (Indigenous people are victims of the haze problem, their livelihood depends on the cultivation of the forest land, and they themselves are parts of the dynamics of stakeholders interactions relating to land use changes and forest fires haze problem).
Isu ttg masyarakt tempatan juga terkait dg prinsip tanggung jawabsocial yg tercantum dlm Pasal 14 Deklarasi Bioetik dan Hak AzaziManusia. (It is associated with the principle of social responsibility stipulated in Article 14 of Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights).
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Mengapa penting memberi perhatian terhadapmasyarakat tempatan? (Why is it important to put attention to indigenous people?) - 2
Ada 3 elemen terkait tanggung jawab social (Three out of five elements of the concerns
about social responsibility are relevant, including):
(1) Peningkatan kondisi kehidupan dan lingkungan (improvement of living condition and
the environment); (2) Penghapusan marginalisasi dan pengecualian orang dari pembangunandg alas an apapun (elimination of marginalization and exclusion of persons on the basis of whatever grounds); and
(3) Pengurangan kemiskinan dan buta huruf (reduction of poverty and illiteracy (IBC, 2010:
9).
Apa pilihan solusi inovativ nya terkait kompleksitas permasalahanperubahan penggunaan lahan, kebakaran hutan dan kabut asap?
Research Site(PelalawanDistrict)
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Sudut Pandang (Perspective) terhadap kompleksitas masalah.
HULU (Upstream): Terkait dg Etikdan Tanggung Jawab Sosial) Ethical elements and social responsibility issues.
HILIR (Downstream): Masalah dan Dampaknya(Problems and impacts.)
Masy. Tempatan (Indigenous people)
Both are equally important as stated in the conclusion of the IBC Report:“… it is requires not only a serious effort to improve health and health care delivery but also acceptance of responsibility to minimize or eradicate avoidable risk of threats to health and well-being” (IBC, 2010: 45).
KEDUA LEVEL MASALAH TSB
SAMA PENTING UTK DIBERI PERHATIAN
Tentang Masyarakat Tempatan(Petalangan)
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Social indigenous system
• The indigenous people called Petalangan have existed in Pelalawan before Hinduism came to the region. Petalangan people had lived under the influence of several kingdoms prior to the Indonesian independence (Marzali, 2014).
• The social indigenous system in Pelalawan is called Pebatinan (Batin system). There are 29 Pebatinan in Pelalawan, each of which is led by a Batin.
• This system is based on communal ownership and control over land and forest, which is called hutan tanah ulayat divided into three categories:
• Rimba perladangan: seasonal forest land to grow food crops, using slash and burn method;
• Rimba cadangan: reserved forest to harvest timber and non‐timber forest products as income sources; and
• Rimba kepungan sialang: forest allocated specifically as habitat for bees to produce honey, which is seasonally harvested by indigenous people.
Norms and ethics related to forest and land use rights and management
• Nyanyi Panjang: is a type of cultural event in the form of singing poems containing norms and ethics in the social life of the community through the event, the community is reminded from time to time about the principles of interactions among different aspects of their land‐ and forest‐based life.
• Menumbai: is the practice of harvesting honey from sialang trees. Sialang is a term used to represent a group of tree types which are suitable as hotbed for bees (Apis dorsata type) to produce honey. This practice is conducted two or three times a year during the night with a torch made of coconut fruit fiber as the only source of light. The honey will be then shared among the team of harvesters, clan leaders, and the other clan members following adat
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Community preparedness to deal with forest fires and haze
• The existence of MPA (Fire Care Community) still having problem with its sustainability.
• The possibility to build the capacity of MPA to be able to provide small‐scale land clearance services to the community and small scale (legal) investor to prepare land for agricultural purposes.
• Members of MPA can be trained to improve their technical skills and provided with supporting equipment.
• The MPA can be given the right to cultivate land which functions as a showcase of how to properly conduct land clearance.
• The earning from the cultivated land can also support MPA operational costs and the livelihood of the active members in the long term.
• This initiative can be part of the future strategies to deal with the threats of forest fires and haze.
Kompleksitas Permasalahan dan Faktor PemicuKebakaran Hutan dan Kabut Asap
(Complexities and drivers of forest fire and haze)
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Land use changes,
complexities, and drivers of
haze problem
Land use changes,
complexities, and
drivers of haze
problem
• 1) Haze problem is a consequence of land clearance for plantation (mainly palm oil and rubber). This situation is then worsened by illegal logging. Dry season with less rainfall and reduced soil water table also make forest and peatlandmore prone to be burned, and fire spread to a larger area. Two factors which make land clearance attractive include: (1) an increase in land price after clearance; and (2) the existence of palm oil factories which do not require plantation; instead, they obtain raw materials from non‐corporate plantation which is mainly located on the area either under overlapped property right regimes or disputed tenure status (between the state, adat communal rights, and corporate concession).
• 2) The forest concession given by the government to palm oil companies, industrial forest (HTI), and logging concession (HPH) have overlapped the adatcommunal land claimed by indigenous people. This has created conflicts between the companies and the indigenous people. In addition, the development of palm oil plantation in earlier periods which was intended for and distributed to trans‐migrants from outside Riau Province has left indigenous people with the feelings of being alienated and unequally treated.
• 3) Road construction in HTI locations to transport timbers has made it easier to access the forest and thus attracted even more land clearance.
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• 4) The difficult economic condition of indigenous people (around 75% are classified as poor households) and their low educational level have limited their income sources to logging (in the adat communal forest land claimed by indigenous people), involvement in land clearance activities, and transfer of land rights to migrants from outside Riau Province as well as investors.
• 5) Migrants, whose population have prevailed quickly, hope to improve their livelihood through land‐based economic activities in Riau Province. Indigenous people, feeling alienated by the government, consider migrants and land investors as partners to improve their livelihood through land clearance (by fire) and land right transfer.
• 6) The government, both central and local, did not have a firm standpoint and policies to tackle various aspects of the problem. Related regulations were considered insufficiently enforced. The migrants residing within the TNNP area have integrated into the nearby village, leading to an expansion of village area coverage, further land conversion, and an “open access” situation.
Kerangka Etik dan tanggung jawab social dlm memberikandukungan bersama terhadap masyarakat tempatan
(Ethical framework for collaborative supports to indigenous people and overcome haze problem)
• This ethical framework consists of four components:
• (1) property right regimes: state, private, communal, and open access
• (2) Ethical issues: The state‐related ethical issue (protect and improving welfare of the people); Ethical issue of the private sector/corporations (CSE‐R); Ethical issue of the community (environmentally friendly behavior in using and managing land and forest).
• (3) elements for actions and transition towards sustainability (cultural, socio‐economic, and environment); and
• (4) addressed sustainability issues, by taking into account: (1) the social and cultural structures of indigenous people which are land‐ and forest‐based; and (2) indigenous people have already developed local wisdom for sustainable management of land and forest. .
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Property right regimes
Ethical issuesElements for actions and transition toward sustainability
Addressed sustainability issues
State land and forest(currently not assigned any usufruct right, but also claimed as communal forest land)
State responsibility to protect the interests of indigenous people as well as other legal inhabitants, and improve their welfare
Development of kepungan sialang forest under community forestry status (HKm) where appropriate;
Establishment of a collaborative model for developing palm oil and industrial forest plantation, which is between the corporations and indigenous people/other legal inhabitants, and facilitated by the government;
Development of state-owned permanent food crop land which is cultivated by local people, managed by local authorities, and with arrangements of yield sharing;
Social and cultural empowerment of indigenous people to sustainably manage land and forest, and to improve their livelihoods (i.eestablishment and empowerment of MPA).
Conservation of land, forest, water, and biodiversity;
Local economic development (NTFP);
Economic growth and employment;
Food security.
Property right regimes
Ethical issuesElements for actions and transition toward sustainability
Addressed sustainability issues
Land and forest under concession to corporation(both palm oil plantation and HTI - still valid and on-going)
Corporate social responsibility
Supporting local economic development and forest conservation (i.e development of kepungan sialang forest as for ecotourism purposes);
Development of state-owned permanent food crop land, which is cultivated by local people and managed by local authorities with yield sharing arrangements;
Empowerment of MPA.
Local economic development (NTFP, eco-tourism);
Conservation of land, forest, water, and biodiversity;
Food security.
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Property right regimes
Ethical issuesElements for actions and transition toward sustainability
Addressed sustainability issues
Land and forest under expired concession
Re-establishment of rights of indigenous people for a decent life
(Inside TNNP): Development of kepungan sialangforest with the rights of indigenous people to harvest NTFP, such as honey from bees;
(Outside TNNP): Establishment of a collaborative model for developing palm oil and industrial forest plantation, which is between the corporations and indigenous people/other legal inhabitants, and facilitated by the government;
Development of state-owned permanent food crop land which is cultivated by local people and managed by local authorities with yield sharing arrangement;
Social and cultural empowerment of indigenous people to sustainably manage land and forest, and to improve their livelihoods (i.e establishment and empowerment of MPA).
Social development & empowerment;
Local economic development (NTFP, eco-tourism);
Food security.
Property right regimes
Ethical issuesElements for actions and transition toward sustainability
Addressed sustainability issues
Communal land and forest
State responsibility to protect the interests of indigenous people and improve their welfare;
Corporate social responsibility
Development of local economy and conservation of forest (i.e improvement of kepungan sialang forest as eco-tourism destination).
(Wherever possible and agreed upon): Establishment of a collaborative model for developing palm oil and industrial forest plantation, which is between the corporations and indigenous people/other legal inhabitants, and facilitated by the government;
Development of state-owned permanent food crop land, which is cultivated by local people and managed by local authorities with yield sharing arrangements;
Social and cultural empowerment of indigenous people to sustainably manage land and forest, and improve livelihoods (i.eestablishment and empowerment of MPA).
Local economic development (NTFP);
Economic growth and employment;
Food security; Conservation of
land, forest, water, and biodiversity.
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Conclusion and recommendation
A major root cause of forest fires and haze is the take-over of land and forest under the communal control by the state, which is then under concession of (mostly palm oil) corporations this has left indigenous people with the feelings of being unequally treated, unable to get benefits from the land, and alienated in their own homeland.
On the other hand, the development of palm oil plantation and industrial forest has contributed significantly to economic growth.
Recommendation: Key solutions to the problem should be based on re-establishing the rights of indigenous people and empowering them so that they can actively get engaged in relevant processes.
This research offers an ethical framework (which still needs further development) as the basis for the stakeholders to take actions in the transition towards sustainability and avoid the haze problem.
THANK YOU
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MOST Academy:Community Perspective on Haze Surrounding a
Protected Area in South Sumatera
Effects of Haze Local Knowledge Role of Stakeholder
To explore the social, economic, environmental and health effect of hazeon the local communities
To find local knowledge and practices which have the
potential to encourage local communities to adopt more sustainable land management
practices
To analyze the stakeholders’ roles and abilities in
reducing and controllinghaze’s effects
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AIMS
1 2 3
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Study Sites
South Sumatera:
• Rambutan : Suka Pindahand Tanah Lembak Village
• Air Kumbang District: Sebokor Village
• close to Padang SugihanWildlife Sanctuary.
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What we do
Study Sites
Qualitative
Quantitative
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Communityperspectives on haze’s effects
•Local knowledge and practices
•stakeholders’ roles in land and fire
management
‐housholds‐interview
‐FGD‐literature
Raising Community Awareness
Action Research
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What we found: impacts on health conditions
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com5
Banyuasin District Health Office :Age classes Sebokor Suka Pindah and
Tanah Lembak
Children 223 (95,71%) 206 (96,26%)
Adult 7 (3%) 7 (3,27%)
Old People 3 (1,29%) 1 (0,47%)
- Local communities has identified health problems due to fire and haze.
- Most of impacted group was children in the two study sites.
- Since everybody was impacted, the awareness to check health was low
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com6
• Policy : During high haze impact,schools in these villages are closed forseveral days (maximum of 1 week) ordepends on the duration of the impact(District Education Office Banyuasin,2017).
• During the disaster, the educationactivity in Sebokor Village wasdisturbed. In the Air Kumbang Sub-District (including Sebokor) there areseveral schools that are closed for oneweek.
What we found: impacts on education
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What we found: impacts on economic
• Haze disturbs road visibility and access causing disruption to the economic path, and reduced the production of sap which as their main source of livelihood.
• Rubber tapper couldn’t work during haze in Sebokor Village.
• The productivity of rubber decreased during the dry season due to the dry conditions and exacerbated by the presence of haze (Sebokor Village).
• The absence of activity in Rubber tapping reduced the income about 300,000 –500,000 rupiah every month (from 1,400,000 IDR) .
• People have alternative incomes
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com7
Economic Loss Sebokor Suka Pindah and
Tanah Lembak
Yes 174 (74,68%) 158 (73,83%)
No 59 (25,32%) 56 (26,17%)
What we found: impacts on environment
• People consider haze as a common annual phenomena
• Those who live in the Ladang Asap are aware of the environmental changes, eg. trees than can be find in swamp areas are now burnt.
• According to the information from the community, elephant population used to exist in the Ladang Asap area in 1982, before forest fires field area. Massive forest fires in the Ladang Asap area in 1990 made it hard to find animal populations, especially Elephants (Forestry and Plantation Service Banyuasin District, 2016).
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com8
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Local knowlegde on fire-management
• 2. LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES ON
LAND MANAGEMENT
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com9
No. Traditional
technique
Description
1 Rompokan ‐ collecting litter and plants to be burned into several
parts (small clumps) and burned gradually.
‐ Fire were managed by landowner and neighbours until
completely extinguished
‐ fire will not spread to other surrounding land..
2 Pelarian ‐ Land preparation cooperation between landowners and
their relatives
‐ to clear the land
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No. Traditional
Technique
Description
3 Backfire technique ‐ To runs out of fuel near source of fires.
‐ between canals.
‐ The burning is carefully conducted and directed to the
burning field (from the inside out).
‐ Fires are directed to the large flame (does not spread)
‐ Guarding for 2 x 24 hours to ensure no more fires
ignition and spreading to other land.
4 Parit Keliling ‐ small trenches to prevent fire to spread to their
farmland.
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Application of Sustainable Science Projects in the
Haze-effected Communities
Action Research
Education Materials1. Comic books
2. Guidebook of sustainable agriculture land management
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Visual media
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Leaflet
Poster
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Billboard
Establishing Demontration Plot
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Training of forest/land management system
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Training of fertilizer making
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Environmental education for 5th grader in SD 11 Air Kumbang and SD 11 Rambutan
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The movie trailer of the project activities:
“Asa di Ladang Asap”
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Terima Kasih
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Acknowledgement:• Camat Rambutan & Air Kumbang• Kepala Desa dan warga: Suka Pindah,
Tanah Lembak, Sebokor Village
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Community Sustainable Agriculture Practices & Wildfire
Prevention in Central Kalimantan
Fengky Florante Adji, Nina Yulianti, Kurniawan Eko Susetyo
Bioethics and Sustainable Science in Action to Stop Haze Pollution: UNESCO’s Management of Social Transformation (MOST) Academy
Riau, 8-10 November 2018
Outline• Section 1. Introduction of Peatland Characteristics in Central
Kalimantan
• Section 2. Definition & Methods of Sustainable Agriculture : Non Burning Agriculture (PLTB) & Paludiculture
• Section 3. Pictures of Provincial Government’s of Fire Prevention & Suppression Strategies 2015 to present
• Section 4. Fire Prone Areas in Central Kalimantan
• Section 5. The Real Story of PLTB Practices in Ex Mega Rice Project
• Section 6. The Activities & Education Material of HAZE’s Project in Central Kalimantan
• Recommendation
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DISTRIBUTION OF PEATLAND IN INDONESIASection 1. Introduction of Peatland in Central Kalimantan
Importance of Tropical Peatland
Page et al. (2011)
Wet conditions → C sink→ Peatland formation
Boreal & Temperate
521.485.5%
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PEATLAND MATERIAL AND FORMATION IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
• Peats are formed as a result of the imbalance processes in which the rate of organic material accumulation is much faster than its rate of decomposition.
• Formed during the Halocene era 5000 years ago.
• Classification Histosols (BD <0.1 g/cm3 with >60 cm peat depth and BD> 0.1 g/cm with >40 cm peat depth (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Its can accumulated >10 m (Adji et al., 2017)
• Dominated from woody materials.
• Has a brownish black to reddish color.
• Low soil fertility (low pH and low micro‐nutrients etc.).
• The land is always flooded.
• Dissolved oxygen in the forest sites 6.5±5.6 µmol/l (Adji et al., 2014). This value was much lower than DO in equilibrium with the atmospheric O2 level (220 – 280 µmol/l ).
303.198 ha
161.460 ha
568.835 ha
162.278 ha
500.300 ha
The total area of functional swamp land areas is 342.403 ha (Kepmen PU 293/2013). Total area of MRP is 1.696.071 ha
Development of Tropical Peatlands in Central Kalimantan
Presidential Decree No. 32/1990, which is allows both of agriculture and natureareas in the same peat dome (The thickness < 3 m was to be used foragricultural and a thickness > 3 m should be used a conservation areas.
That is why according to Presidential Decree No. 82/1995,the Government of Indonesia initiated the CentralKalimantan Peatland Development Project to convert upto 1 million ha of peat and lowland swamp in CentralKalimantan to rice cultivation. This project became knownas the Mega Rice Project (MRP).
After construction of a 187 km long main canalconnecting the rivers in the region, another 771 km ofmain canals, 973 km of secondary canals and 900 km oftertiary canals (in Block A alone) were constructed(Houterman and Ritzema, 2009).
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Lack of MRP Project in Central Kalimantan
• The main canals often cut through the centre of peat domes resulting in excessive drainage, subsidence, irreversible drying, loss of habitat and increased risk, frequency and severity of fire (Diemont et al., 2002; Page et al., 2002; Wösten and Ritzema, 2001).
• The canal systems also provided easy access for people, especially illegal loggers. To transport the illegally logged timber out of the forest to the main canal system numerous small canals were dug by local people.
• The land in the MRP area, mainly peat soils, proved to be largely unsuitable for rice cultivation (Government of Indonesia, 2009) with the result that the poor agricultural prospects in combination with the continuing subsidence threatened the livelihood of local inhabitants, including long‐term residents. As a result, roughly 50% of the 15,594 transmigrant families that originally moved to the area have left it again (Government of Indonesia, 2009; Rieley et al., 2002).
• 28% of peat swamp forest was burned in central Kalimantan in 1997 (Page et al. 2002). After the devastating fires during the extremely long El Niño dry spell of 1997. But theses episode still continue until 2015. Since that time, several restoration and rehabilitation activities have been initiated (Page and Graham, 2008);
• Source of C emissions from peat fires (Miettine et al., 2017)
• The evidences of human activities on peatland are only reported by very limited number of studies (Anshari et al., 2001, Yulianto et al., 2005, Cole et al., 2015).
Current Situation of Tropical Peatland
Canal construction
Deforestation & Fire
Mega Rice Project (MRP) in late 1990sCentral Kalimantan, Indonesia
Page et al. (2002)
Constructed canals(deep blue line)
Constructed canals(deep blue line)
Dry conditions → C source
