Bridging the Gap

Filling the holes between

9th Grade World Civilization and

10th Grade American History

(1)Review of Industrial Revolution

• 1790-1860: 36,000 patents issued in U.S.

• 1860-1890:500,000 patents issued in U.S.

• What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution?

• How did the Industrial Revolution impact farming?

(2)Achievements and Impacts of Industrial AgeTechnology

-Faraday and electric power

-Swan, Edison, and the light bulb

-Bessemer process

-Expansion of Railroads

-Steamships

-Bens, Daimler,Ford and cars

Eli Whitney

*interchangeable parts and mass production

-Wright Brothers and the airplane

-Morse and the telegraph

-Marconi and the radio

-Edison and the phonograph

Science and Medicine

-Darwin and evolution

-Dalton and atomic theory

- Mendeleyev and the periodic table

-Curies and radioactivity

-Einstein’s theories

-Pasteur’s fight against disease

-anesthetics and antiseptics

Daily Life

-Growth of industrial cities *urbanization

-Migration to cities

-Improvements in utilities

-skyscrapers, subways, parks

-growth of suburbs

-more education and newspapers

-Sports, and increase in leisure time activities

-public museums and libraries

-Romanticism

-Realism

-Impressionism

(3)Increase in Leisure Activities

Causes

• Higher incomes, more free time

• Public transportation to recreational areas

• Public Funding of cultural activities

Effects

• Time for sports: soccer, rugby, football, baseball

• More people enjoying vacation spots and resorts

• More opportunities to hear music, enjoy art

(4)Breaking Down Growth of Big Business

• 1)Social Darwinism: Theory, derived from Darwin’s theory of natural selection, that society should do as little as possible to interfere with people’s pursuit of success. Let the strong survive.

• 2)Laissez-Faire: government policy of not interfering with private business.

• 3)Monopolies: complete control of a product or service.

• 4)Cartels: loose association of businesses that make the same product.

• 5)Trusts: a group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board.

(5)Cause and Effect: Growth of Big Business p.159

Causes

-Railroad boom lowers the cost of shipping

-New inventions make business more efficient

-Nation has rich supply of natural resources

Small firms merge to form giant companies

GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS/ *Social Darwinism/ Laissez-faire

Effects

-Steel and Oil become giant industries

-Monopolies, cartels, and trusts dominate major industries

-Factory workers face harsh working and living conditions

-Labor Unions grow

(6)Impact of Growth of Big Business• Profits soared: in 1890 9 percent of Americans held 75 percent

of the national wealth.• Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): outlawed any combination of

companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce. Largely a failure. Rarely enforced.

• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act. Spelled out specific acts companies could not do. Stated worker strikes were legal as long as they were peaceful.

• Working and Living conditions for workers were terrible. Company towns were developed. Cycle of debt and poverty.

• Unions Organize(Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations [AFL-CIO]) And STRIKE!!– Railroad Strike of 1877– Haymarket 1866– Homestead 1894 (Pinkertons)– Pullman 1894

• Violence often used to break up strikes.

(7)New Workforce: Women, Children, and Immigrants

• Immigrants

– 14 Million people immigrated to US between 1860 and 1900

– Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): not all were welcomed.

• Women

– Usually played a limited role in the process of factory work. Paid less then men.

• Children

– Made up 5 % of the workforce in 1880. Families depended on their wages to survive.

• RESULTS:

– People move to the cities to take advantage of jobs.

– WORKERS FIGHT BACK AND UNIONIZE.

(8)Movement for Public Schooling

• In 1870 only 2 percent of all 17-year-olds graduated from high school.

• Industries need workers with more basic skills and pushed for more public schooling.

• By 1900, 31 states had laws that required children between the ages of 8-14 to attend school.

• By 1910, roughly 60% of American children were attending school.

• Reformers also called for limits on child labor.

• Between 1880 and 1900, more than 250 new American colleges and universities were founded.

(9)Populism and Progressivism: A Call for Change and Increased Government Action

• Social Welfare Programs: program designed to ensure a basic standard of living for all citizens

• Muckrakers: investigative reporters that brought about change in society.

– Lincoln Steffens and political corruption in St. Louis

–Upton Sinclair “The Jungle” meat packing in Chicago

• Home Rule: a system by which cities exercise a limited degree of self rule. Brought down political machines.

(10)Populism and Progressivism: A Call for Change and Increased Government Action

• State Reforms: More power to voters

– 1)Direct Primaries: voters select candidates for upcoming elections not political party leaders.

– 2) Seventeenth Amendment: Direct election of Senators. Before state legislature would choose Federal Senators.

– 3) Initiative: citizens can propose laws.

– 4) Referendum: citizens can demand via petition that a law passed by the legislature be “referred” to the voters for their approval or rejection.

– 5) Recall: remove public officials from office before next election.

(11) PROGRESSIVE ERA LEGISLATION p. 294

Date Legislation Purpose

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act Outlawed monopolies and practices that result in restraint of trade, such as price fixing.

1902 National Reclamation Act

Created to plan and develop irrigation projects.

1905 U.S. Forest Service Created to manage the nation’s water and timber resources.

1906 Hepburn Act Required railroads to obtain permission from ICC before raising rates.

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

Outlawed interstate transportation of impure or diluted foods and deliberate mislabeling of food and drugs.

1906 Meat Inspection Act Required federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions.

1913 Department of Labor Cabinet department created to protect and promote the welfare and employment of working people. Children’s Bureau and Women’s Bureau included

1913 *16th Amendment* Gave Congress the power to levy an income tax

1913 *17th Amendment* Provided for direct election of Senators

1916 National Park Service Created to take over the administration of the nation’s parks

1919 *18th Amendment* Prohibition. (Repelled in 1933).

1920 *19th Amendment* Women’s Suffrage. Women now have right to vote.

(12)The United States Becomes a World Power

• Imperialism: policy by a stronger nation to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

• White Man’s Burden: Spread our culture.

• Pressure by some Americans to expand our boundaries.

–Latin America (Monroe Doctrine), Islands in Pacific, and China were areas of interest. Problem?

(13)The United States Becomes a World Power Continued• Spanish-American War (1898):

• Cuban guerillas were attempting to overthrow Spanish rule. Hoped U.S. would intervene. Destroyed U.S. sugar plantations to force U.S. to help.

• U.S. newspapers called for U.S. intervention. Led by Pulitzer and Hurst in an effort to sell newspapers. “Yellow journalism”

• U.S.S. Maine explodes on February 15, 1898. Probably happened due to a fire on board, but Americans blamed the Spanish. On April 11, 1898 Congress declares war on Spain despite the fact Spain offered to pay for the U.S.S. Maine.

• U.S. wins war by July 3, 1898. John Hay calls it a “splendid little war”

• In the treaty that follows, Spain recognizes Cuba’s independence, and the U.S. receives the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico for $20 million.

(14)The United States Becomes a World Power Continued U.S. Imperialism: Contradiction?

• The Philippines were in rebellion when U.S. took control as a territory. Three year war ensued leading to 4,200 American deaths and 2,800 more wounded. Gain independence in 1946.

• U.S. promised not to annex Cuba, but to protect American business interests we install a military government there.

– Before Cubans can have their independence U.S. forces them to include the Platt Amendment to their constitution. This allows the U.S. to have two Navy bases in Cuba, and U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba whenever necessary.

• Annexation of Hawaii: Hawaii became important to American business interests

– Sanford Dole works with U.S. Marines to remove Hawaiian monarch that wanted to lessen foreign influence. They are successful and Hawaii is annexed in 1898.

• Open Door Policy in China: U.S. forces trade agreements on China as does Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan.

(15)The United States Becomes a World Power Continued U.S. Imperialism: Contradiction?

• By 1900 U.S. was a genuine world power and intervened in the affairs of other countries if it was of economic or strategic interest to U.S.

• Panama Canal:

– U.S. attempts to work out deal for canal with Colombia who controls Panama. Doesn’t work.

– Instead, U.S. secretly aides a revolution in Panama and becomes Panama’s protectors.

– Deal is struck with Panama for $10million to build canal after revolution.

– U.S. now has much shorter distance to travel by linking Atlantic and Pacific.

• Roosevelt Corollary(1904): Theodore Roosevelt’s extension of the Monroe Doctrine in which he asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin American nations.

• 1905: Roosevelt mediated end to Russo-Japanese War.

• Dollar Diplomacy: Taft’s foreign policy of encouraging American investment abroad.

(16)Life in the South: Jim Crow LawsResult of Early End to Reconstruction

• Jim Crow Laws: legalized segregation of races in the south.

• Plessy v. Ferguson: Supreme Court case that justified segregation. Court established facilities could be “separate but equal”.

• Black Codes: laws aimed at keeping African Americans subservient.– Poll tax: had to pay a fee to vote.

– Literacy Tests: had to pass reading test in order to vote• Grandfather Clause: poor whites exempted from test.

**Legalized Racism reinforced!!**

(17)United States Involvement in WWI

• At first U.S. preferred to stay neutral. *Isolationism

• President Wilson preferred the Allied powers and the U.S. secretly supplied Britain with vast amounts of supplies.

• German U-boats, sinking of Lusitania (and U.S. merchant ships), and Zimmerman Note push U.S. to join Allied forces.

• Conscientious Objectors

(18)Triple Entente becomes known as the Allied Powers.

BritainFranceRussia

Triple Alliance becomes known as the Central Powers.

GermanyAustria HungaryOttoman Empire

(19)

German hyper-inflation

19)Result of Treaty of Versailles

• Treaty of Versailles caused resentment in the German people. Leads to rise of dictators (Hitler) and leads to WWII.