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Ahmed ZeeneldinProf of Medical Oncology
March, 2014“How to write a protocol” workshop
ñô Why to reference?ô Itemsñ Citation تنویھ-استشھادñ References مراجعñ Bibliography مصادر-مراجعñ Direct quotations “اقتباسات مباشرة”ñ Paraphrasing صیاغةإعادة
ô Categories of Referencing stylesñ Alphabetical (author and date)ñ Numbered
ô Referencing styleô Referencing software
Agenda
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ñôAuthorize to your work, strengthens your argument
and demonstrates the breadth of your research.ôGive credit to original authorsô Enable the reader to find and verify your sources of
information.ôAvoid being accused for Plagiarism
Why should you reference?
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ñCitation and reference
CitationBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaabet al., 2012).
Reference listAbdelwahaab A (2012) …….Zeeneldin A (2013)…………
CitationBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2].
Reference list1. Zeeneldin A …………2. Abdelwahaab A ……..
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ñ
Categories of Referencing styles
AlphabeticalBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaabet al., 2012).
Reference listAbdelwahaab A (2012) …….Zeeneldin A (2013)…………
NumberedBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2].
Reference list1. Zeeneldin A …………2. Abdelwahaab A ……..
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ñô Alphabetical (author and date):ñ Used in Thesesñ In-text citations mention author last name and yearñ References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically
in an ascending order. No numbersô Numbered:ñ Used in articlesñ In-text citations mention the reference number only ñ References are arranged in the reference list numerically in
an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text.
Categories of Referencing styles
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ñArtificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men (Minsky, 1968) (Minsky & Sriver, 1968) (Minsky et al., 1968).
According to Striver (2001 p 20) “all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation” (Striver, 2001 p20)
Citing within the text(alphabetical)
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ñôRulesñ include the author’s surname and the year of
publication and also any page numbers if you are quoting from a specific page
ñ If more than 2[3] authors, give only the first authors surname and initials followed by et al.
ñ If you state the authors name within your work then just include the date of publication to indicate the work being cited
Citing within the text(alphabetical)
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ñArtificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men [1].
According to Striver (2001) “all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation” [2].
Citing within the text(numbered)
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ñôAlphabetical (author and date):ñ References are arranged in the reference list
alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers
ôNumbered:ñ References are arranged in the reference numerically
in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text.
Bibliography(reference list)
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ñôAlphabetical (author and date):ñ References are arranged in the reference list
alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers
ôZeeneldin A (2006).......ôZeeneldin A (2007a).......ôZeeneldin A (2007b).......ôZeeneldin A, Taha F (2006)......ôZeeneldin A, Taha F, .........., Monir M (2006).......ôZeeneldin A, Taha F, Monir M, et al. (2006).......
Bibliography(reference list)
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ñôWho: ôWhat: ôWhere:ôWhen:
Essential components
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ñôWho: Zeeneldin AôWhat: Breast cancer in Elderly EgyptiansôWhere: JENCI 13(7):23-29ôWhen: 2012
Essential components
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ñWho AuthorsWhat Title (article, book, book chapter,
thesis)Where Journal, book, website, thesis. Exact
numberswhen Year of publication
Essential components
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ñôWho: Authorsñ Surname, initials (Zeeneldin, A [AA])ñ List all authors without ANDô Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, Moneer M,
Mohamed DB, Gouda I, Attia AA.ñ List some followed by et al.ô 6: 5 et al.ô 4: 3 et al.ô Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, et al.
Essential components
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ñôWhat: titleñ Title of an articleñ Bookñ Book chapterñ Websiteñ Thesisñ Other
Essential components
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ñ
Essential componentsWhere
ôArticle: ñ journal title
(abbreviated e.g. NEJM).
ñ Volume and issueñ Page numbers
ôWebsite:ñ [Online]. Available at:
www…….ñ (Accessed 20 Nov
2013)
ô Book:ñ Edition number if not
first (2nd ed.)ñ Publisherñ Cityñ Pages
ô Book chapterñ In: book authors (eds.)ñ Rest as the book
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ñô Who: Zeeneldin Aô What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptiansô Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29ô When: 2012
- Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. 2012
- Zeeneldin, A (2012). Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29.
- Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 2012; 13(7):23-29.
Essential componentswhen: year
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ñô Book:ñ Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. (2005)
Fundamentals of physics. 7th ed. New York: Wiley. pp20-50.
ô Book chapter:ñ Murray, A.P. (1999) Fundamental equations of
surface theory. In: Ledermann, W. & Vajda, S. (eds.) Combinatorics and geometry. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 23-66.
Examples
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ñôArticle: ñ Kim, H.S. (2007) ‘A new model for communicative
effectiveness of science’. Science Communication, 28(3), pp. 287-313.
ôWebpage:ñ Allen, S. (2007). Referencing: a guide for University of
Liverpool online students [Online]. Available from http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm(Accessed 15 August 2007).
Examples
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ñô Thesisñ McDonald, L.R. (2005) Assessment of body
composition using magnetic resonance imaging. Ph.D. thesis. University of Liverpool.
Examples
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ñôAlphabetical:ñ Harvardñ -ñ -
ôNumberedñ Vancouverñ -ñ -
Reference style
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ñô EndnoteôRef managerôRef worksô -ô -ô -
Referencing software
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ñ
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ñThank YOU
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