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View of Knossos laquopalaceraquo
A Brief History of Water and Wastewater Technologies in Ancient Crete Hellas With emphasis in Bronze Age
A N AngelakisHonory Member of IWA
Iraklion Hellas May 11 2015
Presentation topics bull Prolegomena and historical backgroundbull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
bull Epilogue Closing thoughts
Presentation Topics
Prolegomena Historical background and Characteristics of Minoan civilization
httpmelidonismatablogspotgr201105pax-minoica-cantumhtml
Όμοια γάρ ως επί το πολύ τα μέλλοντα τοις γεγονόσι Most future facts are based on those in the past
Euripides (480-406 BC) Ancient Tragic
The evolution of technology Bronze Age ca 3300-1100 BC Historical times Classical and Hellenistic periods ca 480-67 BC Roman period ca 67 BC-395 AD Medieval times The Byzantine period ca 330minus1204 AD Venetian period ca 1204-1669 AD Modern times The Ottoman period ca 1669minus1898 AD The Egyptian period ca 1830minus1840 AD Cretan state 1898minus1913 AD Present times
Significant Cultural Events in Prehistoric Crete
bull Early Neolithic period First confirmed evidence of habitation and first farmers
bull Early Bronze Age First settlements of urban character (ca 2800- 2300 BC)
bull Middle Bronze Age Rise of the first Palaces at Knossos Phaistos and Mallia (ca 2000 BC)
bull Late Bronze Age Destruction of Palaces and Mycenaean lsquoinvasionrsquo(ca 1500 BC)
bull End of Bronze Age (ca 1100 BC)
Map of Crete with major Minoan archaeological sites with emphasis in Minoan water cistern
systems
1 The term thalassocracy was first used by Herodotus to describe the naval supremacy of Minoans
2 ldquohellipand the first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic seahellip
Thucydides First Book History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
3 Conflicts andor warsSumerians againsthellipBabylonians against Sumerians and ElamitesAssyrians and Hittites against BabyloniansEgyptians were fighting with Libyans Persians Phoenicianshellip
4 The Minoan Era was called by Arthur Evans the Pax Minoica or lsquoMinoan peacersquo a time when cities needed no walls
The unique features of this marvellous civilization seem to arise from only one the Minoans Thalassocracy
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation topics bull Prolegomena and historical backgroundbull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
bull Epilogue Closing thoughts
Presentation Topics
Prolegomena Historical background and Characteristics of Minoan civilization
httpmelidonismatablogspotgr201105pax-minoica-cantumhtml
Όμοια γάρ ως επί το πολύ τα μέλλοντα τοις γεγονόσι Most future facts are based on those in the past
Euripides (480-406 BC) Ancient Tragic
The evolution of technology Bronze Age ca 3300-1100 BC Historical times Classical and Hellenistic periods ca 480-67 BC Roman period ca 67 BC-395 AD Medieval times The Byzantine period ca 330minus1204 AD Venetian period ca 1204-1669 AD Modern times The Ottoman period ca 1669minus1898 AD The Egyptian period ca 1830minus1840 AD Cretan state 1898minus1913 AD Present times
Significant Cultural Events in Prehistoric Crete
bull Early Neolithic period First confirmed evidence of habitation and first farmers
bull Early Bronze Age First settlements of urban character (ca 2800- 2300 BC)
bull Middle Bronze Age Rise of the first Palaces at Knossos Phaistos and Mallia (ca 2000 BC)
bull Late Bronze Age Destruction of Palaces and Mycenaean lsquoinvasionrsquo(ca 1500 BC)
bull End of Bronze Age (ca 1100 BC)
Map of Crete with major Minoan archaeological sites with emphasis in Minoan water cistern
systems
1 The term thalassocracy was first used by Herodotus to describe the naval supremacy of Minoans
2 ldquohellipand the first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic seahellip
Thucydides First Book History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
3 Conflicts andor warsSumerians againsthellipBabylonians against Sumerians and ElamitesAssyrians and Hittites against BabyloniansEgyptians were fighting with Libyans Persians Phoenicianshellip
4 The Minoan Era was called by Arthur Evans the Pax Minoica or lsquoMinoan peacersquo a time when cities needed no walls
The unique features of this marvellous civilization seem to arise from only one the Minoans Thalassocracy
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation Topics
Prolegomena Historical background and Characteristics of Minoan civilization
httpmelidonismatablogspotgr201105pax-minoica-cantumhtml
Όμοια γάρ ως επί το πολύ τα μέλλοντα τοις γεγονόσι Most future facts are based on those in the past
Euripides (480-406 BC) Ancient Tragic
The evolution of technology Bronze Age ca 3300-1100 BC Historical times Classical and Hellenistic periods ca 480-67 BC Roman period ca 67 BC-395 AD Medieval times The Byzantine period ca 330minus1204 AD Venetian period ca 1204-1669 AD Modern times The Ottoman period ca 1669minus1898 AD The Egyptian period ca 1830minus1840 AD Cretan state 1898minus1913 AD Present times
Significant Cultural Events in Prehistoric Crete
bull Early Neolithic period First confirmed evidence of habitation and first farmers
bull Early Bronze Age First settlements of urban character (ca 2800- 2300 BC)
bull Middle Bronze Age Rise of the first Palaces at Knossos Phaistos and Mallia (ca 2000 BC)
bull Late Bronze Age Destruction of Palaces and Mycenaean lsquoinvasionrsquo(ca 1500 BC)
bull End of Bronze Age (ca 1100 BC)
Map of Crete with major Minoan archaeological sites with emphasis in Minoan water cistern
systems
1 The term thalassocracy was first used by Herodotus to describe the naval supremacy of Minoans
2 ldquohellipand the first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic seahellip
Thucydides First Book History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
3 Conflicts andor warsSumerians againsthellipBabylonians against Sumerians and ElamitesAssyrians and Hittites against BabyloniansEgyptians were fighting with Libyans Persians Phoenicianshellip
4 The Minoan Era was called by Arthur Evans the Pax Minoica or lsquoMinoan peacersquo a time when cities needed no walls
The unique features of this marvellous civilization seem to arise from only one the Minoans Thalassocracy
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
The evolution of technology Bronze Age ca 3300-1100 BC Historical times Classical and Hellenistic periods ca 480-67 BC Roman period ca 67 BC-395 AD Medieval times The Byzantine period ca 330minus1204 AD Venetian period ca 1204-1669 AD Modern times The Ottoman period ca 1669minus1898 AD The Egyptian period ca 1830minus1840 AD Cretan state 1898minus1913 AD Present times
Significant Cultural Events in Prehistoric Crete
bull Early Neolithic period First confirmed evidence of habitation and first farmers
bull Early Bronze Age First settlements of urban character (ca 2800- 2300 BC)
bull Middle Bronze Age Rise of the first Palaces at Knossos Phaistos and Mallia (ca 2000 BC)
bull Late Bronze Age Destruction of Palaces and Mycenaean lsquoinvasionrsquo(ca 1500 BC)
bull End of Bronze Age (ca 1100 BC)
Map of Crete with major Minoan archaeological sites with emphasis in Minoan water cistern
systems
1 The term thalassocracy was first used by Herodotus to describe the naval supremacy of Minoans
2 ldquohellipand the first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic seahellip
Thucydides First Book History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
3 Conflicts andor warsSumerians againsthellipBabylonians against Sumerians and ElamitesAssyrians and Hittites against BabyloniansEgyptians were fighting with Libyans Persians Phoenicianshellip
4 The Minoan Era was called by Arthur Evans the Pax Minoica or lsquoMinoan peacersquo a time when cities needed no walls
The unique features of this marvellous civilization seem to arise from only one the Minoans Thalassocracy
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Significant Cultural Events in Prehistoric Crete
bull Early Neolithic period First confirmed evidence of habitation and first farmers
bull Early Bronze Age First settlements of urban character (ca 2800- 2300 BC)
bull Middle Bronze Age Rise of the first Palaces at Knossos Phaistos and Mallia (ca 2000 BC)
bull Late Bronze Age Destruction of Palaces and Mycenaean lsquoinvasionrsquo(ca 1500 BC)
bull End of Bronze Age (ca 1100 BC)
Map of Crete with major Minoan archaeological sites with emphasis in Minoan water cistern
systems
1 The term thalassocracy was first used by Herodotus to describe the naval supremacy of Minoans
2 ldquohellipand the first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic seahellip
Thucydides First Book History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
3 Conflicts andor warsSumerians againsthellipBabylonians against Sumerians and ElamitesAssyrians and Hittites against BabyloniansEgyptians were fighting with Libyans Persians Phoenicianshellip
4 The Minoan Era was called by Arthur Evans the Pax Minoica or lsquoMinoan peacersquo a time when cities needed no walls
The unique features of this marvellous civilization seem to arise from only one the Minoans Thalassocracy
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Map of Crete with major Minoan archaeological sites with emphasis in Minoan water cistern
systems
1 The term thalassocracy was first used by Herodotus to describe the naval supremacy of Minoans
2 ldquohellipand the first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic seahellip
Thucydides First Book History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
3 Conflicts andor warsSumerians againsthellipBabylonians against Sumerians and ElamitesAssyrians and Hittites against BabyloniansEgyptians were fighting with Libyans Persians Phoenicianshellip
4 The Minoan Era was called by Arthur Evans the Pax Minoica or lsquoMinoan peacersquo a time when cities needed no walls
The unique features of this marvellous civilization seem to arise from only one the Minoans Thalassocracy
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
1 The term thalassocracy was first used by Herodotus to describe the naval supremacy of Minoans
2 ldquohellipand the first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic seahellip
Thucydides First Book History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
3 Conflicts andor warsSumerians againsthellipBabylonians against Sumerians and ElamitesAssyrians and Hittites against BabyloniansEgyptians were fighting with Libyans Persians Phoenicianshellip
4 The Minoan Era was called by Arthur Evans the Pax Minoica or lsquoMinoan peacersquo a time when cities needed no walls
The unique features of this marvellous civilization seem to arise from only one the Minoans Thalassocracy
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
5 Hirschfeld (2013) stated ldquoThis civilization is an astonishing paradox A great power without a military aristocracy a palace that was not a royal residence and neither the king was glorified a religion with no greatness while women were equal to men and free
6 The multicolored wall-paintings in Minoan Palaces depict a life full of creativity good taste and in complete harmony with the natural environment
A Evans (1921-1935)
Other unique features Minoans
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Minoan Era (Bronze Age) ca 3200-1100BC
During that period of humankind nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and were characterized by decentralized and water recycling and reuse principles
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Aqueducts Water cisterns Groundwater- Wells Fountains Recreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation topics
Water supply Aqueducts (a) Open gravity flow system (b) Closed pressured pipe system
Aqueducts (such as Knossos Tylissos and Malia) were used for transporting water from mountain springs to Minoan palaces and towns utilising a combination of open channels and closed pipes (Angelakis et al 2007) The open channels were typically rectangular stone andor U-shaped and the clossed were terracotta conduits
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Suggested lay out of Mavrokolymbos aqueduct (Arsquo-Brsquo)
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Closedpressured water distribution system at Knossos
008
5
0720065
017
002
5
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Aqueduct of theTylissos city (14 km)
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Remnants of the Tylissos aqueduct Central conduit
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Use of sedimentation tank at Tylissos city Iraklion
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Scaled stone tunnel from the aqueduct at Tylissos
Was the scaled stone tunnel
measuring the flow rate
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Remnants of the Roman aqueduct in the ancient town of Gortys Iraklion
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Venetian aqueduct of Iraklion Crete (1562 km 1627-28)
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Water cisterns(a) cisterns storage water of springs(b) rainwater collecting cisterns
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Central Minoan cistern in House C at Tylissos Iraklion
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
The cistern at Chamaizi
The main Early Minoan water central cistern (of 66m3) at Pyrgos Myrtos Lasithi (53 and 3m)
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Terracotta pipes of rectangular cross section
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Central water cistern in the ancient city of Lato (of Hellenistic period) Lassithi Crete (52x53x6m3)
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Hellinistic water cistern in the ancient city Eleftherna Rethumno Crete (18x14x4m3)
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Internal view of the Roman arched water cistern with three domes at Aptera Chania (17x25x68m3)
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Modern times water cisterns in the eastern Crete since the middle of the last century (b) Public cistern which was used for water supply of the village of Lakonia in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Groundwater- Wells
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Minoan well at the east section of the Palace of Zakros in the eastern Crete
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Minoan well used for water supply at Palaikastro city in the eastern Crete
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation topics
bull Water supply Fountains
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Fountains
The Tykte fountain SE of Central court in the palace at Zakros
The ldquoSpring Chamberrdquo with the water tank at Guesthouse (Caravaserai) in Knossos palace
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Central fountain in Rethymno city Rethymnon
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Ottoman fountains View of the Ottoman fountain in the Archaeological Museum of Chania city and in Ierapetra city in front of the central mosque
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Water supplyRecreationalenvironmental uses
Presentation topics
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Environmental useThe ldquoJet drsquoeaurdquo fresco at
Knossos palace
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Cylindrical cistern located in the eastern site of Zakros palace
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
ldquoGods If someone directs the flow of the river on his property not punished But let permit to flow so as to cover the width of the bridge of the market or more but not lessrdquo
Regulation of Minimum Conservation River Flow
laquoΘιοί τocirc ποταμocirc αἴ κα κατὰ τὸ μέττον τὰν ῥοὰν θιθῆι ῥῆν κατὰ το Ϝὸν αυτocirc θιθεμένōι ἄπατον ἤμην Τὰν δὲ ῥοὰν λείπεν ὄττον κατέκει ἀ ἐπrsquo ἀγορᾶι δέπυρα ἤ πλίον μεῖον δὲ μὴraquo
From an inscription of the 5th century BC in Gortys Crete (The city crossed the river Litheos)
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Presentation topics
bull Drainage and sewerage systemsbull Toiletsbull Bathsbull Sewers and drains
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Toilet in the House Da Malia Layout of the house (up ) (Graham 1984) and a recent photos (down)
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Section and plan of ground-floor toilet in the residential quarter of Palace of Minos (adapted from Graham 1987)
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Bathrooms in the Kingrsquos Megaron in Phaistos
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Minoan open yard used for water collection and part of the central sewerage system at the Phaistos laquopalaceraquo Iraklion
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Sewerage and drainage system of Agia Triada
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Minoan water sewerage and drainage projects Part of central system at Small palace in Knossos
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Sewers and wastewater disposal
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Technological progress
The evolution of water sciences in Crete seems to be not linear it is rather characterized by discontinuities and regressions during the dark periods
Another issue that must be examined is the comparison of water supply technologies in ancient times to that in modern times
Also there not substantial differences of fundamental principles (mainly developed in the Bronze Age Classical and in Hellenistic period) but rather on apparatus scale etc
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Planning (design) philosophy
Operation period Adaptation to the environment Management (balancing water availability with
the demand management) Sustainability as a design principle has to be
reconsidered
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
The central court of Palace at Phaistos after a rainfall
ldquohellipall the sewers were still working It was very interesting for me to see the water in the drainages and sewers so big that a man could enter I doubt if there are other examples of ancient sewerages working after 4 thousand yearsrdquo Angelo Mosso during his visit in the palace of Phaistos in the beginning of 20th century (Mosso 1907)
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
We frequently hear people speak of modern hygiene as if it something rather recently developed and there appears to be a prevalent idea that municipal sewerage is a very modern thing that began some time about the middle of the last (19th) century Perhaps these ideas do something to support a somewhat wobbly pride of the modern civilization [hellip] but when examined in the light of history that is far from new or recent Indeed in the light of history it is surprising if not bitterness the fact that man has gone so poorly if at all in about 4000 years [hellip] Archaeologists researchers this [Minoan] space give us the image that people have come a long way towards a comfortable and hygienic living with a considerable degree of beauty and luxury [] And this was about 4000 years ago (Gray 1940)
Minoan Era vs Modern Times
China
Vietnam
New Delhi
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Epilogue Closing Thoughts
bull Minoans were living in complete harmony with the natural environment and developed in a sustainable way
bull During the Bronze Age in Crete nothing was more remarkable and elaborate than the water supply and sewerage systems
bull In each palace and other settlements those systems were well adapted to the environment protected constructed and managed and are characterized by decentralized and prototype principles
bull A variety of hydro-techniques were implemented in Minoan palaces and other settlements depending on local conditions
bull Several hydro-technologies eg aqueducts cisterns sewers and toilets more likely were firstly developed Minoans
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
IWA SG on Water and Wastewater
in Ancient Civilizations (WWAC)A N Angelakis Chairperson of the SG
Iraklion Hellas 11052015
httpwwwiwawaterwikiorgxwikibinviewWorkGroup_Water+and+Wastewater+in+Ancient+CivilizationsWebHome
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Thank you for listeningA N Angelakis
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
Epilogue Legacies and lessons
In water-short areas development of cost-effective decentralized water supply management program based on several hydro-technologies in a sustainable wayAncient Cretan knowledge on water sciences could play an important role for sustainable water supply and sewerage and drainage systems in the cities of the future The meaning of sustainability in modern times should be re-evaluated in light of ancient public works and water management practices Ancient Cretan water technologies (particularly Minoan) should be considered not just as historical artifacts but as potential models for sustainable water technologies AndThus the development of effective water supply management projects in short-water areas could be based on both the modern times technology and the past knowledge
