Bringing the Cold War to a Bringing the Cold War to a CloseClose

Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, & Bush I& Bush I

The 70’sThe 70’s

Economy poor-high inflationEconomy poor-high inflation Gas crisisGas crisis End Vietnam WarEnd Vietnam War Political scandalsPolitical scandals Foreign conflictsForeign conflicts

Richard NixonRichard Nixon

Elected 1968Elected 1968 VP Gerald FordVP Gerald Ford Conservative RepublicanConservative Republican Secretary of State Secretary of State

Kissinger starts policy Kissinger starts policy realpolitik (U.S. should realpolitik (U.S. should not base foreign policy not base foreign policy on principles only on principles only national interest)national interest)

Ex-don’t fight Ex-don’t fight communism unless communism unless something in it for ussomething in it for us

NixonNixon

VietnamizationVietnamization SALT ISALT I: Strategic Arms : Strategic Arms

Limitation TalksLimitation Talks

-In Moscow with Brezhnev-In Moscow with Brezhnev

-Limit building new -Limit building new defense & offensive defense & offensive weaponsweapons

(By now we have ABM-(By now we have ABM-antiballistic missile-antiballistic missile-which are defense which are defense weapons)weapons)

NixonNixon

OPEC (Organization of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exportation Petroleum Exportation Countries)Countries)

-Because of US support for -Because of US support for Israel during Yom Kippur Israel during Yom Kippur War, Arab nations place War, Arab nations place embargo on US for oilembargo on US for oil

-Caused high gas prices, -Caused high gas prices, long lines, and increase long lines, and increase cost of products due to cost of products due to shipping (led to gas shipping (led to gas crisis)crisis)

NixonNixon

EnvironmentEnvironment

-After Silent Spring pass Clean -After Silent Spring pass Clean Air Act to regulate air Air Act to regulate air pollution and establishes the pollution and establishes the EPA (Environmental EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)Protection Agency)

Space RaceSpace Race

-Apollo 11 get to the moon 1969-Apollo 11 get to the moon 1969 EconomyEconomy

-Time of inflation & rising prices-Time of inflation & rising prices 2626thth Amendment Amendment-changed -changed

voting age to 18 after voting age to 18 after Vietnam WarVietnam War

WatergateWatergate

5 men arrested for 5 men arrested for breaking into the breaking into the Democratic National Democratic National Committee Office at Committee Office at WatergateWatergate

Investigate further Investigate further involvement through involvement through presidential tapespresidential tapes

Nixon resigns August 1974Nixon resigns August 1974 Gerald Ford becomes Gerald Ford becomes

presidentpresident

Gerald FordGerald Ford

VP to NixonVP to Nixon 1974-19771974-1977 Pardoned NixonPardoned Nixon

Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter

1977-19811977-1981 DemocratDemocrat VP Walter MondaleVP Walter Mondale

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Camp David Accords: Camp David Accords: In Maryland, met with In Maryland, met with Egyptian President al-Egyptian President al-Sadat & P.M. Begin from Sadat & P.M. Begin from Israel Israel

1. Would recognize 1. Would recognize each other as a countryeach other as a country

2. Resolve issues in 2. Resolve issues in PalestinePalestine

3. Agree to a peace 3. Agree to a peace treatytreaty

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Panama CanalPanama Canal: : treaty gave the treaty gave the canal back to canal back to Panama in 1999Panama in 1999

SALT IISALT II: extended : extended SALT I limited SALT I limited certain kinds of certain kinds of nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

Soviets Invade Soviets Invade AfghanistanAfghanistan

1978 coup overthrows 1978 coup overthrows governmentgovernment

1979 Soviets invade to 1979 Soviets invade to help stabilize help stabilize communist rulecommunist rule

U.S. will help fund U.S. will help fund rebels against Sovietsrebels against Soviets

* Osama Bin Laden & * Osama Bin Laden & Taliban will come into Taliban will come into the picturethe picture

Iranian Hostage CrisisIranian Hostage Crisis

1979: Shah ousted from power1979: Shah ousted from power Islamic leader Ayatollah Islamic leader Ayatollah

Khomeini comes to power & Khomeini comes to power & preaches anti-American preaches anti-American sentimentsentiment

Shah comes to US for medical Shah comes to US for medical treatment treatment

Nov. 4 angry Iranians invade US Nov. 4 angry Iranians invade US embassy and take 66 Americans embassy and take 66 Americans hostagehostage

Send military and helicopter Send military and helicopter crash causes 8 deathscrash causes 8 deaths

* Hostages will not all be * Hostages will not all be released until Jan. 20, 1981 released until Jan. 20, 1981 under Reaganunder Reagan

Title IXTitle IX

1972: Can not 1972: Can not discriminate discriminate against gender against gender in school in school activitiesactivities

1979: extended 1979: extended to sportsto sports

Policies of CarterPolicies of Carter

HumanitarianHumanitarian Encouraged Encouraged

Americans to save Americans to save energy and not rely energy and not rely on Middle Eastern on Middle Eastern oiloil

Time of high Time of high inflation, prices, inflation, prices, and unemploymentand unemployment

Fashion & Fads of the Fashion & Fads of the 70s70s

Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

1981-19891981-1989 RepublicanRepublican VP George Bush Sr.VP George Bush Sr.

Assassination Attempt

Did he break the “O” factor?

March 1981-just 69 days into office John Hinckley Jr shots 6 as Reagan leaves speech

Just missed heart and lodged in lung

“Honey, I forgot to duck”

Sandra Day O’ConnorSandra Day O’Connor

1981-First 1981-First Female Female Supreme Court Supreme Court JusticeJustice

ReaganomicsReaganomics

Supply-side economicsSupply-side economics Tax cuts to business Tax cuts to business

and wealthy will trickle and wealthy will trickle down to the poordown to the poor

Business will hire more Business will hire more workers and rich will workers and rich will investinvest

Cut government Cut government spending yet increased spending yet increased military spendingmilitary spending

Cold War PoliciesCold War Policies Strategic Defense Strategic Defense

InitiativeInitiative: : known as known as Star Wars wanted to Star Wars wanted to build shield in spacebuild shield in space

Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in comes to power in Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Glasnost and Glasnost and PerestroikaPerestroika::

-has free elections-has free elections

-stops censorship-stops censorship

LebanonLebanon

Civil War between Civil War between Muslims & ChristiansMuslims & Christians

Palestine Liberation Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Organization (PLO) used Lebanon as base used Lebanon as base to attack Israelto attack Israel

1983 send Marines1983 send Marines October 1983 suicide October 1983 suicide

bomber kills 241 bomber kills 241 Marines by driving into Marines by driving into Beirut barracksBeirut barracks

Nicaragua

1979 communist group overthrows dictator of Nicaragua

U.S. funds an opposition group called the Contras trained by CIA

Congress bans funding of Contras after secret activities are done

*Led to Iran Contra Hearing

Iran-Contra Affair

1985: US sells weapons to Iran for release of hostages

Money is used to fund Contras in Nicaragua against the Congressional ban

Colonel Oliver North tried, convicted, & overturned

Could not prove Reagan involved

HIV & AIDSHIV & AIDS

1981: HIV is 1981: HIV is discovereddiscovered

Immune disorderImmune disorder 25 mil. People 25 mil. People

have died have died between 1981-between 1981-20062006

George Bush Sr.George Bush Sr.

1989-19931989-1993 RepublicanRepublican VP Dan QuayleVP Dan Quayle

End of the Soviet Union

By 1989 the Berlin Wall falls

Eastern European countries like Poland elect a president (Lech Walesa) or go through revolt (Czechoslovakia & Romania)

Gorbachev ousted in 1991 Boris Yeltsin becomes

leader *The Soviet Union is no

more and the Cold War ends

China

April 1989 college students led pro-democracy protest in Tiananmen Square in capital of Beijing

June 4 tanks sent in open fire killing hundreds

US places arms embargo on China

Panama

Manuel Noriega- head of Panama military in 1980s

Smuggled drugs to US US marine killed in Dec. 1989 arrested by US *Played Metallica to get

him out Convicted & jailed-now

lives in Paris

Space RaceSpace Race

Space shuttle-first Space shuttle-first reusable space craftreusable space craft

April 1981-ColumbiaApril 1981-Columbia Jan 28, 1986-Jan 28, 1986-

Challenger explodes Challenger explodes on lift-offon lift-off

Christa McAuliffe -1Christa McAuliffe -1stst civilian in space and civilian in space and teacher killedteacher killed

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfnvFnzs91s

Fads & Fashion of the Fads & Fashion of the 80s80s

Hair Bands

Poison, Bon Jovi, Motley Crue

Fashion Atari

Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm

August 1990 Iraq invades August 1990 Iraq invades KuwaitKuwait

Give Jan. 15, 1991 Give Jan. 15, 1991 deadlinedeadline

On Feb 23-US, Britain, On Feb 23-US, Britain, France, & Arab countries France, & Arab countries invade Iraqinvade Iraq

128 Americans killed128 Americans killed Iraq forces retreatIraq forces retreat *Some Americans felt Bush *Some Americans felt Bush

should have continued to should have continued to go after Saddamgo after Saddam

9/119/11

Sept. 11, 2001Sept. 11, 2001 World Trade World Trade

Centers attackedCenters attacked Mastermind Al-Mastermind Al-

Qaeda founder Qaeda founder Osama bin LadenOsama bin Laden

Killed May 2, 2011Killed May 2, 2011

Operation Iraq Freedom Operation Iraq Freedom 20032003

Second Gulf WarSecond Gulf War Began March 20, Began March 20,

20032003 Led by Led by

G.W.Bush (U.S) G.W.Bush (U.S) & Prime Minister & Prime Minister Tony Blair Tony Blair (Great Britain)(Great Britain)

Suspicions:Suspicions:

Thought had Thought had Weapons of Mass Weapons of Mass DestructionDestruction

In 2002, allowed U.N. In 2002, allowed U.N. inspection and inspection and nothing foundnothing found

May have stopped in May have stopped in 1991 after 1st Gulf 1991 after 1st Gulf WarWar

Funding Al-Qaeda? Funding Al-Qaeda? (Not proven)(Not proven)

Funding Palestinian Funding Palestinian suicide bomberssuicide bombers

The KurdsThe Kurds

Between 1986-1989 Between 1986-1989 Saddam’s regime Saddam’s regime targeted the Kurds targeted the Kurds

Al-Anfal CampaignAl-Anfal Campaign: : Recognized as the Recognized as the Kurdish genocide Kurdish genocide targeted Kurds in targeted Kurds in Northern Iraq (Deaths Northern Iraq (Deaths unknown ~182,000 unknown ~182,000 to 1.2-2.1 million)to 1.2-2.1 million)

Halabja Gas AttackHalabja Gas Attack: : March 16, 1988 at March 16, 1988 at end of Iran-Iraq War end of Iran-Iraq War (~5,000 killed; many (~5,000 killed; many more injured) more injured)

FallujahFallujah First battle April 2003 after First battle April 2003 after

invadedinvaded March 31, 2004-4 Blackwater March 31, 2004-4 Blackwater

employees killed, burned employees killed, burned and hung from bridge over and hung from bridge over EuphratesEuphrates

Led to two U.S. invasions Led to two U.S. invasions and siege of cityand siege of city

Insurgents hid in mosquesInsurgents hid in mosques U.S. reportedly used white U.S. reportedly used white

phosphorous gasphosphorous gas 60% city destroyed; 6,000 60% city destroyed; 6,000

civilian deathscivilian deaths

Results:Results:

Baghdad fell on April 9th Baghdad fell on April 9th (Saddam ruled 24 years)(Saddam ruled 24 years)

April 15th invasion declared April 15th invasion declared over (????)over (????)

December 13, 2003 Saddam December 13, 2003 Saddam capturedcaptured

Hung December 30, 2006Hung December 30, 2006