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A quaeultural Engineering 1 (1982) 115-119

HI GH DENSI TY FLOW - THROUGH CULTURI NG OF BRI NE SHRI MPA R T E M I A ON I NERT FEEDS - PRELI MI NARY RESULTS W I TH A

MODI FI ED CULTUR E SYSTEM

PATRICE BRISSET, DANNYVERSICHELE,ETIENNE BOSSUYT, LUC DE RUYCKand PATRICKSORGELOOS*Artemia Refe renc e Center, State University of Ghent, J. Plateaustraat 22,

B-9000 Ghent, Belgium

ABSTRA CT

A m o d i f i e d f i l t e r s y s t e m is d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e i n t e n s i v e c u l tu r i n g o f Artemia in ac o n t i n u o u s l y r e n e w e d m e d i u m . E x t r a p o l a t e d t o a 1 m 3 t a nk , 2 5 k g li ve w e i g h t Artemiae o u M b e p r o d u c e d o v e r a c u l tu r e p e r i o d o f t w o w e e k s o n a d i e t o f m i e r o n i z e d a n dd e f a t t e d r ic e b r a n u s i n g t h e s a l t e n r i c h e d e f f l u e n t o f a n a b a n d o n e d g e o t h e r m a l w e l l a sa c ul t u re m e d i u m .

A few years ago the A r t e m i a Reference Center together with the St Croix MarineStation of the University of Texas Marine Science Institute developed a new techniquefor high density culturing of brine shrimp under flow-through conditions (Tobiase t a l . , 1979). The most important innovation was the interchangeable screen-cylinderwith aeration collar that assures efficient drainage of culture water and faecal pellets.Using monospecific algal cultures as combined culture medium and food source, it wasshown at St Croix that, extrapolated from repeated 100 litre culture trials, up to25 kg of A r t e m i a can be produced in a 1 m 3 tank within a growing period of onlytwo weeks (Roels e t a l . , 1979).

Since the use of live algae greatly restricts the applicability of this type of intensiveculturing of brine shrimp (Sorgeloos, 1982), we were interested to test flow-throughculturing with cheap inert diets that had already proven to be acceptable in the batchculturing of A r t e m i a (Dobbeleir e t a l . , 1980). The availability of sufficient volumesof warm water (5 m 3 h -1 at 29C and 8 ppt salinity) from an abandoned artesian well* Research Associate at the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium), to whom correspond-ence should be addressed. 115Aquaeultural Engineering 0144-8609/82/0001-0115/$02.75 Applied Science Publishers Ltd,England, 1982Printed in Great Britain

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116 p . BRISSET e t a l .e n a b l e d u s t o s t u d y t h e t e c h n i c a l f e a s ib i l it y o f f l o w - t h r o u g h c u l t u r i n g o f A r t e m i a o ni n e r t f e e d s. R e s u l ts r e p o r t e d h e r e w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h m i c r o n i z e d d e f a t t e d r ic e b r a na s f o o d s o u r c e .

I n i t i a l t e s t i n g r e v e a l e d t h a t c l o g g in g o f t h e f i l t e r s c r e e n is m u c h m o r e c r i t ic a l w i thr i c e b r a n a s f o o d t h a n w i th l iv e a lg a e; i. e. d u r in g t h e f ir s t w e e k w h e n u s e w a s m a d e o fth e s m a l l e s t m e s h s c r e e n s , c y l i n d r i c a l f i l t er s a p p e a r n o t t o b e s u i t e d . F i l t e r s u r f a c e st h a t a r e s li g h t ly i n c l i n e d , h o w e v e r , a re m o r e e f f i c i e n t l y c l e a n e d b y t h e e f f e c t o f r is in ga i r - b u b b l e s . T a k in g t h i s i n to c o n s id e r a t i o n w e h a v e d e v e lo p e d a n e w f 'f lt er s y s t e m th a ti s s c h e m a t i c a l l y o u t l i n e d i n F ig . 1 .

A n o b l o n g a n d f u n n e l s h a p e d f r a m e is a s s e m b l e d w i t h P V C - t u b i n g , e l b o w s a n d T -p i ec e s. T h e f o u r s t a n d - u p s id e s a re m o u n t e d a t a n an g le o f a b o u t 9 w i t h t h e b o t t o m .N y l o n s c r e e n b a gs ( m e s h s i z es : 1 3 0 , 2 2 5 , 3 0 0 a n d 4 0 0 / a m ) a r e s e w e d t o t h e f r a m e t oe n s u r e p e r f e c t f i t ti n g o v e r t h e f r a m e s u p p o r t . T h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e f il te r , s t a r ti n gf r o m j u s t u n d e r n e a t h t h e w a t e r l e ve l, is f i n is h e d i n n y l o n c l o t h . F o r t h o s e l a rv a e t h a th a v e b e e n f o a m e d o f f , t h is s m o o t h n y l o n s u r f a ce p r o v i d e s a c h a n c e f o r t h e m t o sl id eb a c k i n t o t h e c u l t u r e m e d i u m . F u r t h e r m o r e , e a c h f i lt e r b a g is e q u i p p e d w i t h a d r a i nt u b e ( 2 c m d i a m e t e r ) m o u n t e d i n o n e o f i ts e n ds u n d e r t h e w a t e r le v el . T h e f i lt e rs y s t e m , i . e . f i l t e r b a g f i x e d o n f r a m e , f i t s e x a c t l y i n to a r e c t a n g u l a r a e r a t i o n c o l l a rt h a t h a s b e e n g l u e d t o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e c u l t u r e t a n k . T h is co l l a r is m a d e o f PV C -tu b in g , 1 0 m m d i a m e te r w i th 1 .5 m m h o l e s a t 1 c m in te r v a ls . T h e a i r - b u b b l e s r i si n g o nt h e o u t s i d e o f f i l t e r s y s t e m s n o t o n l y p r e v e n t c l o g g i n g o f t h e fi l te r su r f a c e s b u t a t t h es a m e t i m e a s s u r e s u f f i c i e n t c u l t u r e a e r a t i o n a n d m i x i n g .

T h e f i l te r s y s t e m o u t l i n e d i n F i g . 1 w a s i n s ta l le d i n p o l y e t h y l e n e t a n k s ( 9 9 x 6 0 x7 1 c m ) c o n t a i n i n g a 3 5 0 l it re c u l t u r e m e d i u m . W e ll w a t e r w a s p u m p e d i n t o a c o n s t a n th e a d c y l i n d e r t h a t a l so a c t e d a s s a n d f i l te r . F l o w r a t es t o t h e in d i v id u a l c u l t u r e t a n k sw e r e a d ju s t e d s o a s t o a s s u r e a c c e p t a b l e r e m o v a l o f f a e c a l p e l l e ts . W o r k in g w i th a l a rv a ld e n s i t y o f 1 0 0 0 0 li t re - I c u l t u r e w a t e r , r e t e n t i o n t i m e s w e r e k e p t a t 3 h d u r i n g t h ef ir s t w e e k a n d w e r e t h e n p r o g r e s s iv e l y l o w e r e d t o a m i n i m u m o f 1 h f r o m d a y 1 0 o n -w a r d s . O n c e e v e r y d a y f i l te r s w e r e l if t e d o u t o f t h e c u l t u r e t a n k s a n d c l e a n e d . O n d a y s3 , 6 a n d 9 f i l t e r b a g s w e r e c h a n g e d f o r a l a r g e r m e s h s iz e . E v e r y 5 r a in m ic r o n i z e dr ic e b r a n s u s p e n s i o n ( 2 0 g l i tr e - 1 N aC 1 b r i n e ) w a s p u m p e d i n t o t h e c u l t u r e t a n k s u s i n gt h e a u t o m a t i c d i s t r ib u t i o n s y s t e m d e s c r ib e d in B o s s u y t a n d S o r g e l o o s ( 1 9 8 0 ) . F e e d i n gr a t e s w e r e a d j u s t e d s o a s t o m a i n t a i n t h e c u l t u r e m e d i u m t r a n s p a r e n c y , m e a s u r e di n s id e t h e f i lt e r s y s t e m w i t h a m o d i f i e d S e c c h i- d is c ( B o s s u y t a n d S o r g e l o o s , 1 9 8 0 ) ,w i t h i n t h e r a n g e t 5 - 2 0 c m d u r i n g t h e f ir s t c u l t u r i n g w e e k a n d 2 0 - 2 5 c m d u r i n g t h es e c o n d w e e k ( S o r g e l o o s e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) . W a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e c u l t u r e t a n k sf l u c t u a t e d b e t w e e n 2 6 a n d 2 7 C .

T h e f i r s t c u l t u r e t e s t s w i t h t h e n e w s e t - u p r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e c t a n g u l a r / f u n n e l -s h a p e d f i lt e r b a g - s y s t e m i s v e r y w e l l s u i t e d t o f l o w - t h r o u g h c u l t u r i n g o f A r t e m i a o nr ic e b r a n . P r o d u c t i o n r e su l t s w i t h G r e a t S a l t L a k e ( U t a h , U S A ) A r t e m i a , h o w e v e r ,w e r e l o w d u e t o p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f f i la m e n t o u s b a c t e r i a a n d p e r i t r i c h o u s c i li a te s i n t h el o w s a l i n i ty w a t e r s. B e s t h a rv e s t s a t t h e e n d o f t h e t w o - w e e k c u l t u r i n g p e r i o d o n l ya m o u n t e d t o a n e x t r a p o l a t e d 8 k g m - 3 ( B r is s et , 1 9 8 1 ) .

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Artemia C U L T U R I N G I N C O N T I N U O U S L Y R E N E W E D M E D IU M 1 1 7

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l l m ! l i i l l i N M l r ~ ' ~, - - I m i l N N U t f i i ! t f i ! ! i ! . _ . o u t f l o wiL' Lylo n sc re en

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/ - - o - s i d e o f~ ~----'----aeration collar-----'~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . c u l t u r e t a n k

f i x e d t o b o t t o m o f r a c e w a y_ ~ ( 1 . 5 m m h o l e s ) { . . . . . . . I4 5 5 c m

F ig . 1 . S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m s o f n e w f i l t e r - s y s t em s .

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118 P. BRISSET e t a l .In o rde r t o ve r i fy t he e f f ec t o f l ow sa l in i t y , a l a s t s e r ie s o f ex pe r im en t s was con -

duc t ed i n T u rn ho u t (Be lg ium) wi th s a l t en r i ched w e l l wa t e r . Sa l i n i t y l evel s i n t hec u l tu r e t a n k s w e r e m a i n t a i n e d a t a b o u t 3 5 p p t b y c o n t i n u o u s a d d i t i o n o f s a t u r a t e dNaCl -b r ine f rom a S t e r l i ng b r inoma t (Spo t t e , 1970 ; So rge loos e t a l . , 1982) i n to t he i n -f l owing we l l wa t e r . A r t e r n i a c u l t u r e s w e r e n o t c o n t a m i n a t e d a n y m o r e w i t h h a r m f u lf l occu l e s and h igh p ro duc t ion y i e ld s we re ach i eved : i .e . a f t e r two cu l t u r ing weeks in a350 l it r e t an k 13 kg l ive we igh t p r e - adu l t s we re ha rves t ed fo r a t o t a l c ons um pt ion o f8 kg m ic ron i zed r ic e b r an and 55 m a cu l t u r e wa te r . Ex t r apo l a t ed t o a 1 m 3 t ank t h i sm e a n s a p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t y o f 2 5 k g A r t e m i a , which i s comparab l e t o t he y i e ld sob t a in ed on S t C ro ix w i th l ive a lgae .

A l t h o u g h t h e p r o d u c t i o n r e su l ts r e p o r t e d h e r e ar e a b o u t f o u r t im e s h ig h e r th a n t h ebes t f i gu re s r epo r t ed fo r ba t ch cu l t u r ing o f A r t e m i a wi th t he s ame ine r t f e ed (Bossuy tand So rge loos , 1981 ) , t h ey shou ld be con s ide red a s p r e l imina ry . I t is i ndeed v e ry l i ke lytha t f u r the r R & D w i th r ega rd to max im a l l a rva l dens it i es , m in ima l foo d demands ,op t ima l f l ow r a t e s , e t c . , w i l l r e su l t i n i nc r ea sed p roduc t ion capac i t i e s . F low- th roughcu l tu r ing o f A r t e m i a on ine r t f e eds cou ld fu r the rm ore be i n t ens i f ied by pa r t ia lr ecyc l ing o f cu l t u r e e f f l uen t s .

I n conc lus ion , we a r e conv inced t ha t , p rov ided cheap sou rce s o f su i t ab l e f eed andcu l tu r e wa te r a r e ava i lab l e , i ndus t r ia l p rod uc t io n o f A r t e m i a wi l l become a t t r a c t i ve fo rspec i f ic u se s o f t h i s h igh qu a l i t y an im a l p ro t e in .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTST h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e g e o t h e r m a l w e l l i n T u r n h o u t w a s b r o u g h t t o o u r a t t e n t i o n b yMr R . Fob le t s (Bra s schaa t ) . Pe rmi s s ion t o ru n t he cu l t u r e expe r im en t s w i th t he we llw a t e r w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e c i t y o f T u r n h o u t , w h o f u r t h e r m o r e p r o v i d e d t e c h n ic a lf ac i l i t i e s du r ing cons t ruc t i on and ope ra t i on o f t he expe r imen ta l f a c i l i t y . Mic ron i zedde fa t t ed r i c e b r an was made ava i l ab l e fo r t h i s r e sea r ch by NV Nieuwe Molens Bruggeen Gen t . Pa r t ia l f i nanc ing fo r th i s s t udy ha s been r ece ived f rom the Be lg ian Min i s try o ft h e F l e m i s h R e g i o n .

REFERENCESBossuyt, E. & Sorgeloos, P. (1980). Technological aspects of the batch culturing o f A r t e m i a inhigh densities. In: T he Br i ne Shr i mp Artemia- 3, eds. G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels &E. Jaspers, Universa Press, Wetteren, pp. 133-52.Bossuyt, E. & Sorgeloos, P. (1981). Batch production of adult A r t e m i a in 2 m 3 and 5 m 3 air-water-lift operated raceways. From: Contributed papers (poster session), W orm C on f e re nc eon Aqu acul ture , Fenice, I ta ly , 21-25 Septem ber , 1981 , poster No. 17 (proceedings in press).Brisset, P. (1981). Technique d'~levage en masse d' un Crustac~ Branchiopode (Ar t e mi a ) surnourriture inerte dans un syst~me ~ renouvellement continue en eay. Thesis, University of LilleI, France, 85 pp.

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D ob be le i r , J . , A d a m , N . , B ossuy t , E . , B r ugge m a n , E . & S o r ge loos , P. ( 1980 ) . N e w a spe c t s o f t heu s e o f i n e r t d i e t s f o r h i g h d e n s i t y c u l t u r i n g o f b r i n e s h r im p . I n : T he Br ine Shr i m p A r te m ia - 3 ,e ds . G . P e r soone , P . S o r ge loos , O . R oe l s & E . J a spe r s , U n ive r sa P r e ss , W e t t e r e n , pp . 165 - 7 4 .Roe ls , O. A. , Shar f s te in , B . A. & Tobias , W. J . (1979) . Arti f ic ial Upwell ing: Progress Re po rt1978-79 . C u l t iv a t ion o f t he Br ine Shr i mp A r t e m i a . F i n a l r e p o r t f o r t h e w o r k s u p p o r t e d b yN O A A S e a G r a n t P r o j e c t N o . N A - 7 9 - A A - D . O 0 0 3 9 , 256 pp .S o r ge loos , P . ( 1982 ) . L ive a n im a l f ood f o r l a r va l r e a r ing in a qua c u l tu r e : t he b r ine sh r im p Ar t e mi a .R e v i e w p a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e Worm Conference on Aqua cul ture , Venice , I ta ly , 21- 25Se p t e mbe r , 1981 , ( p r oc e e d ings i n p r e s s ).Sorge loos , P . , Bossuyt , E . , Levens , P . , Leger , Ph . , Vanhaecke , P . & Vers iche le , D. (1982) . The useo f t h e b r i n e s h r i m p A r t e m i a i n c r u s t a c e a n ha t c he r i e s a nd nu r se r i e s . I n : Marieulture, ed. J . P .M c V e y , C R C H a ndbook in M a r ine S c i e nc e , i n p r e s s .S po t t e , S . ( 1970 ) . Fish and invertebrate culture. Water M ana gem ent in Closed System s. Wiley-I n t e r sc i e nc e , N e w Y or k , 145 pp .T ob ia s , W . J . , S o r ge loos , P . , B ossuy t , E . & R oe l s , O . A . ( 1979 ) . T he t e c hn ic a l f e a s ib i li t y o f m a ss-c u l tu r ing Artemia sal ina i n t he S t . C r o ix ' a r t i f i c i a l upw e l l i ng ' m a r i c u l tu r e sy s t e m . I n : Proc. lOthAnn . M e e t i ng W orm M ar i c u lt u re Soc i e ty , e d . J . W . A va u l t , J r , L ou i s i a na S t a t e U n ive r s i t y , B a tonR o u g e , p p . 2 0 3 - 1 4 .