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Bristol Station Buildings Workshop WELCOME
Bristol Station Buildings Workshop
WELCOME
Railway Stations
Learning Outcomes:
1.0 - Understanding the dating process.
1.1 – Understanding the structure and construction of a station.
1.2 – Understanding the maintenance process.
1.3 – Understanding Building Regulations and Planning process with regard to
Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas.
“The farther one travels, the less one sees”
FIRE
Railway Stations - Styles
C19 Styles
• Classical
• Egyptian
• Italianate
• Tudorbethan
• Cottage Ornē
• Gothic Revival
• Moorish
• Indian (Raj)
• Bristol Byzantine
• Arts and Crafts
• Queen Anne Revival
• Art NouveauPropylaeum
“ T h e V i c to r ian s n e v e r h ad a s ty le o f
th e i r o w n “
Railway Stations - Periods
• Up to 1837 Regency.
• 1837 – 1900 Victorian - Egyptian, Italianate, Gothic Revival,
Tudorbethan.
• 1888 – 1920 Edwardian - Arts & Crafts, Art Nouveau
• 1920 – 1980 20th Century- Art Deco, Moderne, Contemporary,
Brutalist.
• 1980 – 2000 Post Modern.
• 2000 - Eco.
Railway Stations
Railroads
Depots
Engineers
Bobbies
What is a Railway Station ?
Railway Stations
Standard Station Types
Railway Stations
Midland Styleo Stone
o Brick
o Cast Iron
o Wrought Iron
o Steel
o Concrete
o Composite
o Eco
Polychromy
Railway Stations
House StylesSancton Wood
Sir William Tite
J.W. Livock
Daivd Mocatta
G. T. Andrews
Francis Thompson
Digby Wyatt
Alfred Waterhouse
Charles Holden
Cuthbert Broderick.
Stavers Tiltman
William Barlow
George Gilbert Scott
I.K. Brunel
The Cubitts
Railway Stations New Technology C19
Railway Stations
Inter War
▪ Concrete
▪ Glass
▪ Steel
▪ Stainless Steel
▪ Bronze
▪ Blockwork
Railway Stations
1940s - 1950s• Barrow-in-Furness
• Middlesbrough
• Norwich City (M&GN)
• Soham
• Waterloo Necropolis
Banbury
Chichester
Portishead
Railway Stations
CLASP – Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme
Asbestos
1960s
Railway Stations
Post -Beeching
• Accessible.
• Cycle. Storage.
• Toilets.
• Tickets.
• Taxis.
• Buses.
Railway Stations
• Rainwater harvesting.
• Ground source heat pumps.
• Air source heat pumps.
• Photo-voltaic panels.
• Solar water heating panels.
• Thick wall construction.
• Solar glazing. (FENSA)
New Stations
Railway Stations Nomenclature
▪ Spandrel.
▪ Bressumer.
▪ Ridge and Furrow
▪ Pediment.
▪ Portico.
▪ Porte Cochère.
▪ Clerestory.
▪ Valancing – Dagger Boards
▪ Secret Gutter – Parapet.
Railway Stations
Crow Steps o Diminishing Courses.
o Swept Valleys.
o Mullioned Windows
o Chimneys
o Modillions.
Regional Architecture
Embedded Energy
Railway Stations Windows
▪ Window Horns – 1850s onwards.
▪ Glazing Bars.
▪ Voussoirs.
▪ Venetian Windows
Railway Stations Windows▪ Casement windows
▪ Cross Mullions
▪ Bath sash windows.
▪ Oxford sash windows.
▪ Venetian windows.
▪ Diocletian windows
▪ Edwardian windows
▪ Ipswich windows.
▪ 1930s metal windows.
▪ 1960s louvred windows.
Railway StationsWindows
C20
Railway Stations
1. Style
2. Windows
3. Materials
Any Questions or Comments ?
Sedimentary – Clays, Limestone, Sandstone
Metamorphic – Marble, Slate
Igneous – Basalt, Granite
Geology
44 Rock Types
Suspended Floors
Solid Floors
Suspended Ground Floor – C19
Oolitic Limestone – Bath StoneWalls
Land Based
▪ Alluvium
▪ Glacial Outwash
▪ Desert
Marine Based
• Deltas
• Beaches
• Tidal Sandbanks
BGS
Colour – Orange Red to Brown
Hardness – good
Density - good
Compressive Strength - good
Water Absorption - low
Porosity - low to very low.
Weather Impact - resistant
Walls - Sandstone
AshlarRandom RubbleCoursed RubbleDry Coursed
Walls - Types
Rockface
Rangework
Birdpick
Walls – Stone Coursing
London Clay
Oxford Clay
Engineering – A & B
Commons/Flettons
Facing/Fair Faced
Patent – Hitch
• Fletton
• Ibstock
• Accrington - Nori
• Stewartby
• Southwater
• Holmwood
• Dorking
• Nostell
• Fitzwilliam
• Cattybrook
1891 London Brick Company
Walls - Bricks
Walls - Bricks
English Garden Wall Bond.
Monk Bond.
Rat Trap.
James Bond.
Stack Bond
Class B
Class A
Walls – Engineering Bricks
▪ Low Wind Resistance
▪ Strong
▪ Complex
▪ Mod i f i c a tio n s /Lo ft
Con v e r s io n s
▪ Dragons
Hipped Roofs
Clay Tiles.
Pantiles
Welsh Slate.
Limestone Slates.
Gritstone Slates.
Asbestos Cement
Concrete Interlocking.
Double Roman Clay Tile
Roofs
Traditional Cut Roofs
King Post
Queen Post
Roofs - Structure
1905 House
Any Questions ?
Roofs - Nomenclature
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
Plants & Trees
• Weight
• Damp
• Roots
• Water
• Chemicals
• Planned Maintenance
• Reactive Maintenance
• Facilities Management
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
✓ Non-intrusive, non invasive inspection.
✓Binoculars.
✓Camera Phone.
✓Hard Hat, Hi Vis, Boots & Suitable Clothing.
X Hatches, covers and manholes.
X Pigeons and Rats. (Psitticosis, Weils Disease)
X No ladders, metal selfie sticks, drones
Personal Safety
• No lone working.
• Mobile Phone.
• Not trackside.
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
ROOFS & CHIMNEYS – ‘The roof is the must vulnerable part of a
building.’• It is exposed to all the elements, extremes of temperature, solar radiation, snow
loads and wind action.
• It is susceptible to movement in the building beneath and to chemical and biological
processes.
• It is also subject to special risks from services passing through it, internal guttering
and solar panel installation.
• It is subject to damage from wind borne debris, earthquake and ground movement
and inappropriate methods of repair to the covering, chimneys and flashings.
The consequences of a small area becoming defective are far greater than with any
other part of a building or structure. It is also the least accessible making routine
maintenance difficult and repairs costly.
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
Roofs
▪ Dishing and Dipping.
▪ Moss/Trees.
▪ Flashing cracked or missing.
▪ Slipped Tiles/Slates.
▪ Rot in roof timbers.
▪ Overspanning.
▪ Delamination – Slate/Stone.
▪ Nail Sickness.
▪ Asbestos Tiles – Shedding.
▪ Capillary Action.
▪ Sarking Felt Failure.
▪ Overloading.
▪ Gutters, Downpipes and Valleys
blocked
Tingles
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
• Electricity – (MCB and RCD).
• Boiler Flues and Combi Boiler condensate
pipes.
• Water Tanks – Legionella.
• Ventilation.
• Layout - Store, Prepare, Cook, Serve.
Kitchens & Services
Approved Document N – Glass and Glazing
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
Film
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
ASBESTOS❖ Roof Sheets and Tiles
❖ Heat Proof Sheets
❖ Flues
❖ Brake Shoes and Pads (Wagons)
❖ Cookers
❖ Boilers
❖ Gas Masks
❖ Protective Clothing
❖ Cigarette Filters
❖ W. C. Cisterns and Roof Tanks
❖ Soffits, Eaves, Verges and Fascias.
❖ Toilet Seats
❖ Rawlplugs
❖ Fuseboxes
❖ Bakelite – Electrical Fittings and Door Handles
❖ Loft Insulation !
❖ Artex
❖ Anaglypta
❖ Thermoplastic Floor Tiles – Marley, Armstrong
❖ Ironing Boards
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
Walls and Cracks
o Gauged Brickwork
o Tuck Pointing
o Northern Bricks
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
Most timber in Stations originates from the Baltic.
• Pitsawn or circular saw
• Roof Rafters and Trusses.
• Floor Joists and Floorboards.
• Doors and Windows.
• Decoration – Valancing, Finials, Handrails, Wainscotting, Architraves, Dado Rails
and Panelling.
• Not treated with modern protective chemicals.
• Prone to Weevils, Woodworm, Deathwatch Beetle, Wet Rot and Dry Rot.
• House Longhorn Beetle. Surrey, Hampshire, Sussex, London.
Timber
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
✓ Rainwater Harvesting
✓ Airsource Heat Pumps
✓ Solar Panels – (Water)
✓ Photovoltaic Panels – (Electric)
✓ Insulation (Ventilation)
✓ Recycle
✓ Litter – water bottles, value
Railway Stations – Looking after your station
Summary
1. SAFETY
2. Regular Maintenance – Little and Often.
3. Gardening/Water.
4. Asbestos, Rats, Pigeons and Vermin.
5. Roofs.
6. Leaks/Damp.
1. Report any problems.
Russell-Cooke – London.
Anthony Collins – Birmingham.
AHR - Huddersfield
Railway Stations – Legislation
Planning Portal – www.gov.uk
• Building Regulations 2010. (Approved Documents)
• Town and Planning Act 1990. (1948)
• Party Wall etc Act 1996.
• Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA) 1974.
• Data Protection Act 1998.
• Equality Act 2010.
Building Regulations - History
1667 – London Building Act – City of London
1848 – Public Health Act – Edwin Chadwick
1875 – Model Bye-Laws
1965/1966 – National Building Regulations
Planning Legislation - What & Where you build - Political
Building Regulations – How you build - Technical
Railway Stations – Legislation
✓ Planning Permission (Permitted Development, LDF, LDP, CAS)
✓ Building Regulation Consent
✓ Listed Building Consent
✓ Conservation Area Permission (Community Value, AONB, National
Park, SSSI, NNR, RAMSAR)
Building RegulationsApproved Documents
A – Structure
B – Fire Safety
C – Site Preparation & Contamination
D – Toxic Substances
E – Sound Transmission
F - Ventilation
G – Sanitation & Hygiene
H – Drainage & Waste Disposal
J – Combustion Appliances & Flues
K – Protection from Falling
L – Energy Conservation & Efficiency
M –Access & Mobility in Buildings
N - Glazing
P – Electrical Safety
7 – Materials & Workmanship Glazing – Safety Glass
Building Regulations
Significant ‘repair’ work, such as:
• removing a substantial part of a wall and rebuilding it (not including a garden
or boundary wall)
• underpinning a building
• installing a new flue or flue liner
• forming a new opening in a structural wall
Repair work not deemed to be material alterations.(Planning)
o replacing roofing tiles with the same type and weight of tile
o replacing the felt to a flat roof
o repointing brickwork
o replacing floorboards
o Replacing FENSA windows
Railway Stations – Legislation
➢ Flying Freeholds/Creeping Freeholds.
➢ Curtilage.
➢ Rights of Way.
➢ Party Walls
➢ Green Roads.
➢ Rights of Light.
➢ Wayleaves.
➢ Easements.
➢ Shared Access.
➢ Public Ownership – Private Ownership.
Station Canopies
Railway Stations - Summary
Window Horns appeared around when ?
a) 1820
b) 1850
c) 1880
A Voussoir is found ?
a) In a Water tank
b) Below a Fireplace
c) Above a window
Art Nouveau style comes from ?
a) France
b) Denmark
c) USA
When did HASWA come into force ?
a) 1974
b) 1947
c) 1976
What does a dripping overflow indicate ?
a) Too much water pressure
b) Faulty ball valve
c) Hydrostatic feedback
House Longhorn Beetles are found in ?
a) Surrey
b) Devon
c) Cumbria
Railway Stations – Funding
o National Bodies
o Historic England/English Heritage.
o HLF/Charities/Locality.org/My Community.
o Architectural Heritage Fund.
o Railway Heritage Fund.
o Trust Funds/Local Charities.
o Local Authorities/Councillors.
o Plunkett Foundation.
o Greggs Foundation.
o PowerToChange.
o Funding Central.
o Commonplace.
o Barclays Bank.
o Tesco.
o Asda.
o TOCs.
o Network Rail.
1. Regular Income.
2. Crowd Funding.
3. Small Grants Fund.
4. Legacies/Angels.
5. DCRDF.
Railway Stations – Enhancements
• Branding.
• Gardening.
• Artwork.
• Heritage.
• Location Signage.
• Tourism.
• Sponsors
Railway Stations – Enhancements
Railway Stations – Enhancements
Railway Stations – Enhancements
• Irlam
• Lowestoft
• Bentham
• Etchingham
• Beccles
• Wickham Market
• Mytholmroyd
• Hindley
• Ridgmont
• Gobowen
The Future
S.W.O.T.
Railway Station Buildings Workshop - London
King’s Cross Film - John McAslan
THE ENDAny Questions or Comments ?
https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/X6WV8JL
