BRM-SMAPLING

8/3/2019 BRM-SMAPLING

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2/11/20122/11/2012 ICFAINCASICFAINCAS 11

BRMBRM- -SMAPLINGSMAPLING


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What isWhat is

SAMPLING?.....w hy ?SAMPLING?.....w hy ?In SIMPLE TERM WE CAN DEFINEIn SIMPLE TERM WE CAN DEFINEDSMPLING IS NOTHING BUT CHOOSINGDSMPLING IS NOTHING BUT CHOOSING

TOO SMAL QUANTITY FROM THETOO SMAL QUANTITY FROM THEUNIVERSE OR AVAILABLE DATA.UNIVERSE OR AVAILABLE DATA.Testing Bhajipav or Punjabi dishes or Tea byTesting Bhajipav or Punjabi dishes or Tea bytea stall owner before serving to consumer istea stall owner before serving to consumer iscalled sampling.called sampling.Sample which is treated reflect the picture of Sample which is treated reflect the picture of entire dishes or Bhajipav or Tea.entire dishes or Bhajipav or Tea.


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SAMPLING.SAMPLING. A PROCESS OF SELECTING FEW A PROCESS OF SELECTING FEWRESPONDENT FROM UNIVERSE IS CALLEDRESPONDENT FROM UNIVERSE IS CALLEDSAMPLING.SAMPLING.

An act of selecting a representative part of a An act of selecting a representative part of a

population for the purpose of determining thepopulation for the purpose of determining thecharacteristics of the whole universe. It is acharacteristics of the whole universe. It is aprocess or technique to judge the features of process or technique to judge the features of universe.universe.For e.g. To study the Stress Level of EmployeesFor e.g. To study the Stress Level of Employeesof Fianc Sector one should contact 250.. Or of Fianc Sector one should contact 250.. Or 500 employees. One cant contact every one.500 employees. One cant contact every one.


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Some impor tant as pec tsSome impor tant as pec tsOBJECT: To measure the effectiveness of variousOBJECT: To measure the effectiveness of various

NGOs in Gujarat in social life of back ward classNGOs in Gujarat in social life of back ward classpeople.people.Now with reference to above if we want to come toNow with reference to above if we want to come toknow precisely we should contact each and everyknow precisely we should contact each and everyNGOs head and find out their working and weNGOs head and find out their working and weshould contact each and every member of suchshould contact each and every member of suchNGO.NGO. It is not possible.It is not possible.

Way Out.: We select 12 NGOs out of 150 NGOs inWay Out.: We select 12 NGOs out of 150 NGOs inGujarat .Gujarat .


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U niv er s e. And S a mple..U niv er s e. And S a mple..UNIVESE:UNIVESE:The aggregate of all the elements, sharingThe aggregate of all the elements, sharingsome common set of characteristics, is knownsome common set of characteristics, is knownas Universe for the Business Researchas Universe for the Business ResearchProblemProblem- -In above example All the NGOs are toIn above example All the NGOs are tobe treated as Universe. Some time it may bebe treated as Universe. Some time it may beknown as population.known as population.Census:Census: C omplete (Specific Items/elements)C omplete (Specific Items/elements)enumeration of the elements of population or enumeration of the elements of population or study objects. It means set all eligiblestudy objects. It means set all eligibleelement/objects.element/objects.


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SAMPLE SAMPLE Sample:Sample: A part of population which is obtained A part of population which is obtained

from it to study the properties of the population.from it to study the properties of the population.Sampling:Sampling: A method or process by which the a A method or process by which the a

part of population has been selected for thepart of population has been selected for thestudy. It is very important that how the samplestudy. It is very important that how the sample

has been obtained from the universe. It affectshas been obtained from the universe. It affectsthe result highly.the result highly.Precision: It is a measure to know that how samplePrecision: It is a measure to know that how sample

is closure to the real properties of theis closure to the real properties of thePopulation. How your sample is similar to thePopulation. How your sample is similar to theuniverse.?universe.?

Bias: To what extent the sample obtained isBias: To what extent the sample obtained issystematically distorted (misrepresented).systematically distorted (misrepresented).


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S a mple Vs . C e nsusS a mple Vs . C e nsus Conditions Favoring the Use ofType of Study Sample Census

1. Budget Small Large

2. Time available Short Long

3. Population size Large Small

4. Variance in the characteristic Small Large

5. Cost of sampling errors Low High

6. Cost of nonsampling errors High Low

7. Nature of measurement Destructive Nondestructive

8. Attention to individual cases Yes No


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T h e S a mpl ing D e signT h e S a mpl ing D e signProce ssProce ss

Define the Population

Determine the Sampling Frame

Select Sampling Technique(s)

Determine the Sample Size

Execute the Sampling Process


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Def in e th e T a r g e tDef in e th e T a r g e t Pop u lati o nPop u lati o n

The target population is the collection of elements or The target population is the collection of elements or objects that possess the information sought by theobjects that possess the information sought by theresearcher and about which inferences are to be made.researcher and about which inferences are to be made.The target population should be defined in terms of The target population should be defined in terms of elements, sampling units, extent, and time.elements, sampling units, extent, and time.

An An elementelement is the object about which or from whichis the object about which or from whichthe information is desired, e.g., the respondent.the information is desired, e.g., the respondent.

A A sampling unitsampling unit is an element, or a unit containing theis an element, or a unit containing theelement, that is available for selection at some stageelement, that is available for selection at some stageof the sampling process.of the sampling process.ExtentExtent refers to the geographical boundaries.refers to the geographical boundaries.TimeTime is the time period under consideration.is the time period under consideration.


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C lassi f ic ati o n of S a mpl ingC lassi f ic ati o n of S a mpl ingT ec hniqu e sT ec hniqu e s

Sampling Techniques

NonprobabilitySampling Techniques

ProbabilitySampling Techniques

ConvenienceSampling

JudgmentalSampling

QuotaSampling

SnowballSampling

SystematicSampling

StratifiedSampling

ClusterSampling

Other SamplingTechniques

Simple RandomSampling


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PROBABILI TY SAMPLINGPROBABILI TY SAMPLINGIt is a technique of sampling in which eachIt is a technique of sampling in which eachrespondent or element of universe havingrespondent or element of universe havingequal chance of being selected. It meansequal chance of being selected. It means

each element of the universe having equaleach element of the universe having equalstatus.status.It gives more reliable result.It gives more reliable result.

It is easy to understand and execute.It is easy to understand and execute.It gives an unbiased result if it implementedIt gives an unbiased result if it implementedstrictly.strictly.


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NONNON- -PROBABILI TY PROBABILI TY

SAMPLINGSAMPLING A sampling technique in which each element A sampling technique in which each elementhaving unequal chance of being selected. Ithaving unequal chance of being selected. Itmeans some elements or respondents of themeans some elements or respondents of theuniverse may be ignored fully.universe may be ignored fully.It is easy to use but one should take proper It is easy to use but one should take proper care before applying it.care before applying it.

It gives quick result and more sensible as toIt gives quick result and more sensible as toprobability sampling some time.probability sampling some time.


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C o nv e ni e nt S a mpl ingC o nv e ni e nt S a mpl ingWhen the samples are obtained as per When the samples are obtained as per convenience of the researcher then it isconvenience of the researcher then it iscalled continent sampling.called continent sampling.

Researcher may ask questions to any one atResearcher may ask questions to any one atany where and obtain a data.any where and obtain a data.Some time the respondent may not beSome time the respondent may not berelevant for the research e.g. A T.V.relevant for the research e.g. A T.V.Reporter ask rickshawala for the impact of Reporter ask rickshawala for the impact of Budget. It is Continent Sampling but may notBudget. It is Continent Sampling but may notbe useful to know the effect of the budget.be useful to know the effect of the budget.


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J udg me nt S a mpl ingJ udg me nt S a mpl ingWhen the research apply his mind and selectWhen the research apply his mind and selectthe respondent for the research then it isthe respondent for the research then it iscalled judgment sampling.called judgment sampling.

As the researcher has applied his judgment As the researcher has applied his judgmentfor collecting one has kept this name.for collecting one has kept this name.It highly useful when research is very muchIt highly useful when research is very much

precise about the measurement of theprecise about the measurement of thesubject.subject.


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Q u o ta S a mpl ingQ u o ta S a mpl ingA sampling technique in whichA sampling technique in which-- first of entire population is to be divided in different parts as per first of entire population is to be divided in different parts as per requirement or convinenince of researcher and thenrequirement or convinenince of researcher and then-- selecting samples from each quota or parts.selecting samples from each quota or parts.

--For e.g. to understand the reading habit of Ahmedabad we haveFor e.g. to understand the reading habit of Ahmedabad we havedivided entire Ahmedabad in following parts.divided entire Ahmedabad in following parts.

AreaArea Samples to be obtainSamples to be obtainSetteliteSettelite 2020WadajWadaj 2020VasanaVasana 2020Bapunagar Bapunagar 20 20AmbawadiAmbawadi 2020

Vastrapur Vastrapur 2020Other Other 2020TotalTotal 140140


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S n ow B a ll S a mpl ingS n ow B a ll S a mpl ing

A technique in which groups out of A technique in which groups out of population being selected randomly and onpopulation being selected randomly and onthe basis of the review or information other the basis of the review or information other respondents are being selected.respondents are being selected.For e.g. To know which professors are notFor e.g. To know which professors are notusing conventional text book and why ?using conventional text book and why ?Hence Publisher first of Select few CollegesHence Publisher first of Select few Collegesor its Principles and get their views aboutor its Principles and get their views aboutcontacting professors in their college.contacting professors in their college.


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S t r ati f ie d S a mpl ingS t r ati f ie d S a mpl ing A two A two--step process in which the population is partitionedstep process in which the population is partitionedinto subpopulations, or strata.into subpopulations, or strata.

TheThe strata should be mutually exclusive and collectivelystrata should be mutually exclusive and collectivelyexhaustive in that every population element should beexhaustive in that every population element should beassigned to one and only one stratum and no populationassigned to one and only one stratum and no populationelements should be omitted.elements should be omitted.

Next, elements are selected from each stratum by aNext, elements are selected from each stratum by arandom procedure, usually Simple Random Sample.random procedure, usually Simple Random Sample.

A major objective of stratified sampling is to increase A major objective of stratified sampling is to increase

precision without increasing cost.precision without increasing cost.To know the purchasing pattern of Ahmedabad entireTo know the purchasing pattern of Ahmedabad entire

Ahmedabad is divided in different parts and then obtain Ahmedabad is divided in different parts and then obtainspecific data from them by simple random sample.specific data from them by simple random sample.


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C r it er ia for Selec tingC r it er ia for Selec ting

S a mpl ing D e sign ( f a c t or s) S a mpl ing D e sign ( f a c t or s)

SAMPLING DESIGN

NATURE OF PROBLEM

DEGREE OF ACCURACY KNOWLEDGE ABOUTPOPULATION

AVAILABILITY OF TIME, MONEY AND RESEARCH ASSISTANTS

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