26
Broadband Policy for Africa World Bank Group, InfoDev June 19th, 2008 from 2:00 to 3:30 pm
Bro
adba
nd P
olic
y fo
r Afr
ica
Wor
ldB
ank
Gro
up, I
nfoD
ev
June
19t
h, 2
008
from
2:0
0 to
3:3
0 pm
2
Why
ICT
?
Pro
duct
ivity
gro
wth
Inve
stm
ent
Tax
reve
nues
Emer
ging
evi
denc
e of
pos
itive
im
pact
at a
ggre
gate
leve
l, fir
m
leve
l, sm
all-b
usin
ess
$22b
n in
inve
stm
ent i
n th
e Te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns S
ecto
r in
SSA
ove
r the
last
10
year
s
Typi
cally
gov
ernm
ents
ear
n ap
prox
. 30%
of
tota
l sec
tor r
even
ue in
taxe
s an
d le
vies
: $6-
10bn
per
yea
r in
SSA
3
Why
Bro
adba
nd ?
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0 19
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
06
% of population
The
broa
dban
d ga
p be
twee
n A
frica
and
th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld
is g
ettin
g w
ider
and
is
acce
lera
ting
The
broa
dban
d ga
p be
twee
n A
frica
and
th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld
is g
ettin
g w
ider
and
is
acce
lera
ting
4
Bro
adba
nd is
mov
ing
up
the
polic
y ag
enda
“We
have
hig
h ex
pect
atio
ns o
f IC
T an
d its
tra
nsfo
rmat
ive
effe
cts
in a
ll ar
eas
of th
e ec
onom
y an
d so
ciet
y. C
omm
unic
atio
ns te
chno
logy
has
fu
ndam
enta
lly c
hang
ed th
e w
ay p
eopl
e liv
e, w
ork
and
inte
ract
soc
ially
, and
we
in R
wan
da h
ave
no
inte
ntio
n of
bei
ng le
ft be
hind
or s
tand
ing
still
as
the
rest
of t
he g
lobe
mov
es fo
rwar
d at
an
ever
in
crea
sing
pac
e”
H.E
. Pau
l Kag
ame,
Pre
side
nt o
f the
Rep
ublic
of
Rw
anda
; The
NIC
I Pla
n-20
10 P
lan
5
Bro
adba
nd p
olic
y fo
r Afri
ca –
Wha
t are
we
aim
ing
for ?
Wid
ely
avai
labl
e (5
0%+
of th
e po
pula
tion
can
acce
ss it
$10-
30 p
er m
onth
Pre
-pay
men
t sy
stem
s
Sha
red
acce
ss
mod
els
(e.g
. th
roug
h in
tern
et
cafe
s, e
duca
tiona
l in
stitu
tions
)P
rivat
e-se
ctor
ag
gres
sive
ly
mar
ketin
g se
rvic
es
in a
com
petit
ive
mar
ket
Wire
less
last
-mile
in
frast
ruct
ure
Fibe
r bac
kbon
e in
frast
ruct
ure
Com
petit
ion
betw
een
infra
stru
ctur
e pr
ovid
ers
6
Ther
e ar
e no
eas
ily re
plic
able
po
licy
mod
els
for A
frica
Inte
rnet
pol
icy
in O
EC
D
coun
tries
has
cen
tere
d on
in
frast
ruct
ure
com
petit
ion
whe
re p
ossi
ble
and
acce
ss
to th
e in
cum
bent
’s
infra
stru
ture
whe
re n
ot
Incu
mbe
nt’s
bac
kbon
e on
re
gula
ted
term
s
Loca
l-loo
p un
bund
ling
Com
petit
ion
betw
een
inte
rnat
iona
l pro
vide
rs
Thes
e po
licie
s ar
e no
t as
rele
vant
in A
frica
< 2%
fixe
d lin
e pe
netra
tion
Incu
mbe
nts
have
ver
y lim
ited
back
bone
s
Wea
k re
gula
tors
can
not
impo
se a
cces
s te
rms
7
Bro
adba
nd s
uppl
y-ch
ain
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nnec
tivity
Dom
estic
ba
ckbo
ne
Sw
itchi
ng/
Rou
ting
Acc
ess
Ret
ail
serv
ices
Con
nect
ion
to th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld,
prov
ided
by
sate
llite
or f
iber
-opt
ic
cabl
e (u
sual
ly s
ubm
arin
e)
Car
ries
traf
fic b
etw
een
fixed
poi
nts
with
in a
ne
twor
k. P
rovi
ded
by s
atel
lite,
mic
row
ave
or fi
ber-
optic
cab
le
The
‘inte
llige
nce’
in th
e ne
twor
k, e
nsur
ing
that
com
mun
icat
ions
traf
fic is
sen
t in
the
right
dire
ctio
n
Link
bet
wee
n th
e cu
stom
er a
nd th
e ne
twor
k.
Usu
ally
xD
SLor
cab
le n
etw
orks
. In
Afr
ica,
w
irele
ss is
use
d (w
here
it e
xist
s)
All
the
‘sof
t’in
puts
requ
ired
(e.g
. sal
es,
cust
omer
car
e, b
illin
g et
c.)
Reg
iona
lco
nnec
tivity
Con
nect
ion
from
the
bord
er to
the
near
est
conn
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he w
orld
8
Bro
adba
nd s
uppl
y-ch
ain
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nnec
tivity
Dom
estic
ba
ckbo
ne
Sw
itchi
ng/
Rou
ting
Acc
ess
Ret
ail
serv
ices
Con
nect
ion
to th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld,
prov
ided
by
sate
llite
or f
iber
-opt
ic
cabl
e (u
sual
ly s
ubm
arin
e)
Car
ries
traf
fic b
etw
een
fixed
poi
nts
with
in a
ne
twor
k. P
rovi
ded
by s
atel
lite,
mic
row
ave
or fi
ber-
optic
cab
le
The
‘inte
llige
nce’
in th
e ne
twor
k, e
nsur
ing
that
com
mun
icat
ions
traf
fic is
sen
t in
the
right
dire
ctio
n
Link
bet
wee
n th
e cu
stom
er a
nd th
e ne
twor
k.
Usu
ally
xD
SLor
cab
le n
etw
orks
. In
Afr
ica,
w
irele
ss is
use
d (w
here
it e
xist
s)
All
the
‘sof
t’in
puts
requ
ired
(e.g
. sal
es,
cust
omer
car
e, b
illin
g et
c.)
Reg
iona
lco
nnec
tivity
Con
nect
ion
from
the
bord
er to
the
near
est
conn
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he w
orld
Will
be
prov
ided
by
com
petit
ion
prov
ided
that
re
gula
ted
acce
ss to
la
ndin
g st
atio
ns
is e
nfor
ced
9
Bro
adba
nd s
uppl
y-ch
ain
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nnec
tivity
Dom
estic
ba
ckbo
ne
Sw
itchi
ng/
Rou
ting
Acc
ess
Ret
ail
serv
ices
Con
nect
ion
to th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld,
prov
ided
by
sate
llite
or f
iber
-opt
ic
cabl
e (u
sual
ly s
ubm
arin
e)
Car
ries
traf
fic b
etw
een
fixed
poi
nts
with
in a
ne
twor
k. P
rovi
ded
by s
atel
lite,
mic
row
ave
or fi
ber-
optic
cab
le
The
‘inte
llige
nce’
in th
e ne
twor
k, e
nsur
ing
that
com
mun
icat
ions
traf
fic is
sen
t in
the
right
dire
ctio
n
Link
bet
wee
n th
e cu
stom
er a
nd th
e ne
twor
k.
Usu
ally
xD
SLor
cab
le n
etw
orks
. In
Afr
ica,
w
irele
ss is
use
d (w
here
it e
xist
s)
All
the
‘sof
t’in
puts
requ
ired
(e.g
. sal
es,
cust
omer
car
e, b
illin
g et
c.)
Reg
iona
lco
nnec
tivity
Con
nect
ion
from
the
bord
er to
the
near
est
conn
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he w
orld
Priv
ate
oper
ator
s an
d IS
Ps
will
pro
vide
if
they
can
get
ac
cess
to
spec
trum
and
rig
hts
of w
ay
10
Bro
adba
nd s
uppl
y-ch
ain
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nnec
tivity
Dom
estic
ba
ckbo
ne
Sw
itchi
ng/
Rou
ting
Acc
ess
Ret
ail
serv
ices
Con
nect
ion
to th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld,
prov
ided
by
sate
llite
or f
iber
-opt
ic
cabl
e (u
sual
ly s
ubm
arin
e)
Car
ries
traf
fic b
etw
een
fixed
poi
nts
with
in a
ne
twor
k. P
rovi
ded
by s
atel
lite,
mic
row
ave
or fi
ber-
optic
cab
le
The
‘inte
llige
nce’
in th
e ne
twor
k, e
nsur
ing
that
com
mun
icat
ions
traf
fic is
sen
t in
the
right
dire
ctio
n
Link
bet
wee
n th
e cu
stom
er a
nd th
e ne
twor
k.
Usu
ally
xD
SLor
cab
le n
etw
orks
. In
Afr
ica,
w
irele
ss is
use
d (w
here
it e
xist
s)
All
the
‘sof
t’in
puts
requ
ired
(e.g
. sal
es,
cust
omer
car
e, b
illin
g et
c.)
Reg
iona
lco
nnec
tivity
Con
nect
ion
from
the
bord
er to
the
near
est
conn
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he w
orld
Bac
kbon
e ne
wto
rks
coul
d be
a m
ajor
co
nstra
int o
n m
arke
t de
velo
pmen
t
11
Wha
t are
bac
kbon
e ne
twor
ks ?
0
200
400
600
800
1 00
0
1 20
0 100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 00
0
Capa
city
Marginal Cost of Capacity (USD)
Opt
ical
Fib
erM
icro
wav
e
0%50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
400%
450%
2 op
erat
ors
3 op
erat
ors
4 op
erat
ors
Impact of network duplication on costs
Med
ium
term
Long
term
Tran
smis
sion
link
s be
twee
n fix
ed p
oint
s in
a c
ount
ry.
Car
ry h
igh
volu
mes
of d
ata.
Nee
d to
be
high
cap
acity
an
d hi
gh re
liabi
lity.
In b
ig m
arke
ts, t
hey
are
all
fiber
-opt
ic.
In A
frica
, voi
ce o
pera
tors
us
e w
irele
ss te
chno
logi
es.
Ope
rato
rs a
re b
egin
ning
to
inve
st in
fibe
r.Th
ere
are
larg
e ec
onom
ies
of s
cale
in b
ackb
one
infra
stru
ctur
e. A
s tra
ffic
incr
ease
s, a
vera
ge c
osts
fa
ll.
12
Ther
e ha
s be
en a
lot o
f in
vest
men
t int
o ba
ckbo
ne in
frast
ruct
ure
Net
wor
ks d
esig
ned
to c
arry
vo
ice
traffi
c. W
ides
prea
d bu
t lo
w c
apac
ity. N
ot c
apab
le o
f su
ppor
ting
high
ban
dwid
th
data
ser
vice
s
Net
wor
ks d
esig
ned
to c
arry
vo
ice
traffi
c. W
ides
prea
d bu
t lo
w c
apac
ity. N
ot c
apab
le o
f su
ppor
ting
high
ban
dwid
th
data
ser
vice
s
Bac
kbon
e ne
twor
k in
frast
ruct
ure
is
dom
inat
ed b
y m
obile
ope
rato
rs
Bac
kbon
e ne
twor
k in
frast
ruct
ure
is
dom
inat
ed b
y m
obile
ope
rato
rs
13
Com
petit
ion
is fo
cusi
ng o
n lim
ited
area
s of
the
coun
try
Ken
ya D
ata
Net
wor
ks’f
iber
ne
twor
k
Ken
ya D
ata
Net
wor
ks’f
iber
ne
twor
k
Telk
om
Ken
ya’s
fibe
r ne
twor
k
Telk
om
Ken
ya’s
fibe
r ne
twor
k
0%5%10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Ken
ya
Mal
iN
iger
ia
Uga
nda
% o
f pop
ulat
ion
livin
g w
ithin
ran
ge o
f inc
umbe
nt’s
bac
kbon
e ne
twor
k
% o
f pop
ulat
ion
livin
g w
ithin
rang
e of
mor
e th
an o
ne b
ackb
one
netw
ork
Infra
stru
ctur
e co
mpe
titio
n fo
cuse
s on
urb
an a
reas
an
d hi
gh-tr
affic
rout
es
14
How
doe
s th
e si
tuat
ion
in A
frica
com
pare
w
ith o
ther
regi
ons
?
0.0
50.0
100.
0
150.
0
200.
0
250.
0
300.
0
350.
0
400.
0
450.
0
500.
0 BSNL Relian
ceBhart
i Railtel Pow
ergridVSNLMTNL
GAILTATAHutc
hHFCLShya
mAirc
elSPIC
E
VSNL Broadb
andIdea
Route km ('000)
Gov
ernm
ent-o
wne
d fix
ed li
ne o
pera
tor
Gov
ernm
ent-o
wne
d fix
ed li
ne o
pera
tor
Indi
a, li
ke m
any
othe
r cou
ntrie
s,
has
seen
com
petit
ion
emer
ge in
so
me
area
s bu
t dep
ends
on
a st
ate-
owne
d op
erat
or fo
r bac
kbon
e ne
twor
ks in
oth
er a
reas
. Acc
ess
to
this
ope
rato
r’s n
etw
orks
is p
rovi
ded
on re
gula
ted
term
s.
Indi
a, li
ke m
any
othe
r cou
ntrie
s,
has
seen
com
petit
ion
emer
ge in
so
me
area
s bu
t dep
ends
on
a st
ate-
owne
d op
erat
or fo
r bac
kbon
e ne
twor
ks in
oth
er a
reas
. Acc
ess
to
this
ope
rato
r’s n
etw
orks
is p
rovi
ded
on re
gula
ted
term
s.
15
Dia
gnos
is
•C
onst
rain
ts o
n ba
ckbo
ne n
etw
ork
deve
lopm
ent t
hrou
gh
rest
rictio
ns o
n w
hole
sale
mar
kets
.•
Poo
r reg
ulat
ory
envi
ronm
ent d
isco
urag
es v
ertic
al
sepa
ratio
n an
d th
e de
velo
pmen
t of w
hole
sale
mar
kets
. •
Sm
all m
arke
t-siz
e –
perc
eptio
ns o
n th
is a
re c
hang
ing
rapi
dly.
•Li
mite
d in
tern
atio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns in
frast
ruct
ure
–ch
angi
ng ra
pidl
y.•
In g
row
th p
hase
of m
arke
t dev
elop
men
ts, c
ompe
ting
oper
ator
s w
ith v
ertic
ally
inte
grat
ed b
usin
esse
s ar
e re
luct
ant t
o se
ll w
hole
sale
or s
hare
infra
stru
ctur
e.
16
Pol
icy
reco
mm
enda
tions
•G
over
nmen
ts c
an d
o a
lot t
o st
imat
ulat
e in
frast
ruct
ure
com
petit
ion
–R
emov
e re
stric
tions
on
infra
stru
ctur
e co
mpe
titio
n –
Pro
vide
che
ap/fr
ee a
cces
s to
pub
lic in
frast
ruct
ure
–R
educ
e in
vest
men
t ris
k–
Agg
rega
te s
ervi
ce d
eman
d fro
m p
ublic
inst
itutio
ns
•O
utsi
de o
f mai
n ci
ties
and
trunk
rout
es, p
ublic
sup
port
to
back
bone
net
wor
ks w
ill b
e ne
eded
. Thr
ee b
asic
mod
els
are
avai
labl
e:–
Com
petit
ive
subs
idie
s–
Sha
red
infra
stru
ctur
e–
Ince
ntiv
e-ba
sed
priv
ate-
sect
or m
odel
s
17
Ther
e is
som
e em
ergi
ng e
xper
ienc
e of
P
PP
s in
tele
com
s (e
.g. F
ranc
e)…
•Li
mou
sin
-rur
al re
gion
in th
e ce
nter
of
Fran
ce.
•P
PP
pro
ject
, 20-
year
con
cess
ion
to b
uild
an
d op
erat
e a
back
bone
net
wor
k an
d a
WiM
AX
acc
ess
netw
ork
capa
ble
of
supp
ortin
g hi
gh-s
peed
val
ue-a
dded
se
rvic
es a
nd to
con
stru
ct.
•P
roje
ct c
ost =
€85
mill
ion
Eur
os, s
hare
d be
twee
n pu
blic
(45%
) and
priv
ate
(55%
). •
Fibe
r ne
twor
k co
nstru
ctio
n co
mpl
eted
mid
-20
07
and
dow
nstre
am
com
petit
ion
has
deve
lope
d.
•C
usto
mer
s in
the
DO
RS
AL
area
now
hav
e ac
cess
to
th
ird
party
se
rvic
e pr
ovid
ers
offe
ring
a w
ide
rang
e of
bro
adba
nd s
ervi
ces
such
as
IP-T
V,
VoI
P a
nd h
igh-
spee
d da
ta
serv
ices
in
co
mpe
titio
n w
ith
Fran
ce
Tele
com
.
18
…bu
t few
from
Afri
ca
Proj
ect:
Tota
l pro
ject
cos
t c. $
250m
, c.2
0 co
untri
es, m
ultip
le o
pera
tors
, m
ultip
le D
FIs
Ow
ners
hip:
Who
lly o
wne
d by
priv
ate
inve
stor
s,
prim
arily
ope
rato
rs fr
om th
e re
gion
Fina
ncin
g:
Equi
ty fi
nanc
ing
from
op
erat
ors/
inve
stor
s. D
ebt f
inan
cing
fro
m D
FIs.
St
ruct
ure:
DFI
invo
lvem
ent h
as
open
acce
ss, c
ompl
emen
tarit
yof
in
vest
men
t & p
olic
y/re
gula
tory
re
form
s Im
pact
: R
educ
tion
in c
ost o
f int
erna
tiona
l ba
ndw
idth
, pro
mot
ion
of
com
petit
ion
East
Afr
ican
Sub
mar
ine
Cab
le
Syst
em (E
ASS
y)
Eritr
ea
Ethi
opia
Ken
yaR
wan
da
Uga
nda
Bur
undi
Mal
awi
Zam
bia
Zim
babw
e
Bot
swan
a
Moz
ambi
que
Sout
h A
fric
aSw
azila
nd
Leso
tho
Rep
ublic
of D
jibou
ti
Suda
n
Som
alia
Tanz
ania
Ken
ya
Mad
agas
car
Sout
h A
fric
a
Moz
ambi
que
19
Impl
icat
ions
for i
nfra
stru
ctur
e in
vest
men
ts a
nd p
roje
cts
•Fo
r Gov
ernm
ents
–S
ome
gove
rnm
ents
in A
frica
may
be
purs
uing
a s
ub-o
ptim
al
appr
oach
:•
Inve
stin
g pu
blic
reso
urce
s in
fibe
r inf
rast
ruct
ure
in u
rban
are
as, u
sing
pu
blic
sec
tor c
ompa
nies
/inst
itutio
ns, i
n co
mpe
titio
n w
ith p
rivat
e co
mpa
nies
•C
ontin
uing
to re
stric
t dev
elop
men
t of i
nfra
stru
ctur
e co
mpe
titio
n•
For D
onor
s–
Dire
ct s
uppo
rt fo
r bac
kbon
e in
frast
ruct
ure
shou
ld b
e ta
rget
ed a
tun
ders
erve
d ar
eas,
in p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith p
rivat
e op
erat
ors
•Th
ere
are
man
y w
ays
of s
uppo
rting
infra
stru
ctur
e in
vest
men
t with
out
publ
ic in
vest
men
t (e.
g. g
uara
ntee
s, p
rovi
ding
righ
ts o
f way
etc
.)•
Reg
ulat
ory
refo
rm to
libe
raliz
e m
arke
ts a
nd re
gula
te th
em e
ffect
ivel
y sh
ould
be
incl
uded
in b
ackb
one
proj
ects
•Th
ere
is n
o po
int b
uild
ing
back
bone
net
wor
ks u
nles
s co
mpe
titio
n in
ot
her m
arke
t seg
men
ts is
est
ablis
hed
(e.g
. thr
ough
spe
ctru
m
allo
catio
n)
20
Put
ting
back
bone
pol
icy
into
con
text
•P
olic
y to
war
ds b
ackb
one
netw
orks
nee
ds to
be
put i
nto
cont
ext o
f ove
rall
broa
dban
d po
licy.
•S
ucce
ssfu
l bro
adba
nd d
evel
opm
ent i
n A
frica
will
requ
ire
a po
rtfol
io o
f sup
ply-
side
and
dem
and-
side
act
ions
.•
Req
uire
s a
new
look
at t
he ro
le o
f the
pub
lic a
nd p
rivat
e se
ctor
.
21
Affo
rdab
le p
rices
are
key
to s
ucce
ss
0.0
50.0
100.
0
150.
0
200.
0
250.
0
300.
0
Nor
th A
mer
ica
LAC
Nor
th A
frica
EC
AS
ub-S
ahar
anA
frica
US$ per 100kbit/s (2006)
Bro
adba
nd in
Afri
ca
is c
urre
ntly
ver
y ex
pens
ive
Bro
adba
nd in
Afri
ca
is c
urre
ntly
ver
y ex
pens
ive
22
Inte
rnat
iona
l con
nect
ivity
is c
ruci
al
Mah
ajan
ga
Mtu
nzin
i
Zanz
ibar
TEAMS
SEACOM
EASSy
23
Inve
stm
ent a
nd c
ompe
titio
n in
do
wns
tream
seg
men
t is
also
ess
entia
l
Inte
rnat
iona
l co
nnec
tivity
Dom
estic
ba
ckbo
ne
Switc
hing
/Ro
utin
g
Acce
ss
Reta
il se
rvice
s
Conn
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he w
orld
, pr
ovid
ed b
y sa
telli
te o
r fib
er-o
ptic
ca
ble
(usu
ally
sub
mar
ine)
Carri
es tr
affic
bet
wee
n fix
ed p
oint
s w
ithin
a
netw
ork.
Pro
vide
d by
sat
ellit
e, m
icro
wav
e or
fibe
r-opt
ic c
able
The
‘inte
llige
nce’
in th
e ne
twor
k, e
nsur
ing
that
com
mun
icat
ions
traf
fic is
sen
t in
the
right
dire
ctio
n
Link
bet
wee
n th
e cu
stom
er a
nd th
e ne
twor
k.
Usua
lly x
DSL
or c
able
net
wor
ks. I
n Af
rica,
wi
rele
ss is
use
d (w
here
it e
xist
s)
All t
he ‘s
oft’
inpu
ts re
quire
d (e
.g. s
ales
, cu
stom
er c
are,
bill
ing
etc.
)
Regi
onal
conn
ectiv
ity
Conn
ectio
n fro
m th
e bo
rder
to th
e ne
ares
t co
nnec
tion
to th
e re
st o
f the
wor
ld
Inve
stm
ent i
nto
the
dow
nstre
am m
arke
t se
gmen
ts w
ill de
pend
on:
Li
cens
ing
Acc
ess
to s
pect
rum
.R
egul
ated
acc
ess
to
incu
mbe
nt’in
frast
ruct
ure
Acc
ess
to p
rivat
e op
erat
ors’
infra
stru
ctur
e
24
Maj
or in
frast
ruct
ure
polic
y is
sues
on
the
horiz
on•
How
will
the
role
s of
the
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e se
ctor
in th
e IC
T m
arke
t cha
nge
as s
ecto
r pr
iorit
ies
shift
tow
ards
bro
adba
nd ?
–W
ill co
mpe
titio
n de
liver
hig
h ca
paci
ty b
road
band
infra
stru
ctur
e in
the
way
that
they
hav
e do
ne
in d
evel
oped
eco
nom
ies
? –
Is th
ere
goin
g to
be
role
for g
over
nmen
ts b
eyon
d th
at o
f reg
ulat
ion
?–
How
will
acce
ss to
che
ap in
tern
atio
nal c
onne
ctiv
ity b
e pr
ovid
ed ?
•
Wha
t are
goi
ng to
be
the
driv
ers
of b
road
band
take
-up
in d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es ?
–W
hich
mar
ket s
egm
ents
will
driv
e ta
ke u
p ?
–H
ow c
an c
ost b
arrie
rs b
e ov
erco
me
? –
Wha
t mod
els
for e
asy
paym
ent a
re a
vaila
ble
? •
How
can
gov
ernm
ents
be
effe
ctiv
e in
get
ting
serv
ices
out
to u
nder
serv
ed a
reas
?–
How
doe
s th
e tra
ck-re
cord
of s
ucce
ss o
f US
O s
chem
es in
Afri
ca c
ompa
re w
ith o
ther
regi
ons
?–
Wha
t alte
rnat
ive
mec
hani
sms
are
avai
labl
e ?
•N
ew R
egul
ator
y ch
alle
nges
in d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es
–H
ow d
oes
the
perfo
rman
ce o
f reg
ulat
ors
acro
ss d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es c
ompa
re ?
–
How
is th
e ro
le o
f the
regu
lato
r goi
ng to
cha
nge
as p
olic
y pr
iorit
ies
shift
from
voi
ce to
br
oadb
and
?–
Wha
t are
the
impl
icat
ions
of c
onve
rgen
ce fo
r reg
ulat
ors
?–
Acce
ss to
bot
tlene
ck fa
cilit
ies
such
as
subm
arin
e fib
er-o
ptic
infra
stru
ctur
e
25
Issu
es fo
r dis
cuss
ion
•Th
e im
pact
of b
road
band
and
oth
er IC
T te
chno
logi
es in
de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s.–
Priv
ate
usag
e–
Pub
lic s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery
•Th
e ro
les
of g
over
nmen
t and
the
priv
ate
sect
or in
de
liver
ing
conn
ectiv
ity a
t affo
rdab
le p
rices
.•
Cur
rent
issu
es fa
cing
gov
ernm
ents
and
regu
lato
rs in
a
rapi
dly
chan
ging
ICT
land
scap
e.•
Reg
iona
l and
inte
rnat
iona
l con
nect
ivity
.
26
Ann
exes
