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By
FAISALSAEEDLODHI
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networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and dataterminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection andinteroperation to form an integrated whole. The components of acommunications system serve a common purpose, are technically compatible,use common procedures, respond to controls, and operate in unison
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Ra o requency RF is a rate o osci ation in t erange of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds
,Electromagnetic Waves which carry radio signals.
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Fre uenc BandDesi nations
Band Description
30300Hz 104 103 km ELF Extremely LowFrequency
3003000 Hz 103 102 km VF VoiceFrequency
3 30kHz 100 10km VLF Very LowFrequency
0.3 3MHz 1 0.1km MF MediumFrequency
3 30MHz 100 10m HF High Frequency
30 300MHz 10 1m VHF Very HighFrequency
300 3000MHz 100 10cm UHF UltraHighFrequency
30 300GHz 10 1mm EHF Extremely HighFrequency(millimeterwaves)
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, ,
into space. The antenna selection will determine how muchpropagation will occur.
. z s ex reme y mpor an o ensure a a pa ortunnel) between the two antennas is clear of any obstructions.
Should the propagating signal encounter any obstructions in, .
Trees buildin s h dro oles and towers arecommon examples of path obstructions.
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The antenna converts radio frequency electrical energy fed to it (via
space.The physical size of the radiating element is proportional to the
. , .
Assuming that the operating frequency in both cases is the same, the
antenna will perform identically in Transmit or Receive mode
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antenna used. Generally speaking, there are two types of antennae:
.
- this type of antenna has a narrow beamwidth; with the powerbeing more directional, greater distances are usually achieved butarea coverage is sacri ice
- Yagi, Panel, Sector and Parabolic antenna.
2. Omni-Directional
- this type of antenna has a wide beamwidth and radiates 3600;
with the power being more spread out, shorter distances areachieved but greater coverage attained
- Omni antenna
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Bettersuitedforshorterlinks
Lower
dBi gain;
usually
between
7
and
15
dBi
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ParabolicParabolic
Gainsof18to28dBi
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SectorSector
Directionalinnature
yp ca ga nsvary rom10 o19
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OmniOmni
Usedforwidecovera e
Typicalgainsof3to10dBi
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AnantennaspolarizationisrelativetotheEfieldofantenna.
,HorizontallyPolarized.
IftheEfieldisvertical,thantheantennaisVerticallyPolarized.
Nomatterwhatpolarityyouchoose,allantennasinthesameRFnetworkmustbepolarizedidentically
.
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Increaseisolationfromunwantedsignalsources(CrossPolarizationDiscrimination(xpol)typically25dB)
e uce n er erence
Helpdefineaspecificcoveragearea
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LineofSightLineofSightAttaining good Line of Sight (LOS) between the sending and receivingantenna is essential in both Point to Point and Point to Multipoint
installations.
Generall there are two t es of LOS that are used discussed durininstallations:
1. Optical LOS - is related to the ability to see one site from theother
. a o re a e o e a y o e rece ver o see etransmitted signal
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To quantify Radio Line of Sight, the Fresnel Zone theory is applied.Think of the Fresnel Zone as a football sha ed tunnel between the two
sites which provides a path for the RF signals.
Acceptable Radio Line of Sight means that at least 60% of the first
Fresnel Zone plus 3 meters is clear of any obstructions.
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FresnelZonesFresnel
Zones
2nd*2nd* 1st*1st*3rd*3rd*
*FresnelZones*FresnelZones
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FresnelZonesFresnel
Zones Radiusofn th
FresnelZonegivenby:
SiteA 2121
dd
ddn
rn+
=
d1
SiteB FresnelZonediameterdependsuponWavelength,andDistancesfromthesitesalongaxis d2 ForminimumDiffractionLoss,clearanceofatleast0.6F1+3misrequired
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PathProfilePathProfile
PathProfilecharacteristicsmaychangePathProfilecharacteristicsmaychangePathProfilecharacteristicsmaychange, ,, ,
construction,etc.construction,etc. , ,
construction,etc.
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Ho eallthethin sareclearedu tillnow.
WediscussedthatLineofsightshouldbeclear.FresnelZoneshouldbeclear.
AlltheproceduresorstepswhichareusedinLine
ofSightsurveyareprovidedinthefollowingslides.
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SiteSurveyisaveryimportantparameterforLinkcommissioning,beforeanylinkcommissioning(Radio&SCPC)wehaveconductsurveyforLOS
which
are
as
follows:CheckWhetherLOSclearornot.
Checkplacefordishinstallationortowerinstallation.
Notedownhowmuchcableisrequired.
.
CheckwhetherBASEisrequiredincaseofSCPClinks.
CheckthePowerconditions.
.
CalculatethedistanceBetweentwopointsforradiolink,mustnotexceed40km.
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LOS Clear
.
Check the co-ordinates
Check Power Conditions, UPS Status and Flat
Power Sockets.
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ULTIMASR
ERAPCPELCPE
VIP
AFAR
NETCROSSINGGATEWAY
ORTHOGON
CONNECTORIZED
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SR
Short
RangePointtoPoint(NetworkTopology)
AntennaGain 23dBi
RDap ep oyment
PointtoPoint(NetworkTopology)
OutputPower 10dBmto+21dBm
Antenna
Gain
23
Bi
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ER
PointtoPoint(NetworkTopology)OutputPower 10dBmto+21dBm
AntennaGain Externa NTypeFema eConnector
Rangeupto75Km(45miles)dependingonAntennagain
LCPELongrangeCustomerPremisesUnit
PointtoMultiPoint(NetworkTopology)
u pu ower 10 m o+21 m
AntennaGain External(NTpeFemaleConnector)
Rangeupto38Km(24miles)dependingonAntennagain
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CPEustomer rem ses n t
PointtoMultiPoint(RemoteUnit)OutputPower 10dBmto+21dBm
Rangeupto38Km(24miles)dependingonAntennagain
AP
PointtoMultiPoint(BaseUnit)OutputPower 10dBmto+21dBm
Antenna ain External NT eFemale onnector
1000CPEsperAPRangeupto38Km(24miles)dependingonAntennagain
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OperatingFrequency 5.725to5.850GHz
Coverage LOS
Throughput(Raw/Eff.) 12/10Mbps
ReceiveSensitivity 80dBm
ChannelSize 33MHz
DuplexingFormat TDD
NetworkFeaturesincludes:VLAN(802.1q),CIR,IP&MACAddressFiltering
Management:
SNMP,Telnet,WebGUI(Local&Remote)
RS
232
(Local)OperatingTemp. 40to60degreeC
Enclosure WeatherProof
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EIONsVIP1102 uses atentedVINEtechnologyasanetworkingsolutionthatovercomesnonlineofsightproblems
.implementationlowerstheinitialcostof
deploying
a
network,
using
Anypoint
to
.
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OperatingFrequency 2.4to2.483GHz
Technolo DSSS
Coverage StructuredNLOS(VINE)
Range 66km(41mile)
ReceiveSensitivity 82dBm at11Mbps
85dBm at5.5Mbps
90dBm at1Mbp
ChannelSize 18MHz
Duplexing Format TDD
NetworkFeaturesincludes:
VLAN 802.1 CIR erleafbasis &MACAddressfilterin
NetworkTopology VINE
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ManagementTelnet,Econ(Utility)&WebGUI(Local&Remote)
OperatingTemperature 40to50degreeC
Enclosure WeatherProof
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OperatingFrequency 2.406to2.474GHz
ChannelWidth 4.6MHz
OutputPower 0to23dBmModulationType DSSS
Coverage LOS
RFDataRates 0.25,0.5,1.37,2.75Mbps
ReceiveSensitivity 97dBm at0.25Mbps94dBm at0.50Mbps
93dBm at1.37Mbps
90dBm at2.75Mbps
Management RS232,Econ&TelnetOperatingTemperature 40to70degreeC
Enclosure WeatherProof
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CarriessynchronousdatastreamoverEthernetNetwork
SupportedSpeedupto2048Kbps
MultipleElectricalInterfacesincludesRS232,RS449,RS530,V.35,X.21)
ManagementthroughSNMP,Telnet&Econ
OperatingTemperatureisfrom0to55degreeC
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OperatingFrequency 5.725to5.850 GHz
utput ower 10 mto24 25 m
Channel
Size
12
MHzChannelSelection DFSorManual
Coverage NLOS
Antenna 23dBi (Integrated)
ReceiverSensitivity Varyfrom 96to 72dBm
Modulation B/wBPSK&64QAM
AntennaType/Gain Flatplate(28dBi)
Dish(37.7dBi)
Range 124miles(200Km)
DataRates 3.0to33.6M ps
Management WebGUIandSNMP
OperatingTemperature 40to60degreeC
Enclosure WeatherProof
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TDMA
SpreadSpectrumTechniques
2. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
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ere are wo sprea spec rum ec n ques.
1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)2. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
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Also known as Direct Sequence Code DivisionMultiple Access (DS-CDMA), DSSS is one of twoapproaches to spread spectrum modulation for
.
The stream of information to be transmitted is
,to a frequency channel across the spectrum.
When transmitted, the data is combined with a
higher data-rate bit sequence (also known as achipping code) that divides the data according to a
.
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The transmitter and the receiver must be
synchronized with the same spreading code.The chipping code helps the signal resistinterference and also enables the original data to
be recovered if data bits are damaged duringransm ss on.
22 MHz wide
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Also known as Frequency Hopping Code Division Multipleccess - , ra os transm t ops etween ava a e
frequencies according to a specified algorithm which can be eitherrandom or preplanned.
e transm tter operates n sync ron zat on w t a rece ver,which remains tuned to the same center frequency as the transmitter.
f1f1
f2f2
f3f3
f4f4
f5f5
Each
HopsetHopsetHopsetHopset
TIMETIME
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 channel1MHzwide
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GSM
Time
slot
0.577
msFrame4.6ms
8timeslotsperframe
Frequencyband20KHz
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OrthogonalWalshcodes64codes(channels)
Onepilotchannel
Sevenpagingchannels
55 ra cc anne s
Eachcarrier1.25MHz
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AmericanMobilePhoneSystem(AMPS)TotalBandwidth25MHz
EachChannel30KHz
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Satellite is a microwave repeater in the space.
There are about 750 satellites in the space;most of them are used for communication.
They are:
Wide area coverage of the earths surface.Transmission delay is about 0.3 sec.
Transmission cost is independent of
distance.
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A communications satellite is a radio relay station inorbit above the earth that receives, amplifies, and redirectsana og an g a s gna s carr e on a spec c ra ofrequency.
In addition to communications satellites, there areot er types o sate tes:
Weather satellites: These satellites providemeteorolo ists with scientific data to redict weatherconditions and are equipped with advanced instruments
Earth observation satellites: These satellites allow'
ecosystem Navigation satellites: Using GPS technology these
'Earth to within a few meters.
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Stationary, Fixed orbit Compare with Low (LEO) & Medium (MEO)
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Uplink (carrier or channel) FrequencyTransmission path fromearth station tosatellite
Downlink (carrier or channel) Frequency
Downstream, Outroute or Outbound
Signal (carrier) frequency fromHub toRemotes
Downstream Uplink (Hub toSatellite)
Downstream Downlink (Satellite toRemotes)
Upstream, Inroute or Inbound
Upstream Uplink (Remotes toSatellite)
Upstream Downlink (Satellite toHub)
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C-Band Frequency RangeTypical Uplink Frequency 5925 MHz to 6425 MHz
Extended Uplink Frequency Ranges 5850 MHz to 6425 MHzTypical Downlink Frequency 3700 MHz to 4200 MHz
Extended Downlink Frequency Ranges also supported Ku-Band Frequency Range
Typical Uplink Frequency 14000 MHz to 14500 MHzExtended Uplink Frequency Ranges 13750 MHz to 14750 MHzTypical Downlink Frequency 11700 MHz to 12200 MHz
x en e own n requency anges z oMHzL-Band Frequency Range
Intermediate Fre uencies IF used for both receiveandtransmitdirection
Rangebetween 950 MHz and 2150 MHz (typical 950 1700 MHz)Translates easilyinto operational RF frequencies discussed aboveKa, X-Band Frequencies
Supported via L-Band IF Interface
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Modulation is the addition of information (or the
s gna to an e ectron c or opt ca s gna
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ReceivesReceives compositecomposite spectrumspectrum acrossacross entireentire uplinkuplink TransmitsTransmits downlinkdownlink toto receivingreceiving earthearth stationstation
Amplifier The Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the received signalThe Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the received signal
The High Power Amplifier (HPA) increases the power level of theThe High Power Amplifier (HPA) increases the power level of the
Transponders ReceivesReceives transmissiontransmission fromfrom earthearth viavia uplink,uplink, amplifies,amplifies, convertsconverts
stationsstations IncludesIncludes receivingreceiving antenna,antenna, broadbandbroadband receiverreceiver andand frequencyfrequencyconverter,converter, withwith mixermixer forfor frequencyfrequency translationtranslation
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Intermediate step between the receive and transmitcom onents
Utilizes a known stabilized frequency source (LocalOscillator, or L/O)
rans ates rece ve p n requency nto transm tteDownlink frequency
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Single Channel per Carrier SCPCiDirect HubDownstream (Star Group Broadcast) Carrier
Term SCPC comes from older analog transmission technology,when a single satellite carrier could carry only one data channel
Used for economical distribution of broadcast data, digital audio& video, as well as for full-duplex or two-way data, audio/videocommunications
,Carrier
Time Division Multi le Access TDMA
iDirect Remote Site Upstream (Star/Mesh Bursting) CarrierTDMAis a mechanism for sharing a satellite Uplink channel
the frequency the remote site will use for each burst
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iDirect Technologies, a subsidiary of Vision TechnologiesSystems, designs, develops, and markets satellite-basedroa an access so u ons.
The com an has develo ed technolo solutions thatcombine high performance, worldwide availability, andease of installation, high reliability, and low cost to endcustomers.
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iDirect TechnologiesisaLeadingHighTechnology
EnablerOfFast,EasyAndEfficientBroadbandIPAnywhere
DevelopersOftheOnlySatelliteTechnologyBuiltFrom
Ethernet
Ex ertsInRealtimeAndNonRealtimeEnter rise
Applications
In
A
Shared
IP
EnvironmentCompanyCultureFocusedOnCustomerResponsiveness,
orpora e n egr y n ec n ca nnova on
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EnterpriseClassIPApplicationSupportApplicationQoS,SystemQoS
HighestReturnRate(Upto4.2Mbps)
IntegratedSecurity(3DES/AES)
RealtimeTrafficManagement(VoIP,Video)
AccessMultipleSatellitesfromSingleHub
RealPrivateNetworks
MostEfficientUseofTransponderCapacity
Save3050%SpaceSegment
TurboProductCodesandAdaptiveInbounds
iDirect DeterministicTDMA
LowestTotalCostofOwnership
Reductioninspacecapacitycost(IPbit/Hertz)
LowCapitalEntryCost
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Acommonconnection ointfordevices inanetwork.Hubsarecommonlyusedtoconnectsegments ofaLAN.Ahub containsmultipleports.
W enapac et arrivesatoneport,itiscopie totheotherportssothatallsegmentsoftheLANcan
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PrivateHubPrivateHubHubChassisHubChassis MiniHubMiniHub
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Compact,20Slot,10U,19RackMountable
Scalable GrowAsYouNeed
Flexible
MultipleMulti inroute NetworksWithintheSameChassisMulti leRFOut uts U to Different SatellitesFromOneChassis
M:NUniversalLineCardRedundancy
N:1PowerandFanRedundanc
Model1IFHubModel1IFHub Model5IFHubModel5IFHub
13
45
2
2
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1 1 2
Transponder 1
2 1
Transponder n
1 1 2
Transponder 1
2 1
Transponder n
1 1 2
Transponder 1
2 1
Transponder n
1 1 2
Transponder 1
2 1
Transponder n
1 11 1 2
C-BandKu-Band
Ka-Band Extn. C-Band
5IF Hub5IF Hub
OneHubChassisprovidesaccesstoOneHubChassisprovidesaccessto*AnyTransponderonsatellite*AnyTransponderonsatellite*Upto5differentsatellites*Upto5differentsatellites
Su ortsC Ku KaBandsSu ortsC Ku KaBandsSimultaneouslSimultaneousl
OneHubChassisprovidesaccesstoOneHubChassisprovidesaccessto*AnyTransponderonsatellite*AnyTransponderonsatellite*Upto5differentsatellites*Upto5differentsatellitesuppor s , u, a an suppor s , u, a an s mu aneous ymu aneous y
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IdealForCorporationsthatNeedPrivateNetwork
ProvidesOneInbound/OutboundNetworkCapability
NativeIPReplacementofFrameRelayNetworks
CompletelyRedundant
VoIP
Remote SiteRemote Site
LAN Switch
iDirect
PrivateHub
Satellite Router
VoIP
Remote SiteRemote SiteNMSServer
Protocol
Processor
WAN
LAN Switch
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SimpleDeploymentSimpleDeployment Integrated,singleboxsolution
Stan ar IP/Et ernetConnectiontoLAN
NopowerneededatVSATAntenna
CentrallyManaged
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FieldProvenTechnology
150+HubsSoldto50Operators
ThousandsofVSATsinOperation
VeryReputableOrganisationsUseiDirectLowestTotalCostofOwnershi intheIndustr
CapitalCost+OperationsCost+SupportCost
TechnologyallowsmanydifferentTypesofServices
VirtualPrivateNetworks(VPNs)
RealPrivateNetworks
BuiltinSecurity
DifferentLevelsofService
BuiltinIPApplicationsSupport
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ca a tyMultiple Bands or Satellites from same hubNot limited to 15 inroutes. Scale as you need
Bandwidth EfficiencyLowest Satellite Space Segment for similar IP ThroughputsSmallest Carrier SpacingAutomatic Uplink Power, Timing, Frequency Offset ControlMF-TDMA with D-TDMA Access Algorithm
FlexibilityOne Carrier can support Multiple Types of Service (CIRs etc.)Different To olo ies from same Hub
ReliabilityTechnology used in Medical, Military, Emergency Deployments
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oo pr n s
Ground Configuration Power Issues
Dish Alignment (EIRP) Carrier Issues
Locking Tr / Rx issues
n u ge na ys s
Band Scripting
HR Deployment
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