brochure - ISHPES · 2019-02-02 · The 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum will be the display...

His Highness Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar!"#$%& '()%& *+,- ./012%3 "$4 56 7+$8 9+:%& ;$<%& =41> ?*@4

CONTENTSWelcome Messages…….................................................................……………….. 1

Organizing Commi!ee…………...............................................................……….11

Scientific Commi!ees…………...............................................................………..12

Congress Information……………...............................................................……..13

Shu!le Bus Information……...............................................................………….13

Social Activities ………………..........................................................……………...14

Venue Information………...........................................................………………….15

Keynote Speakers ……….............................................................…………………17

Daily Program Monday, September 22nd, 2014………......................................…....…19 Tuesday, September 23rd, 2014………….........................................….20 Wednesday, September 24th, 2014……..........................................….24 Thursday, September 25th, 2014……….........................................…..28

Abstracts Keynote Speakers………………………........................................………..31 ISHPES Participants…………………...….....................................………..39 Gigliola Gori Junior Scholar Award….....................................….……..82 IJHS Middle East Workshop……………….....................................………83

Authors Index…………………….....................................…......................……….86About the organizers…………….....................................…….......................….89

/01A B3 C#+DE 56 "$4 FG6 CH1+$%& CI+:%& ?'1JH*KL M41N, O+PQ

H.E Sheikha Al Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al ThaniChairperson of Qatar Museums

1

."/R1$%& 7S#0 T- 1G+DU .V)WN<$%& /G)0 XN4"�ȕĮŻĳĔĝŤē�ěǘĔĥŨ�ŽŘ�ĚŨĔŝũŤē�ĚŉĽŬǜē�ŮŨ�İŻİőŤē�ĆēĳŴ�ĚŭŨĔšŤē�ĚřĹťřŤē�ŮŐ�ĚŕŤĔĖ�ĚũšĨ�ŦũĩĜ�ŽĝŤē�ĚťũĥŤē�ůĲű�ĴėőĜ�ųũŐįŴ�ŽŘĔŝġŤē�ŏĔŉŝŤēĴŻŵŉĝŤ�ĴŉŜ�ŚĨĔĝũŤ�ĚżũżōŭĝŤē�ĚŻċĴŤēŴ�ŽĹżĐĴŤē�ŗİŲŤē�ŦġũĜ�ĔŲŬĉ�ĔũŠ��İżŤĔŝĝŤēŴ�ȕğēĴĝŤē

�ĴżŻĔőũŤē�ŹťŐĉ�ŹťŐ�ųżťŐ�ĚōŘĔĩũŤēŴ

�śĴĽŤē �ŽŘ �ĔŲŐēŵŬĊĖ �ĚńĔŻĴŤē �ĔŲŤǙĬ �ŮŨ �ŃĴőĝĸ�ŽĝŤē �ęĲŘĔŭŤē �ŽńĔŻĴŤēŴ �ŽėũŤŴǜē �ĴŉŜ �ŚĩĝŨ �3-2-1 �ūŵšżĸ�ĚżńĔŻĴŤē�ěĔōĩťŤē�ŹťŐ�ĆŵŅŤē�ŊżťĹĜ�ŹŤč�ĚŘĔńǞĔĖ�ŚĩĝũŤē�ĿĴĩŻŴ��ŽŤŴİŤē�ŒũĝĥũŤēŴ�ȕŽĖĴőŤē�ŪŤĔőŤē�ȕŊĸŴǜē�ȕůİĨŴ �2014 �ŽřŘ ��ĴŉŜ �ŽŘ �ĚżťėŝĝĹũŤē �ĚżńĔŻĴŤē �ğēİĨǜēŴ �ěĔżŤĔőřŤē �ŪżōŭĜŴ �ŪŐį �ŹŤč �ŽńĔũŤē �ŽŘ �ĚŨĔŲŤē� ƻēĆĶĤ�Īėŀĉ�ĔŨ�ĔŲŭŨŴ�ȕęĴŨ�ţŴǜ�ĚŤŴİŤē�ŽŘ�İŝőżĸ�ĔŨ�ĔŲŭŨ�ȕŧĔű�ŽŤŴį�ŽńĔŻĳ�ğİĨ�40�ŮŨ�ĴġŠĉ�ĴŉŜ�ŚżŅĝĹĜ

�įǙėťŤ�ĚżńĔŻĴŤē�ęİŭĤǜē�ŮŨ� ƻĔżĸĔĸĉ

�ŽũŤĔőŤē�ŶŵĝĹũŤē�ŹťŐ�ĔŲĖ�ŗĴĝőŨ�ĚŉĖēĳ�ŽűŴ�ISHPES�ĚńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ĚżŬİėŤē�ĚżĖĴĝŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝŤ�ĚżŤŴİŤē�ĚżőũĥŤē�ŪōŭĜ�ȕŽĖĴőŤē�ŪŤĔőŤē�ŽŘ�źŵŭĹŤē�ğİĩŤē�ēĲű�ŧĔŝżĸ�ęĴŨ�ţŴǜŴ��ŪŤĔőŤē�ţŵĨ�ĚŻŵŭĸ�ěēĴũĜČŨ��±�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝĖ�ŹŭőĜ�ĕēįǚē�ĚżťŠŴ�ŽńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ŽėũŤŴǜē�ĴŉŜ�ŚĩĝŨ�3-2-1�ŹŤŵĝżĸŴ��ŮŻĶżũĝũŤē�ŮżżŤŴİŤē�ŮżġĨĔėŤē�ŮŨ�ĚėĭŬ�ŪŅżĸ�ĢżĨ�ĚżńĔŻĴŤē�ğēİĨǜē�ţŵĨ�ęİŻİĤ�ěĔŨŵťőŨ�ĴũĜČũŤē�ŃĴőĝĹŻŴ��ISHPES 2014�ĴũĜČŨ�ŪżōŭĜ�ĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĥŤ�ŧŵťőŤēŴ�ŪŤĔőťŤ�ęİŐĔĹũŤēŴ�ŪŐİŤē�ŪŻİŝĜ�ŗİŲĖ�ŢŤıŴ�ȕĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĮŻĳĔĜ�ŽŘ�ŮŻĵĳĔėŤē�ţĔŉĖǜē�ŹťŐ�ĆŵŅŤē�ĆĔŝŤč�ŹŤč�ĚŘĔńǞĔĖ

�ţĔĥũŤē�ēĲű�ŽŘ�ĚżĭŻĳĔĝŤē�ŦĨēĴũťŤ�ŦŅŘĉ�ŪŲŘ�ĕĔĹĝŠǘ�ĢŻİĩŤē�ŽńĔŻĴŤē

“To create the future, we must understand the past.” This wise sentence expresses the underlying philosophy of numerous activities in the areas of history, heritage, and tradition. It is a core goal and the organizational vision of Qatar Museums to develop, promote, and sustain the cultural sector at the highest standards.

The 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum will be the display window for sports in the Middle East, the Arab World, and the international community. The museum not only highlights the big sports moments of the past but also promotes future sports events in Qatar. In 2014 alone, Qatar is hosting more than 40 international sports events. Some will IL�OLSK�PU�[OL�JV\U[Y`�MVY�[OL�ÄYZ[�[PTL��ÔPSL�V[OLYZ�[YHKP[PVUHSS`�OH]L�ILLU�H�WHY[�VM�[OL�country’s annual sports calendar.

The International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport (ISHPES), the recognized world association on the history of sports, organizes yearly congresses HYV\UK�[OL�^VYSK��-VY�[OL�ÄYZ[�[PTL��[OPZ�HUU\HS�L]LU[�MLH[\YPUN�KPZ[PUN\PZOLK�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�scholars will be hosted in the Arab World. ISHPES 2014 is organized by the 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum and the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) at Qatar Universi-ty. New knowledge about events and heroes from the history of sports will be created and presented at this conference, helping the modern sports world gain a better understaning VM�[OL�OPZ[VYPJHS�WYVJLZZLZ�PU�[OPZ�ÄLSK�

2

"G<$%& CI+Y ?Q;<+Z[*)%&*KL CJ,1\ O+PQ

Prof. Sheikha Al-MisnadPresident of Qatar University

3

*KL CJ,1\ 5, =+4*8 2014�ĚżŬİėŤē�ĚżĖĴĝŤēŴ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ŧŵťőŤ�ŽŤŴİŤē�ĺťĥũťŤ�ĴĽŐ�ĺŨĔĭŤē�źŵŭĹŤē�ĴũĜČũŤē�İŝőŻ�ūĉ�ĔŬĳŴĴĸ�ŽŐēŴį�ŮŨ�ų ǍŬč�Ěťżŀǜē�ĚŻİżťŝĝŤē�ěĔńĔŻĴŤē�ŮŨ� ƻēįİŐ�ĴŉŜ�ŽŘ�ūĉ�Ţļ�ǘŴ��ŊĸŴǜē�śĴĽŤē�ŽŘ�ęĴŨ�ţŴǜŴ�ĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ŧĴĨ�ŽŘ�Ĕŭű�ŞŘēĴŨ �ŽŘ �ěĔńĔŻĴŤē �ůĲű �ĞĸĳŵŨ �ĆēŵĸŴ �ȕĚřťĝĭŨ �ěĔŘĔŝĠŴ �ţŴį �ŮŨ �ěĔńĔŻĳ �ŹŤč �ĚŘĔńč �ŽŘĔŝġŤē �ĔŭĠēĴĜ �ŽŘ�ĚňĔĩŨ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�Źŝėĝĸ�ĕǙĭŤē�ŦĨĔĹŤē�įēİĝŨē�ŹťŐ�Ŵĉ�ęĴĨĔĹŤē�ĆēĴĩŁŤē�ţĔŨĳ�ŹťŐ�Ŵĉ�ęĶŲĤǜē�ğİĨĊĖ�ęĶŲĥŨ�ęĴŀĔőŨ

�ĴŉŜ�ŽŘ�ķĔũĩŤĔĖ

�ŹťŐ�ěĔżĖĔĥŻǞē�ŮŨ�ĴżġŠ�ųŭŐ�ĦĝŬ�ĔũŠ�ȕ ƻĔőŨ�ĚżŬİėŤēŴ�ĚżŭűĲŤē�ĚĩŁŤē�ŹťŐ�ĚżĖĔĥŻǞē�ůĳĔĠĈĖ�ŗŴĴőŨ�ŽńĔŻĴŤē�ğēĴĝŤē�ŚĩĝŨŴ�ĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ŽŘ�ŧŵťőŤēŴ�ĕēįǚē�ĚżťšĖ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ŧŵťŐ�ĦŨĔŬĴĖ� Ǎūč��ŽũŻįĔŠǘē�ŶŵĝĹũŤēŴ�ŽŘĔŝġŤē�ŶŵĝĹũŤē

�ţĔĥũŤē�ēĲű�ŽŘ�ŮżťŐĔřŤē�ŮżũűĔĹũŤē�ŮŨ�ŽńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ŽėũżŤŴǜē�ĴŉŜ

�śĔėĸ�ŦġŨ�ĴŉŜ�ĚŤŴį�ŽŘ�ŽńĔŻĴŤē�ğēĴĝťŤ�źĴġŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝŤē�Ěżũűĉ�ŹťŐ�ŗĴőĝťŤ�ĚŀĴŘ�ĴũĜČũŤē�ēĲű�ūŵšŻ�ūĉ�ŹŭũĝŬ�ůĲű � �Ěżũűĉ �ŹťŐ �ĆŵŅŤē �ĴũĜČũŤē �ēĲű �ŽŝťŻ �ūē �ŹŭũĝŬ �ĔũŠ ��łŭŝŤē ��ĳŵŝŁŤĔĖ �İżŁŤēŴ �ŦżĭŤē �śĔėĸŴ �ȕŮĥŲŤē�ŧĔŨĉ�ĕēŵĖǜē�ĪĝřŻ�ŗŵĸ�ŦŘĔĩũŤē�ůĲű�ŦġŨ�ŽŘ�ĚŠĳĔĽũŤē�ūĉ�ŽŘ�Ţļ�ǘ�ĢżĨ�ȕĚťĬēİĝũŤē�ĚżũťőŤē�ěĔŁŁĭĝŤē

��ŽŭŲũŤēŴ�ŽũŻįĔŠǜē�ūŴĔőĝŤē�ŏēŵŬĉ��ŒżũĤ

�ĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ŽŘ�ŪšĖ�ĘĨĴŬ�ūĉ�ĔŬİőĹŻŴ�ŒũĥĝŤē�ēĲŲŤ�ħĔĥŭŤē�ŹŭũĝŬ

A warm welcome to Qatar University We are very pleased that the 15th Annual ISHPES Congress (2014), held in the Middle ,HZ[�MVY�[OL�ÄYZ[�[PTL��PZ�JVU]LUPUN�VU�V\Y�JHTW\Z�

Qatar boasts an exciting mix of traditional sports rooted in our cultural heritage and sports with western origins. Whether practiced in contemporary state-of-the-art facilities, on the ZHUKZ�VM�[OL�THQLZ[PJ�KLZLY[��VY�HSVUN�H�Z[YL[JO�VM�THNUPÄJLU[�JVHZ[SPUL��ZWVY[Z�OH]L�HU�enthusiastic home in Qatar.

The long tradition of sports in Qatar is combined with a recognition of its positive physical HUK�TLU[HS�OLHS[O�LɈLJ[Z�HZ�^LSS�HZ��HU�HWWYLJPH[PVU�MVY�PZ�HJHKLTPJ�HUK�J\S[\YHS�PTWSPJH�tions. The Sports Science program at Qatar University’s College of Arts and Sciences and the Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum are important contributions in that regard.

It is our hope that holding the Congress in Qatar will be an opportunity to learn about the region’s rich history of traditional sports, including camel racing, horse racing, and falcon-ry, and that it will shed light on innovative opportunities for cross-disciplinary work as well. Undoubtedly, meetings such as this open doors to all sorts of exciting academic and professional collaborations.

I wish this meeting success, and again, we are very pleased to welcome you at Qatar University.

4

T1$Z;] .Q F+0- Q;<+Z[*)%& ?^1NH_& ISHPES O+PQ

Prof. Anne!e R. Hofmann ISHPES president

5

C+6*N%& 9`Q1N% /%["%& a$Nb$%& *$8c, /Z T;dQ1:$%& /P&eU-ISHPES 2014 CR1`*%&[ C+0")%&

�ȕĴŉŜ �ĚũŀĔŐ �ŽŘ �ŪšĖ �ĘĨĳĉ �ūĉ �įŴĉ �ȕISHPES �ĚńĔŻĴŤēŴ �ĚżŬİėŤē �ĚżĖĴĝŤē �ĮŻĳĔĝŤ �ŽŤŴİŤē �ŒũĝĥũŤē �ĺżĐĳ �ŽĝřŁĖ�ŹŤč �ŽńĔũŤē �ŮŨ ��ĚżŬİėŤē �ěĔŘĔŝġŤēŴ �ĚńĔŻĴŤē �ţŵĨ �ĚżũŤĔŐ �ĴōŬ �ěĔŲĤŴ� �ūēŵŭőĖ �ĴũĜČũŤē �İŝőżĸ �ĢżĨ �ȕĚĨŴİŤē�ŮżŝĖĔĹŤē�ĆĔĸċĴŤē�ŒżũĤ�ůĴŅĩżĸŴ�ȕISHPES�ĺżĸĊĝŤ�25ţē�ŶĴŠĲŤĔĖ�ĴũĜČũŤē�Ŧřĝĩżĸ��ĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ŽŘ�³ĴńĔĩŤē

�ŧĔŐ�ŦšĽĖ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĮŻĳĔĜ�ţŵĨŴ�ůĳŵŉĜ�ţŵĨ�ŪŲĐēĳć�ēŴİėżŤ�ISHPES�ţ

�ĆĔŅŐĉ�ŮŨ�ŵŅŐ�100�ŮŨ�ĴġŠĉ�ŧēĶĝŐē�ŮŐ�ŮťŐĉ�ūĉ�ŽŬİőĹŻ�ēĲŤ��ŊĸŴǜē�śĴĽŤē�ŽŘ�ęĴŨ�ţŴǜ�ĴũĜČũŤē�ēĲű�İŝőŭżĸŴ�ĮŻĳĔĝĖ�ĚŝťőĝũŤē�ěĔŐŵńŵũŤē�ŮŨ�ĚőĸēŴ�ĚŐŵũĥŨ�Žŉŕżĸ�źĲŤē�ȕĴũĜČũŤē�ĳŵŅĨ�ĚŤŴį�20�ŽŤēŵĨ�ŮŨ�ISHPES�ţē�ūŵšĝŤ�ŦũŐ�ĚļĳŴ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝŤ�ĚżũŤĔőŤē�ĚťĥũŤē�ŪōŭĝĸŴ��ŪŤĔőŤē�ţŵĨ�ŮŨ�ĚżŘĔŝġŤē�ěĔŠĴĩŤēŴ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ğēİĨǜē�ĆēĴėĭŤē�ŮŨ�ĚŐŵŭĝŨ�ĚŐŵũĥŨ�ĚťĖĔŝŨ�ŮżġĨĔėŤēŴ�ůēĳŵĝŠİŤē�ĕǙŉŤ�ŹŭĹĝżĸŴ��ĴũĜČũŤē�ĦŨĔŬĴėŤ�ęĴũġŨŴ�ęİżřŨ�ĚŘĔńč�ŹŝĝťŨ�įĴĥŨ�ŮŨ�ĴġŠĉ�ŵű�ŧĔŻĉ�ĚőĖĳĉ�ŶİŨ�ŹťŐ�ŧĔŝũŤē�ğİĩŤē�ēĲű�ūĊĖ�ĚŝĠ�ŹťŐ�ĔŬĉŴ��ĚŀĔĬ�ĻĔŝŬ�ěĔĹťĤ�ĳŵŅĨŴ�ěĔŘĔŝĠ�ŮŐ�İŻĶũŤē�ŪťőĜŴ�ęİŻİĤ�ěĔŜēİŀ�ŮŻŵšĝŤ�ĚŨĔű�ĚŀĴŘ�ĴėĝőŻ�ĢżĨ�ȕĻĔŝŭŤēŴ�ĳēŵĩŤē�ĆēĴĤčŴ�ŽũŻįĔŠǜē�ţįĔėĝťŤ

�ųŤ�ŮżřżŅĝĹũŤē

�ĴŉŜ�ŚĩĝŨŴ�ŽŬĔĠ�ţć�ĚřżťĬ�ŮĖ�İũĨ�ĞŭĖ�ĚĸĔżũŤē�ĚĭżĽŤē�ęįĔőĹŤ�ūĔŭĝŨǞēŴ�ĴšĽŤē�ŦŻĶĥĖ�ŧİŝĜĉ�ūĉ�įŴĉ�Ĕŭű�ŮŨŴ�ŪżōŭĝŤ�ŪűįŵŲĤ�ŹťŐ�ȕŪŲŝŻĴŘŴ�Ĕřťżĸ�ŪżŤŴĳ�ŽšŻĴŭű�ĺŻŵŤ�ȕĴŠēŴŴ�ūĔżĝĹŻĴŠ��į�łĬǜĔĖŴ�ȕŹńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ŽėũŤŴǜē�ĚőŨĔĥŤ�ŧŵťőŤēŴ�ĕēįǚē�ĚżťŠ�ŮŨ�ĆǙŨĶŤēŴ�İŭĹũŤē�Ěĭżļ�ęıĔĝĸǜē�ŹŤč�ĴšĽŤĔĖ�ųĤŵĜĉ�ȕ ƻēĴĬć�ĺżŤŴ� ƻēĴżĬĉŴ��ĴũĜČũŤē�ēĲű

� ƻǙŻŵň�ůĴŠĲĝŭĸ� ƻĔũŲŨ� ƻĔĠİĨ�ūŵšżĸ�ĴũĜČũŤē�ēĲű�ŮŨ�ŞĠēŴ�ĔŬĉŴ��ĔŭĝŘĔŅĝĸē�ŹťŐ�ĴŉŜ

�ęİżřũŤēŴ�ĚőĝũũŤē�ěĔļĔŝŭŤēŴ�ĚŝżĽŤē�ěēĴńĔĩũŤĔĖ�ĚđżťŨ�ȕĚĨŴİŤē�ŽŘ�Ěėżň�ĚŨĔŜč�ŒżũĥťŤ�ŹŭũĜĉ

Dear ISHPES Congress 2014 participants,As president of the International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport (ISHPES), I welcome you to Doha, Qatar, where the annual ISHPES congress will be held at the Qatar University with the title “Global Perspectives of Sport and Physical Cultures: From Past to Present Congress”. This congress also celebrates the 25th anniversary of 0:/7,:»� MV\UKPUN�� (SS� MVYTLY� 0:/7,:� WYLZPKLU[Z� ^PSS� IL� WYLZLU[� HUK� YLÅLJ[� VU� [OL�development of ISHPES and on sport history in general.

;OPZ�PZ�[OL�ÄYZ[�0:/7,:�JVUNYLZZ�[V�IL�OLSK�PU�[OL�4PKKSL�,HZ[��0�HT�OHWW`�[V�YLWVY[�[OH[�more than 100 ISHPES members from approximately 20 countries plan to attend. The congress covers a wide range of topics in the history of sport events and cultural movements across the world. The workshop organized by the International Journal of the /PZ[VY`�VM�:WVY[�PZ�H�MY\P[M\S�HKKP[PVU�[V�V\Y�WYVNYHT��6UL�JHU�HSZV�ÄUK�H�]HYPL[`�VM�PU[LYLZ[�ing panels and special sessions for PhD students and junior scholars. I am sure that this MV\Y�KH`�L]LU[�^PSS�VɈLY�TVYL�[OHU�HJHKLTPJ�L_JOHUNL�HUK�KLIH[L·^L�^PSS�HSZV�THRL�new friends and learn more about the culture of our hosts.

I would like to thank H.E Sheikha Al Mayassa Bint Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani and the Qatar Olympic and Sport Museum, especially Dr. Christian Wacker, Luis Henrique Rolim Silva and their team, to have made this congress possible. Last but not least, my thanks go to Prof. Sheikha Al-Misnad and the colleagues from the College of Arts and Sciences of the Qatar University for hosting us. I am sure it will be an event long remembered.

,�ZLVK� DOO� RI� \RX�DQ� HQMR\DEOH� VWD\� LQ�'RKD�� ðOOHG�ZLWK� H[FLWLQJ� OHFWXUHV� DQG� IUXLWIXO�discussions.

6

*d&[[ T1+N<`*d .'ISHPES *$8c, O+PQ

./R1`*%&[ /)$%[_& *KL MfN, 3-2-1 g1G,- O+PQ/*`",

Dr. Christian WackerChairman of the ISHPES CongressDirector/chief curator of 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum

7

CZ1@NH16 /R1`*%&[ /)$%[_& *KL MfN, 3-2-1 *I#`.C4["%& /Z ISHPES *:U O,1I%& h;G<%& *$8c$%&

�ŹťŐ�ĚťŁřŨ�ęĴōŬ�ȕţĔĥũŤē�ēĲű�ŽŘ� ƻĔżũŤĔŐ�İĐēĴŤē�ISHPES�Ŵ�ĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ŮżĖ�ūŴĔőĝŤĔĖ�İŝőżĸ�źĲŤēŴ�ĴũĜČũŤē�ŽŝťŻ�ŹťŐ�ŪĐĔŜ�ŒũĝĥŨ�ĆĔŭėŤ�ĚżťėŝĝĹũŤē�ĴŉŜ�ĚŻċĳ�ŮŨ�ĆĶĥŠŴ�ĚżńĔũŤē�50�ţē�ěēŵŭĹŤē�ŽŘ�ĚżŬİėŤē�ĚżĖĴĝŤēŴ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĮŻĳĔĜ�ĴėĝőĜ�ȕĚżŤŴİŤē�ĚżũŻįĔŠǜē�ěĔżŤĔőřŤē�ĚŘĔŅĝĸǘ�ŽńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ŽėũŤŴǜē�ĴŉŜ�ŚĩĝŨ�3-2-1�ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē�ŮŨŴ�ȕĚŘĴőũŤē�ĔŲŨİŝĜ�ęĶżũŨŴ�ęİŻĴŘ�ĚŀĴŘ�ĴŉŜ�ĚŤŴİŤ�ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ�ĚżńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ĚżŬİėŤē�ĚżĖĴĝŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝŤ�ŽŤŴİŤē�ŒũĝĥũŤē�ĴũĜČŨ�ĚŘĔŅĝĸē�ūč��ŪŤĔőŤē�ĆĔĩŬĉ�ŒżũĤ�ŮŨ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĆĔũťŐ�ŒŨ�ĳĔšŘǜēŴ�ĚŘĴőũŤē�ţįĔėĝŤ�ŊĸŴǜē�śĴĽŤē�ŮŨ�ĕǙŉŤēŴ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĆēĴėĭŤ�ŽŘ�ŽńĔŻĴŤē�ğēĴĝŤēŴ�ĮŻĳĔĝŤē�ţŵĨ�ĚŘĴőũŤē�ĴĽŬŴ�ŒżĸŵĜ�ŹŤč�ĚŘįĔŲŤē�ŚĩĝũŤē�ĚĸĔżĸ�ŮŨ�ĆĶĤ�ŵű�ĴũĜČũŤē�ŪżōŭĜ�ęĉĴũŤē�ĴũĜČŨ�ȕĚżńĔŻĴŤē�ěĔėĝšũŤē�ȕŦżĭŤē�ěĔńĔŻĳ�ĴũĜČŨ�ŚĩĝũŤē�ŪōŬ�ȕ2010�ŧĔőŤē�ĲŭŨŴ��ģĳĔĭŤēŴ�ŽĖĴőŤē�ŪŤĔőŤē

�Body-2-Mind�ĴũĜČŨŴ�ȕěĔŉĽŭũŤē�ŽňĔőĜ�ĚĩŘĔšŨ�ĴũĜČŨ�ȕĚńĔŻĴŤēŴ

�ȕŃĴŐ�ěĔļĔļ�ȕĚřťĝĭũŤē�ěĔżŤĔőŘ�ȕĚżťŐĔřĜ�ĚŉĽŬĉ�ŮũŅĝĜ�ĚőĐēĳ�ĚĖĴĥĜ��2016�ŧĔŐ�ħĔĝĝŘǘē��3-2-1�ŚĩĝŨ�ŧİŝŻ�ŹťŐ�ĔŲŐēŵŬĊĖ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ŪŻİŝĜŴ�ĳŵŲũĥŤē�ųżŘĴĜŴ�ŚżŝġĜ�ŹŤč�ŗİŲĜ�ŽĝŤēŴ�ĳēĴũĝĸĔĖ�ĔŲġŻİĩĜ�Ūĝżĸ�ęĶżũĝŨ�ŃĳĔőŨŴ�ĳĔėĝŐĔĖŴ��ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ŽŘ�ĚŠĳĔĽũťŤ�ŧĔŲŤčŴ�ķĔũĨ�ŪŲťŠŴ�ĳēŴĶŤē�ĳįĔŕżĸ�ĢżĩĖ��ŪŤĔőŤē�ĆĔĩŬĉ�ŒżũĤ�ŮŨŴ�ŶŵĝĹŨ�ŹťŐĉ�ĳēĴũĝĸĔĖ�ŚĩĝũŤē�ĳŴĶĜ�ŽĝŤē�ĚżťĩũŤē�ěǙĐĔőťŤ�ĚťűĲŨ�ĚĖĴĥĜ�ūŵšżĸ�ųŬĎŘ�ȕŽũŤĔŐ�ĕĲĤ�ŊĩŨŴ� ƻĔżťĩŨ� ƻēĶŠĴŨ�ŚĩĝũŤē�ŹŤč�ĚŻĴŉŝŤē�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĳŴĲĤ�ĮŻĳĔĝŤ�ĚŻŵřĽŤē�ěĔŻēŴĴŤē�ŮŨ� ƻēĆİĖŴ��ŶŵĝĹũŤē�ĚőżŘĳ�įŵŘŵŤēŴ�ģĳĔĭŤē�ŮŨ�ħĔżĹťŤ� ƻĔŅŻĉŴ

�ĳŵŲũĥťŤ�ĔŲńĴőŻŴ�ĔŲŨİŝżŤ�ĔŲőżũĥĝĖ�ŚĩĝũŤē�ŧŵŝŻ�ȕ1�ǘŵŨĳŵřŤē�ĚńĔŻĳ�ĔŲŨİŝĜ�ŽĝŤē�ęĳĔĠǞē

�ĔŲŨĔũĝűǘ�ŢŤıŴ�ȕĴŉŜ�ŚĨĔĝŨ�Ěđżű�ĺżĐĳ��ŽŬĔĠ�ţć�ĚřżťĬ�ŮĖ�İũĨ�ĞŭĖ�ĚĸĔżũŤē�ĚĭżĽŤē�ęįĔőĹŤ� ƻēİĤ�ūŵŭĝũŨ�ŮĩŬ�ģĳĔĭŤēŴ�ĴŉŜ�ŽŘ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝĖ�ĚŘĴőũŤē�ŪŐįŴ�ĴŻŵŉĝŤ�ĔűįŵŲĥŤŴ�ĚżńĔŻĴŤē�ĚŘĔŝġŤĔĖ

The 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum is proud to host the 15th annual ISHPES Congress in Doha.Jointly held by Qatar University and ISHPES, the world leader in its area, the congress will look back at the history of the past 50 years. As part of Qatar’s vision to build a knowledge-based society and the 3-2-1 Museum’s strategy to host international academ-ic events, holding the ISHPES Congress to Qatar presents a unique opportunity for sport experts and students from the Middle East to exchange knowledge and ideas with sport scholars from around the world. Organizing this congress is part of the 3-2-1 Museum’s policy to expand knowledge about the history and heritage of sports in the Arab World and abroad. Since 2010, the 3-2-1 has held conferences on Horse Sports, Sports Libraries, Women and Sports, Anti-Doping, and Body to Mind.

The 3-2-1 Museum (9,000 square meter exhibition space opening in 2016) will provide an amazing experience with interactives, events, screens, and unforgettable exhibits constantly updated and designed to educate, entertain, and deliver state-of-the-art sports from around the world. Visitors will leave excited and inspired to get involved in sports. As a local hub and a global magnet, this museum will be as fascinating for a local family who visits frequently as for an international tourist or visiting dignitary. From oral histories of the roots of Qatari sport to the thrill of Formula One, the museum collects, displays, and celebrates it all.

:H�DUH�H[WUHPHO\�JUDWHIXO� WR�4DWDU�0XVHXPV�$XWKRULW\�&KDLUSHUVRQ�+�(��6KHLNKD�$O�0D\DVVD�%LQW�+DPG�%LQ�.KDOLID�$O�7KDQL�IRU�KHU�HQJDJHPHQW�LQ�WKH�FXOWXUH�RI�VSRUWV�DQG�KHU�LQWHUHVW�LQ�GHYHORSLQJ�NQRZOHGJH�RQ�VSRUWV�KLVWRU\�LQ�4DWDU�DQG�DEURDG�

8

1#D+H 7+%[Q /i`*G] O`;%C$jG$%& CGbD%& O+PQ

/R1`*%&[ /)$%[_& *KL MfN, 3-2-1 .kf)%& 7<L O+PQ

Luis Henrique Rolim SilvaPresident of the Organizing Commi!eeHead of research, 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum

9

.T;dQ1:$%& /P&eU-�ĚżĖĴĝŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝŤ�ŽŤŴİŤē�ŒũĝĥũŤē�ĴũĜČŨ�ŽŘ�ŪšĖ�ĘĨĳĉ�ūĉ�ŽŬİőĹŻŴ�ŹŭŘĴĽŻ�ȕĴũĜČũťŤ�ĚũōŭũŤē�ĚŭĥťŤē�ŮŐ� ƻĚĖĔżŭŤĔĖ�ŵű�ĴũĜČũŤē�ŏŵńŵŨ�ūĎŘ�ȕūŵũťőĜ�ĔũŠ��ĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ŽŘ�İŝőŭũŤē�ĴĽŐ�ĺŨĔĭŤē�źŵŭĹŤē�ISHPES�ĚńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ĚżŬİėŤē�ĔŭĥŨĔŬĴĖ�ŮũŅĝŻ�ȕŏŵńŵũŤē�ēĲű�ŽŘ�ŞũŐĉ�ŦšĽĖ�ĢĩėťŤŴ��ĚżŬİėŤē�ěĔŘĔŝġŤēŴ�ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ţŵĨ�ĚżũŤĔŐ�ĴōŬ�ěĔŲĤŴ��ĚŠĳĔĽũťŤ�ŮŻŵŐİũŤē�ŗŵżŅŤēŴ�ŮżżĹżĐĴŤē�ŮżĠİĩĝũŤē�ŮŨ�ĚŐŵũĥŨ�ĔŲŨİŝŻ�ŽĝŤē�ěĔŐŵńŵũŤē�ŮŨ�ĚŐŵŭĝŨ�ĚŐŵũĥŨ�ŪĜ�ĔũŠ�ȕĴũĜČũťŤ�łĭťŨ�100�ŽŤēŵĨ�ŪŻİŝĜ�ŪĜ�İŜŴ��ĚŻŵřĽŤē�ěēĴńĔĩũŤēŴ�ŦũőŤē�ĻĳŴŴ�ĻĔŝŭŤē�ěĔĹťĤ�ŽŘ

�ĚĨŴİŤē�ŽŘ�ŪŲĠĔĩĖĉ�ĦĐĔĝŬ�ŃĴőŤ�ĚřťĝĭŨ�ěĔżřťĬ�ŮŨŴ�ĚŤŴį�20�ŮŨ�ĴġŠĉ�ŮŨ�ŮżŠĳĔĽũŤē�ĳĔżĝĬē

��IJHS��ĚńĔŻĴŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝŤ�ĚżŤŴİŤē�ĚťĥũŤē�ĔŲũōŭĜ�ŽĝŤē�ŊĸŴǜē�śĴĽŤē�ŦũŐ�ĚļĳŴ�ĚŘĔŅĝĸĔĖ� ƻĔŅŻĉ�ūŴĳŵĭŘ�ŮĩŬŴ�ěĔŻİĩĝŤē ��ŊĸŴǜē �śĴĽŤē �ŽŘ �ĚńĔŻĴŤē� �ţŵĨ �ŪŲŤĔũŐĉ �ŮŻĵĳĔėŤē �ŮżŁŁĭĝũŤē �ŮŨ �ĳĔĝĭŨ �įİŐ �ŃĴőżĸ �ĔŲżŘŴ�ŪťŐĉ�ŽŭŬĎŘ�ȕ2014�ĚńĔŻĴŤēŴ�ĚżŬİėŤē�ĚżĖĴĝŤē�ĮŻĳĔĝŤ�ŽŤŴİŤē�ŒũĝĥũŤē�ĴũĜČŨ�ĺżĐĳ�ŽĝřŁĖŴ��ĚżŘĔŝġŤēŴ�ĚżŐĔũĝĤǞē�ĚŉĽŬǜēŴ�ŽũŻįĔŠǜē�ĦŨĔŬĴėťŤ �ŮżũōŭũŤēŴ�ŮżŉŉĭũŤē �ĿĔĭļǜē�ŹťŐ�ĚŻĔŲŭŤē �ŽŘ�İũĝőŻ�ĴũĜČũŤē �ħĔĥŬ�ūĉ� ƻēİżĤ�ŽĝŤē�ĴŉŜ�ŚĨĔĝŨ�Ŵ�ŽŬĔĠ�ţć�ĚřżťĬ�ŮĖ�İũĨ�ĞŭĖ�ĚĸĔżũŤē�ĚĭżĽŤē�ęįĔőĸ�ŹŤč�łĬǜĔĖ�ĔŬĴšļ�ųĤŵŬŴ��ĚżŐĔũĝĤǞē�ūĔũŻč�į�Ŵ�ȕĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ĺżĐĳ�±�İŭĹũŤē�Ěĭżļ�ęıĔĝĸǜē�ŹŤčŴ�ȕĚĨŴİŤē�ŽŘ�ĴũĜČũŤē�ēĲű�ŪżōŭĝŤ�ĚŀĴřŤē�ĔŭŤ�ĞĨĔĜĉ��ĴũĜČũťŤ�ŪŲĝŘĔŅĝĸēŴ�ŪŲũŐį�ŹťŐ�ȕĴŉŜ�ĚőŨĔĤ�ŽŘ�ŮżŤŴČĹũŤē�ŒżũĤŴ�ȕŧŵťőŤēŴ�ĕēįǚē�ĚżťŠ�İżũŐ�±�źŵřŉŁŨ�ĚőĐēĴŤē�ŪŲĜĔĨēĴĝŜēŴ�ĚũżšĩŤē�ŪŲĜĳŵĽŨ�ŹťŐ�ȕISHPES�ƸŤē�ĺťĥŨŴ�ȕISHPES�ĺżĐĳ�±�ūĔũŘŵű�ĞżŬĉ�į�ĴšĽŬ�ĔũŠ�ŊĸŴǜē�śĴĽŤē�ŽŘ��IJHS�ƸŤ�ŽũŻįĔŠǜē�ĳĴĩũŤē�±�ŖŬŵű�ūĔŘ��ĳŵĝŠİťŤ�ĴšĽŤē�ŦŠ� ƻĔŅŻĉŴ��ŽũŻįĔŠǜē�ĦŨĔŬĴėŤē�ŪŐİŤ

�IJHS�ŦũŐ�ĚļĳŴ�ŪżōŭĜ�ĚżũűĊĖ�ųĝŝĠŴ�ĔŭŤ�ųũŐį�ŹťŐ�ȕĔżĸćŴ

�ŦšĖ�ēŵťũŐ�ŮũŨ� ƻĔőżũĤ�źĲżřŭĝŤē�ŞŻĴřŤē�ŮŨ�ŽĐǙŨĵ�ŽŬĔŭĝŨē�łŤĔĬ�ŮŐ�ĕĴŐĉ�ūĉ�įŴĉ�ȕŽŁĭĽŤē�İżőŁŤē�ŹťŐ�ĔŨĉ�ĴũĜČũŤē�ēĲű�ŪżōĝŤ�ĚũŲũŤē�ĘŬēŵĥŤēŴ�ŦżŀĔřĝŤē�ŦŠ�ŹťŐ�ŪűİŲĤ

� ƻĔũżōŐŴ� ƻĔĩĤĔŬ� ƻēĴũĜČŨ�ŪšŤ�ŹŭũĜĉDear participants,On behalf of the Congress Organizing Committee, I am honored and delighted to welcome you to the 15th ISHPES Congress at Qatar University. As you know, the JVUNYLZZ�[OLTL�PZ�.SVIHS�7LYZWLJ[P]LZ�VU�:WVY[Z�HUK�7O`ZPJHS�*\S[\YLZ��;V�YLÅLJ[�VU�[OH[�theme, our program includes a variety of topics presented by keynote speakers and invited guests in panels, workshops, and oral sessions. Approximately 100 abstracts were submitted to the congress, and we selected participants from more than 20 countries and KPɈLYLU[�IHJRNYV\UKZ�[V�WYLZLU[�[OLPY�YLZLHYJO�ÄUKPUNZ�PU�+VOH�

We are also proud to have as associated event the Middle East Workshop of the Interna-[PVUHS�1V\YUHS�VM�[OL�/PZ[VY`�VM�:WVY[��01/:��(�ZLSLJ[LK�U\TILY�VM�OPNO�WYVÄSL�ZWLJPHSPZ[Z�will present their work on Sport in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Challenges.

As president of the 2014 ISHPES Congress, I know that its success ultimately depends on the many people who plan and organize both the academic program and the social activities. In particular, we thank H.E Sheikha Al Mayassa Bint Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani and the Qatar Museums authorities, which gave us the opportunity to organize the congress in Doha; Dr. Eiman Mustafawi, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, along with all Qatar University administrators; Dr. Annette Hofmann, president of ISHPES, and the ISHPES Council; and Dr. Fan Hong, academic editor of IJHS Middle East and Asia.

On a more personal note, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my colleagues from the executive team, who have all worked extremely hard on every detail and important aspect to organize this congress.

I wish you a great congress!

10

ORGANIZING COMMITTEEUnder the patronage ofH.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa Bint Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-ThaniChairperson of Board of TrusteesQatar Museums

&KDLUPDQ�RI�WKH�&RQJUHVVChristian WackerDirector/Chief Curator3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum

3UHVLGHQW�RI�WKH�2UJDQL]LQJ�&RPPLWWHHLuis Henrique Rolim SilvaHead of Research3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEEHessa Al AliSenior Design Specialist3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum

Mohamed FaridCommunity Building & Events Manager3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum

Reema Al SaeghActing Marketing Manager3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum

4DWDU�8QLYHUVLW\�DQG�+RVW�9HQXH�&RPPLWWHHRuben Tobias GoebelAssistant Professor at the Sport Science ProgramCollege of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University

Joyce MartinosExternal Relations Coordinator at the College of Arts and SciencesQatar University

,QWHUQDWLRQDO�6RFLHW\�IRU�WKH�+LVWRU\�RI�3K\VLFDO�(GXFDWLRQ�DQG�6SRUW��,6+3(6�Annette HofmannPresident of ISHPES/Ludwigsburg University, Germany

Kai ReinhartSecretary General of ISHPES/University of Münster, Germany

11

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEESISHPES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEAnnette Hofmann, Ludwigsburg University of Education (Germany)

Christian Wacker, 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum (Qatar)

Gerald Gems, North Central College (United States)

.LY[Y\K�7ÄZ[LY��University of Copenhagen (Denmark)

Gigliola Gori, University of Urbino (Italy)

Hans-Dieter Gerber, 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum (Qatar)

Leena Laine, University of Jyväskyl (Finland)

Luis Henrique Rolim Silva, 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum (Qatar)

Malcom MacLean, University of Gloucestershire (United Kingdom)

Maureen Smith, California State University at Sacramento (United States)

Patricia Vertinsky, University of British Columbia (Canada)

Ruben Tobias Goebel, Qatar University (Qatar)

Sandra Heck, University of Lyon (France)

IJHS WORKSHOP SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEFan Hong, Academic Editor of IJHS Middle East and Asia/University of Western Australia (Australia)

Luis Henrique Rolim Silva, 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum (Qatar)

Mahfoud Amara, Loughborough University (United Kingdom)

12

CONGRESS INFORMATIONParticipant AccreditationAll participants are requested to wear their accreditation during all the Congress HJ[P]P[PLZ�HUK�ZVJPHS�HJ[P]P[PLZ��(SS�Z[HɈ�^PSS�OH]L�[OL�YPNO[�[V�YLM\ZL�LU[YHUJL�PU�[OL�Congress activities if the participant is not wearing the accreditation.

Language;OL�VɉJPHS�SHUN\HNL�VM�[OL�*VUNYLZZ�PZ�,UNSPZO��;OLYL�̂ PSS�IL�,UNSPZO�(YHIPJ�ZPT\S[H�neous translation at both Ibn Khaldoun and Library Auditoriums.

3\UJO�HUK�*VɈLL�)YLHRZ;OL�S\UJO�HUK�[OL�JVɈLL�IYLHRZ�HYL�ZLY]LK�H[�0IU�2OHSKV\U�/HSS��MV`LY��H[�[OL�ZWLJPM�ic timings accordingly with the program. They are all free-of-charge.

:LZZPVUZIt is important to you verify your presentation session date and time. Please be at `V\Y�ZLZZPVU�Ä]L�TPU\[LZ�ILMVYL�[OL�Z[HY[�[V�LUZ\YL�[OH[�[OL�[LJOUPJHS�LX\PWTLU[�PZ�working. The organizing committee reserves the right to adjust or change the program. Any change will be prior informed.

*LY[PÄJH[LZ7YLZLU[H[PVU� JLY[PÄJH[LZ� ^PSS� IL� KLSP]LYLK� H[� [OL� LUK� VM� LHJO� ZLZZPVU�� 6US`� VUL�JLY[PÄJH[L�^PSS�IL�PZZ\LK�WLY�WYLZLU[H[PVU��([[LUKHUJL�JLY[PÄJH[LZ�^PSS�IL�KLSP]LYLK�on the last day of the conference at the registration desk.

*VUNYLZZ�WVSPJ`Smoking is prohibited at all times in the Congress Venue.Switch your mobile phone to the silence mode during the sessions.

0U[LYUL[�HJJLZZFree Wi-Fi is available in the Congress Venue. To get your login and password information, please go to the Congress information desk at Ibn Khaldoun Hall (foyer).

SHUTTLE BUS INFORMATIONTransportation for the Congress venue, social activities and hotels is free-of-charge, following the shuttle buses schedule and itinerary. The shuttle bus will be running daily from 8am to 7pm every hour. The participants are the sole responsible to be on time and place of the buses departure. The schedule and route of the buses will be announced on the website as well as in the information desk at the congress venue.

13

SOCIAL ACTIVITIESThe Organizing Committee prepared a variety of social activities for the after Congress hours. All the social activities are free-of-charge but some of them have a limited number of people. Thus, have a look below in the date and time of the HJ[P]P[PLZ��HUK�VYNHUPaL�`V\YZLSM�[V�UV[�SVZL�HU`�VM�[OLZL�HTHaPUN�VɈLYZ��

The organizers will provide a bus ride to all the participants from the congress venue to the social activities. Participants are responsible for their return to the hotels. The organizers are not responsible for the participants’ behavior during the social activities.

>LSJVTL�JVJR[HPS�H[�0IU�2OHSKV\U�MV`LY15:35-16:35, 22 SEPAfter the opening lecture, all the participants are invited to take a part in the Welcome Cocktail. The organizers picked a special selection of snacks and refreshments in [OPZ�ÄYZ[�VWWVY[\UP[`�[V�RUV^�LHJO�V[OLY��(SZV�[OL�WHY[PJPWHU[Z�^PSS�OH]L�[OL�JOHUJL�to experience some elements of the Arabic culture such as calligraphy and falconry.

1\UPVY�:JOVSHY�:VJPHS�5PNO[�H[�*VYUPJOL�9VHK�/HYIVY18:00-20:00, 23 SEPThe Congress’ Junior Scholar Social Night will take place on board a traditional Qatari sailing vessel, also known as a “Dhow” boat. All junior scholars (PhD students, master’s students, and undergraduate students) are invited to participate. Music, light snacks, and refreshments will be served. There is a limited number of seats, and depending on the boat’s occupation, other guests will be invited to take part. To reserve your place, please make sure to inform the organizers if you are a young scholar.

;YHKP[PVUHS�4HYRL[�=PZP[�H[�:V\X�>HXPM18:30-onwards, 24 SEPSouq Waqif is a traditional market located at the heart of Doha town. The souq has the spirit and feel of an old Arabic souq while hosting many modern restaurants and shops. Participants will be free to organize and select which restaurants they would like to go to for dinner.

-HYL^LSS�+PUULY�H[�4\ZL\T�VM�0ZSHTPJ�(Y[17:40-19:00, 25 SEPThe stunning Museum of Islamic Art is an icon for art, culture and heritage, housing precious works from more than 1200 years of Islamic civilization. A special selection of snacks and refreshments will be served. The farewell dinner at the central courtyard of the museum will be the last opportunity to network in a convivial and friendly atmosphere.

14

VENUE INFORMATIONThe whole congress will take place at Qatar University. Ibn Khaldoun Hall will be the central place of the event. Registration and information desks will be placed there as ^LSS�HZ�[OL�VYNHUPaLY»Z�VɉJL��;OL�H\KP[VYP\T�VM�0IU�2OHSKV\U�/HSS�^PSS�IL�\ZLK�MVY�keynote speakers and parallel sessions.

The new Qatar University Library is located right beside Ibn Khaldoun Hall. The library auditorium and room 134 will be used for the IJHS workshop and to host various panels and parallel sessions.

Both Ibn Khaldoun and the library rooms will have proper signage to make them LHZPLY�MVY�WHY[PJPWHU[Z�[V�SVJH[L��6U�WHNL��`V\�^PSS�ÄUK�H�THW�[V�OLSW�`V\�]PZ\HSPaL�each location.

15

16

+Y��*OYPZ[PHU�>HJRLY3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum (Qatar)

7YVM��+Y��4PJOHLS�2Y�NLYUniversity of Münster (Germany)ISHPES Award WinnerLecture title: Modern Sports between nationalism, internationalism, and cultural imperialism 10:35-11:25, 23 SEP, at Ibn Khaldoum auditorium

+Y��1VHJOPT�.PLYSPJOZQatar National LibraryLecture title: Mecca and Ancient Olympia: comparative study about pilgrimage14:45-15:35, 23 SEP, at Ibn Khaldoum auditorium

7YVM��+Y��9VSHUK�9LUZVUCatholic University of Leuven (Belgium)The Making of ISHPES: From Cold War to Cold Fusion in International Sport History, 1967–1989Part of the 25 years of ISHPES: Former Presidents’ Roundtable15:50-17:20, 23 SEP, at Ibn Khaldoum auditorium

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

17

7YVM��+Y��:\ZHUUH�/LKLUIVYNMalmö University (Sweden)Routledge KeynoteLecture title: Equestrian sports in a Global World: Past, present and future challenges10:35-11:25, 24 SEP, at Ibn Khaldoum auditorium

7YVM��+Y��0HU�/LUY`Loughborough University (United Kingdom)Lecture title: Olympic engagement and the Gulf States: the use of Olympic Solidarity Programmes by Gulf States Part of the IJHS Middle East Workshop10:35-11:25, 24 SEP, at Library auditorium

7YVM��+Y��7H[YPJPH�=LY[PUZRÙniversity of British Columbia (Canada)Lecture title: Reconsidering the demise of the female tradition in physical education: an historical perspective14:45-15:35, 24 SEP, at Ibn Khaldoum auditorium

7YVM��+Y��;OPLYY`�;LYYL[University of Lyon (France)Lecture title: Gold Medal and White Economy: the Winter Olympic Games and the Making of the French elite (1959-2012)10:35-11:25, 25 SEP, at Ibn Khaldoum auditorium

18

TIME

VENU

E22

SEP

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��MV`

LY�

0:/7

,:�*V\

UJPS�4

LL[PU

N

3\UJ

O�IYLH

R��)

\ɈL[�HUK

�YLMYL

ZOTLU

[Z

)YLH

R

>LSJV

TL�JV

JR[HPS��

�:UH

JRZ�HU

K�YLMYL

ZOTLU

[Z

� !��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

6ɉJPHS�6WL

UPUN

Prof

. She

ikha

Al-M

isnad

, Pre

siden

t of t

he Q

atar

Uni

vers

ityPr

of. D

r. An

nette

Hof

man

n, P

resid

ent o

f the

ISHP

ES

Dr. C

hrist

ian

Wac

ker,

Chai

rman

of t

he C

ongr

ess,

Dire

ctor

of 3

-2-1

Qat

ar O

lympi

c an

d Sp

orts

Mus

eum

Pr

of. D

r. Fa

n Ho

ng, A

cade

mic

Edi

tor o

f IJH

S M

iddl

e Ea

st a

nd A

sia

ISHP

ES -

Ope

ning

lect

ure:

A d

ecad

e of

gro

wth

in s

port

in Q

atar

Mr.

Faha

d Ju

ma,

Dire

ctor

of P

lann

ing

& De

velo

pmen

t of t

he Q

atar

Olym

pic

Com

mitt

ee

Chai

r: Ch

ristia

n W

acke

r, 3-

2-1

Qat

ar O

lympi

c an

d Sp

orts

Mus

eum

DAILY PROGRAMRegistration is open from 9:00 to 17:00 at Ibn Khaldoun Hall.LULYHS�YLTHYRZ!��3\UJO�IYLHRZ"�JVɈLL�IYLHRZ"�HUK�^LSJVTL�JVJR[HPS�HYL�ZLY]LK�H[�0IU�2OHSKV\U�/HSS��MV`LY�� All are free-of-charge.- Farewell is served at Museum of Islamic Art. Farewell is free-of-charge.- Dhow boat cruise has a limited number of participants. Please inform the organizing committee if you are a Junior Scholar (Ph.D., masters or under-graduation students).- There is English-Arabic simultaneous translation at both Ibn Khaldoun and Library Auditoriums.- Transportation for the congress venue, social activities and hotels is free-of-charge, following the buses schedule and itinerary. Participants are the sole responsible to be on time and place of the buses departure. The Organizing Committee is not responsible for the participants’ behavior during the social activities.

19

TIME

VENU

E23

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

*VɈL

L�IYLH

R��*

VɈLL

��YLMYLZO

TLU

[Z�HUK

�ZHU

K^PJOL

Z

!��

��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

Sess

ion:�.LU

KLY

Chai

r: Pa

trici

a Ve

rtins

ky, U

nive

rsity

of B

ritish

Co

lum

bia

(Can

ada)

$LQR�6DUMH� G

ymna

stic

s M

ass

Perfo

rman

ce a

s a

Form

of W

omen

’s Po

pula

r Cul

ture

in F

inla

nd

(QQ�0DLQOD��E

ston

ian

Fem

ale

Athl

etes

on

Stro

ngm

en’s

Turf:

Stro

ng W

omen

in S

ports

*HUWUXG�3ðVWHU��

Wom

en’s

Wre

stlin

g: O

rigin

s an

d Ev

olut

ion

in th

e Un

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

6KDKU]DG�0RKDP

PDGL��

Secu

laris

m v

ersu

s Fu

ndam

enta

lism

: The

Dev

elop

men

t of F

emal

e Co

mpe

titive

Spo

rts in

Iran

ISHP

ES K

eyno

te4VK

LYU�ZW

VY[Z�IL[^LL

U�UH

[PVUH

S�PZT

��PU[LYUH

[PVUH

SPZT��H

UK�J\S[\YHS�

PTWL

YPHSPZT

ISHP

ES A

war

d W

inne

r3URI��'

U��0LFKDHO�.UşJHU�

Unive

rsity

of M

ünst

er

(Ger

man

y)

Chai

r: G

iglio

la G

ori,

Unive

rsity

of U

rbin

o (It

aly)

Sess

ion:

:WV

Y[�PU�(MYPJH

Chai

r: Th

ierry

Ter

ret,

Unive

rsity

of L

yon

(Fra

nce)

)UDQFRLV�&OHRSKDV� A

n Hi

stor

ical

Acc

ount

of

Prim

ary

Scho

ol S

ports

in S

outh

Afri

ca,

1953

–196

5

*HUDUG�$NLQGHV� F

rom

Sho

rt W

ave

Radi

o to

Sa

tellit

e Te

levis

ion:

The

Tra

nsfo

rmat

iona

l Hi

stor

y of

Afri

can

Foot

ball F

ans’

Iden

titie

s

0DOFROP�0DF/HDQ� S

atiri

cal S

ourc

es: C

ritic

al

*VTTLU[HYPLZ��(Ɉ

LJ[P]P[�̀�HUK

�[OL�,T

LYNLUJL�

of a

n O

rgan

ized

Anti-

apar

thei

d M

ovem

ent i

n Sp

orts

Sess

ion:

7O`ZPJ

HS�,K\

JH[PV

U�0

Chai

r: Su

sann

a He

denb

org,

Mal

mö

Unive

rsity

(S

wed

en)

&KLD�-X�<HQ�

The

50t

h An

nive

rsar

y of

the

Taip

ei F

irst G

irls

High

Sch

ool H

onor

Gua

rd

Team

: Hist

ory,

Iden

tity,

and

Herit

age

<RVKLPL�.

DVXJD�

Rep

rese

ntat

ions

and

Imag

es

of F

emal

e G

ymna

stic

s Te

ache

rs a

nd F

emal

e At

hlet

es in

Jap

an (1

900–

1930

): Fo

cusin

g on

th

e Re

latio

n be

twee

n W

omen

’s Ph

ysic

al

Educ

atio

n an

d Sp

ort

.DQD�1DNDP

XWD�+LURDNL�6DNDNLEDUD��T

hom

as

Deni

son

Woo

d an

d Hi

s Th

ough

t on

Heal

th a

nd

Phys

ical

Edu

catio

n: W

ith re

fere

nce

to H

is (K

KYLZZLZ�� ¶� ��HUK

�0UÅ\LUJL�VU�

Japa

n af

ter t

he S

econ

d W

orld

War

Same

day c

ontin

ues n

ext p

age

20

TIME

VENU

E23

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

3\UJ

O�IYLH

R��)

\ɈL[�HUK

�YLMYL

ZOTLU

[Z

)YLH

R��9

LMYLZO

TLU

[Z

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

Sess

ion:

:WV

Y[�HU

K�5H

[PVUH

SPZT

*OHPY!�A

YPURV�Ǖ\Z[VUQH

� Uni

vers

ity o

f Zag

reb

(Cro

atia

)

3DVFDO�&KDULWDV

: Fre

nch

Spor

t Int

erna

tiona

l Po

licy

in th

e 19

60s:

Arc

hive

s of

the

Fren

ch

Film

Pre

ss

/L�;LDQJXR�&KHQJ�=KHQJ��O

n In

nova

tion

of

Shan

ghai

-sty

le S

ports

Cul

ture

in lin

e w

ith

Mas

s Re

quire

men

ts

/LX�/L��T

he B

ody

and

the

Natio

nal I

dent

ity:

The

Orig

in a

nd D

evel

opm

ent o

f the

Chi

nese

Na

tiona

l Gam

es in

the

Late

Qin

g an

d Re

publ

ican

Chi

na (1

910–

1948

)

3-2-

1 Ke

ynot

e6S`T

WPH�HU

K�4LJ

JH! A

Com

para

tive

Stud

yof

Pilg

rimag

e fro

m a

Hist

oric

al P

ersp

ectiv

e

'U��&

KULVWLDQ�:DFNHU��

3-2-

1 Q

atar

Olym

pic

and

Spor

ts M

useu

m'U��-RDFKLP�*LHUOLFKV�

Qat

ar N

atio

nal L

ibra

ry

Chai

r: Ha

ns-D

iete

r Ger

ber,

3-2-

1 Q

atar

Olym

pic

and

Spor

ts M

useu

m

Sess

ion:

4VK

LYU�:W

VY[Z

Chai

r: G

eral

d G

ems,

Nor

th C

entra

l Col

lege

(Uni

ted

Stat

es)

6KXQVXNH�0DWVXR�

“So

Man

y Co

untri

es, S

o M

any

Way

s”: I

nstit

utio

naliz

atio

n of

Mod

ern

Spor

ts in

Ear

ly 20

th C

entu

ry U

rugu

ay, C

hile

, an

d Ar

gent

ina:

A C

ompa

rativ

e Pe

rspe

ctive

6XQJ�-HKRRQ�

A S

tudy

of t

he R

esto

red

Kore

an T

radi

tiona

l Mar

tial A

rts o

f “Ki

sa”

and

“Gye

okgu

” and

The

ir M

oder

n Va

lues

.DWDOLQ�6]LN

RUD�

The

“Faç

ade”

of S

ocia

list

Spor

t: Th

e Le

gend

ary

“Gol

den

Team

” in

Hung

ary

Sess

ion:

5H[\YL�HU

K�6\

[KVV

YZCh

air:

Kai R

einh

art,

Unive

rsity

of M

ünst

er (G

erm

any)

0HL�&KXQ�/LQ�

Tai

wan

ese

Beac

hes

and

Mar

ine

Educ

atio

n du

ring

the

Japa

nese

Rul

ed P

erio

d of

18

95-1

945

3LHUUH�2ODI�6

FKXW� O

utdo

or A

ctivi

ties

and

the

Spor

tiviza

tion

Proc

ess:

Exa

mpl

es in

Fra

nce

6DQGUD�+HFN�7KLHUU\

�7HUUH

W� Na

ture

Con

serv

a-tio

n ve

rsus

Eve

nt O

rgan

izatio

n: M

adm

en’s

Diag

onal

es o

n La

Reu

nion

Isla

nd (1

989–

2013

)

7DUR�2ED\DVKL�

Reco

very

thro

ugh

Spor

t fro

m

the

Gre

at K

anto

Ear

thqu

ake

of 1

923

in T

okyo

Same

day c

ontin

ues n

ext p

age

21

TIME

VENU

E23

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

*VɈL

L�IYLH

R��*

VɈLL

��YLMYLZO

TLU

[Z�HUK

�ZHU

K^PJOL

Z

1\UPVY�:JO

VSHY�:VJ

PHS�5

PNO[��*

VYUPJO

L�/H

YIVY��Tr

aditi

onal

sai

ling

vess

els

“Dho

w” c

ruise

Mus

ic, s

nack

s an

d re

fresh

men

ts

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

ISHP

ES K

eyno

te;O

L�THR

PUN�VM�0:

/7,:

!�MYVT�JVSK�

^HY�[V

�JVSK�M\ZPV

U�PU�PU

[LYUH[PVUH

S�ZW

VY[�O

PZ[VY`��

��

Prof

. Dr.

Rola

nd R

enso

n, C

atho

lic U

nive

rsity

of

Leuv

en (B

elgi

um)

Chai

r: M

icha

el K

rüge

r, Un

ivers

ity o

f Mün

ster

(G

erm

any)

Follo

wed

by

Roun

dtab

le

��@LH

YZ�VM�0:/

7,:!�-VYTLY�

7YLZPKLU

[Z�

Prof

. Dr.

Rola

nd R

enso

n, C

atho

lic U

nive

rsity

of

Leuv

en (B

elgi

um)

3URI��'

U��*H

UWUXG�3ðVWHU�

Unive

rsity

of

Cope

nhag

en (D

enm

ark)

3URI��'

U��7KLHUU\

�7HUUH

W� Un

ivers

ity o

f Lyo

n (F

ranc

e)3URI��'

U��3D

WULFLD�9HUWLQVN\� U

nive

rsity

of B

ritish

Co

lum

bia

(Can

ada)

Prof

. Dr.

Gig

liola

Gor

i, Un

ivers

ity o

f Urb

ino

(Ital

y)

Chai

r: An

nette

Hof

man

n, L

udw

igsb

urg

Unive

rsity

(G

erm

any)

Pane

l - ;Y

HKP[PVU

HS�.HT

LZ�PU

�[OL�

.\SM�9L

NPVU

Chai

r: Pr

of. D

r. Ru

ben

Goe

bel,

Qat

ar U

nive

rsity

Pane

l -�9\U

�;OL

�>VYSK! y

outh

en

gage

men

t thr

ough

spo

rt

Chai

r: M

oham

ed F

arid

, 3-2

-1 Q

atar

Olym

pic

and

Spor

ts M

useu

m

22

TIME

VENU

E24

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

*VɈL

L�IYLH

R��*

VɈLL

��YLMYLZO

TLU

[Z�HUK

�ZHU

K^PJOL

Z

� !��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

Sess

ion:

6S`T

WPJZ�0

Chai

r: Em

anue

l Hüb

ner, W

estfä

lisch

e W

ilhel

ms-

Uni-

vers

ität M

ünst

er (G

erm

any)

0LQ�*H�

The

Eco

nom

ic L

egac

y of

the

Beijin

g O

lympi

c G

ames

: A S

tudy

of t

he O

lympi

c Ec

onom

y in

Chi

na

1DWDOLD�&DP

SV�:

LODQW��T

he R

eint

rodu

ctio

n of

th

e O

lympi

c G

ames

: “Th

e Al

lego

ry o

f Spo

rts”

(189

6) b

y Ch

arle

s Lo

uis

Fréd

y de

Cou

berti

n:A

Pain

ting

as a

Sou

rce

for S

ports

Hist

ory

Rese

arch

+HDWKHU�'

LFKWHU� O

lympi

c Br

iber

y: R

ethi

nkin

g th

e O

rigin

s of

Ille

gal B

iddi

ng T

actic

s

0:/7

,:�9V\

[SLKN

LKe

ynot

e Ad

dres

s

,X\L

Z[YPH

U�ZW

VY[Z�PU

�H�.SVIH

S�>VYSK!�7

HZ[��WYLZLU

[��HU

K�M\[\YL�

JOHSSLUN

LZ3URI��'

U��6X

VDQQD�+H

GHQERUJ�

Mal

mö

Unive

rsity

(S

wed

en)

*OHPY!�.

LY[Y\

K�7Ä

Z[LY��U

nive

rsity

of C

open

hage

n (D

enm

ark)

01/:

�>VYRZOV

WKe

ynot

e sp

eake

r

6S`T

WPJ�,U

NHNL

TLU

[�HUK

�[OL�<Z

L�VM�6S`T

WPJ�:V

SPKHYP[`

�7YVNYHT

Z�I`

�.\

SM�*V

VWLYH[PVU�*V

\UJPS�:

[H[LZ

3URI��'

U��,DQ�+H

QU\�

Loug

hbor

ough

Uni

vers

ity

(Uni

ted

King

dom

)

Chai

r: Lu

is He

nriq

ue R

olim

Silv

a, 3

-2-1

Qat

ar

Olym

pic

and

Spor

ts M

useu

m

Sess

ion:

4V\

U[HPU�:W

VY[Z�0

Chai

r: Ru

dolf

Mül

lner

, Uni

vers

ity o

f Vie

nna

(Aus

tria)

$QQHWWH

�+RIPDQQ��C

hrist

l Cra

nz, G

erm

any’s

Sk

iing

Icon

of t

he 1

930s

: The

Naz

i Ide

al o

f a

Ger

man

Wom

an?

&KULVWRI�7KŌQ\� A

mat

euris

m a

nd O

lympi

c G

ames

: The

Pro

blem

of S

ki In

stru

ctor

s

0DULW�1\

EHOLXV�

The

Dev

elop

men

t of S

ki

Jum

ping

for W

omen

200

4–20

14: D

id th

e M

edia

Hav

e an

Impa

ct?

01/:

�4PKKSL�,H

Z[�>

VYRZOV

WRo

und

Tabl

e 1

Chai

r: Fa

n Ho

ng, U

nive

rsity

of W

este

rn A

ustra

lia

-DPHV�'RUVH\�

The

202

2 W

orld

Cup

: A

pote

ntia

l Mon

key

Wre

nch

for C

hang

e

,WLU�(

UKDUW�

Unite

d in

Pro

test

: Fro

m “O

ur B

uria

l Cl

oth

Will

Be B

lack

and

Whi

te” t

o “L

et a

ll the

co

lors

of t

he w

orld

uni

te”

.HOO\�.QH]�7DQVLQ�%HQQ�6D

UD�$O�.

KDOGL��

,_WSVYPUN

�[OL�SP]LZ�VM�^

VTLU�PU�8H[HY»Z�ÄYZ[�

natio

n fo

otba

ll tea

m: A

cas

e st

udy

Same

day c

ontin

ues

next

page

23

TIME

VENU

E24

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

)YLH

R��9

LMYLZO

TLU

[Z

3\UJ

O�IYLH

R��)

\ɈL[�HUK

�YLMYL

ZOTLU

[Z

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

Book

Lau

nch

- Rou

tledg

e0U[LYUH[PVUH

S�1V\

YUHS�VM�[OL

�/PZ[VY`�V

M�:WV

Y[�¶�4

PKKSL�,H

Z[�

Chai

r: Lu

is He

nriq

ue R

olim

Silv

a

Edito

r: Pr

of. D

r. Fa

n Ho

ng, U

nive

rsity

of W

este

rn

Aust

ralia

Auth

or: P

rof.

Dr. I

an H

enry

, Lou

ghbo

roug

h Un

ivers

ity (U

nite

d Ki

ngdo

m)

Auth

or: T

BC

Sess

ion

for J

unio

r Sch

olar

s7H

[O�[O

YV\N

O�[OL�(J

HKLT

PJ�

1\UN

SLCh

airs

: Ann

ette

Hof

man

n, L

udw

igsb

urg

Unive

rsity

(G

erm

any)

,

.LY[Y\K

�7ÄZ[LY,

Unive

rsity

of C

open

hage

n (D

enm

ark)

Mar

it Ny

beliu

s, M

alm

ö Un

ivers

ity (S

wed

en)

Same

day c

ontin

ues n

ext p

age

24

TIME

VENU

E24

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

)YLH

R��9

LMYLZO

TLU

[Z

��!��!��

��!��!��

Sess

ion:

:WV

Y[�HU

K�7V

W\SHY�

*\S[\

YL�-VSR�:W

VY[

Chai

r: Ro

land

Ren

son,

Cat

holic

Uni

vers

ity o

f Le

uven

(Bel

gium

)

/L�=KRQJVKHQ�:

DQJ�.X

Q� E

xplo

ring

of F

olk

Cust

om S

ports

in fe

stiva

ls du

ring

the

Dunh

uang

Yea

rs

6HYGD�.R

UNPD]��S

ports

Cul

tura

l Her

itage

: Ki

rkpi

nar O

il Wre

stlin

g M

usic

as

Inta

ngib

le

Cultu

ral H

erita

ge

*LJOLROD�*RUL��

Popu

lar G

ames

, Moc

k Na

val

Battl

es, a

nd R

egat

tas

Org

anize

d in

the

Sere

niss

ima

Repu

blic

of V

enic

e

;LQ�0HQJ[LD� T

he H

istor

y of

the

Cros

s-cu

ltura

l Co

mm

unic

atio

ns o

f Chi

nese

Dra

gon

Boat

Cu

lture

Sess

ion:

Soc

cer

Chai

r: Ka

i Rei

nhar

t, Un

ivers

ity o

f Mün

ster

(G

erm

any)

$OL�6DODW�/XLV�+H

QULTXH�5ROLP�6LOYD�

The

Cup

is

Our

s! R

epre

sent

atio

ns o

f the

Foo

tbal

l Gul

f Cu

p 19

92 in

Qat

ar

7LHQ�&KLQ�7DQ�

Fro

m a

Maj

or S

ports

Cou

ntry

to

a W

orld

Spo

rts P

ower

: The

Dev

elop

men

t of

Chin

ese

Elite

Foo

tbal

l afte

r the

Bei

jing

Olym

pics

)UDQFLVFR�3LQKHLUR��E

uro

2004

and

the

Idea

of

Natio

n: C

onse

quen

ces

of th

e La

rges

t Spo

rt M

ega-

even

t in

Portu

gues

e Hi

stor

y

01/:

�4PKKSL�,H

Z[�>

VYRZOV

WRo

und

Tabl

e 2

Chai

r: Fa

n Ho

ng, U

nive

rsity

of W

este

rn A

ustra

lia

Ger

d vo

n de

r Lip

pe: F

ootb

all,

mas

culin

ities

an

d he

alth

on

the

Gaz

a St

rip

0LFKHO�5

DVSDXG�0

RQLD�/DFKKHE�1DGLP�

1DVVLI�0DOLND�(G

�'DKEL� T

he c

halle

nges

of

spor

t in

som

e M

ENA

soci

etie

s (1

9th

- 21s

t ce

ntur

ies)

: Int

erna

tiona

l com

para

tive

case

st

udie

s w

ithin

Egy

pt, L

eban

on, T

unisi

a an

d Ye

men

Same

day c

ontin

ues n

ext p

age

25

TIME

VENU

E24

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

*VɈL

L�IYLH

R��*

VɈLL

��YLMYLZO

TLU

[Z�HUK

�ZHU

K^PJOL

Z

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

0:/7

,:�2LÙV

[L

9LJV

UZPKLYPUN�[OL�KL

TPZL

�VM

[OL�MLTHSL�[YH

KP[PV

U�PU�WO`

ZPJHS�

LK\J

H[PVU!�HU�OPZ[VYPJHS

WLYZWL

J[P]L

3URI��'

U��3D

WULFLD�9HUWLQVN\

, Uni

vers

ity o

f Brit

ish

Colu

mbi

a (C

anad

a)

Chai

r: G

eral

d G

ems,

Nor

th C

entra

l Col

lege

(Uni

ted

Stat

es)

7HUL

S��>

VTLU

�HUK

�:WV

Y[!Cu

ltura

l Dive

rsiti

es

Chai

rs: A

nnet

te H

ofm

ann,

Lud

wig

sbur

g Un

ivers

ity

(Ger

man

y).L

Y[Y\K

�7ÄZ[LY� U

nive

rsity

of C

open

hage

n (D

enm

ark)

+DQQDK�.KDOLID�$O�%DGHU

, Qat

ar U

nive

rsity

(Qat

ar)

3URI��'

U��0DKD�0��6

KDðN�(EHLG

, Ale

xand

ria

Unive

rsity

(Egy

pt)

3URI��'

U��3D

WULFLD�9HUWLQVN\

, Uni

vers

ity o

f Brit

ish

Colu

mbi

a (C

anad

a)

Pane

l: 6S`T

WPJ�HU

K�:W

VY[Z�

Educ

atio

n

0UV��+

DPGD�$O�0

RKDQQDGL� T

he 3

-2-1

O

lympi

c &

Spor

ts M

useu

m’s

Proj

ects

for

Educ

atio

n, 3

-2-1

Qat

ar O

lympi

c an

d Sp

orts

Mus

eum

0U��,EUDKLP�.KDOLO�$O�-HIDLUL��O

lympi

c Ed

ucat

ion

in th

e Ar

ab R

egio

n, Q

atar

Olym

pic

Acad

emy

0U��,RDQQLV�3D

SDLRDQQRX:

Dev

elop

ing

“Cul

ture

s fo

r Spo

rts &

Olym

pism

”, 3-

2-1

Qat

ar

Olym

pic

and

Spor

ts M

useu

m

0U��0RKDP

PHG�,VVD�$O�)

DGDOD:

Gra

ssro

ots

prog

ram

s in

Qat

ar, Q

atar

Olym

pic

Com

mitt

ee

Same

day c

ontin

ues

next

page

26

TIME

VENU

E24

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

)YLH

R��9

LMYLZO

TLU

[Z

:VJPHS�UPNO[!�:

V\X�>HX

PM�¸;YHKP[PV

UHS�4

HYRL

[¹�]PZP[

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��

0:/7

,:�.LU

LYHS�(ZZLT

IS`

Chai

r: Pr

of. D

r. An

nette

Hof

man

n, L

udw

igsb

urg

Unive

rsity

(Ger

man

y)

27

TIME

VENU

E25

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

*VɈL

L�IYLH

R��*

VɈLL

��YLMYLZO

TLU

[Z�HUK

�ZHU

K^PJOL

Z

� !��!��

��!��!��

Sess

ion:

4V\

U[HPU�:W

VY[Z�00

Chai

r: An

nette

Hof

man

n, L

udw

igsb

urg

Unive

rsity

(G

erm

any)

0DUWLQD�*X

JJOEHUJHU�

Clim

bing

Bey

ond

the

Sum

mit:

The

Soc

ial a

nd G

loba

l Asp

ects

of

Wom

en’s

Expe

ditio

ns in

the

Him

alay

as

0DVVLP

LOLDQR�/RG

L� 19

54–2

014:

Six

ty Y

ears

fro

m th

e Fi

rst S

ucce

ssfu

l Asc

ent o

f K2:

The

Ev

olut

ion

of In

tern

atio

nal C

onte

xt a

nd th

e Cu

rrent

Pol

itics

of C

limbi

ng

+DQV�'LHWHU�*

HUEHU�

Fillin

g th

e Vo

id:

Repr

esen

tatio

n of

Iden

tity

in M

ount

ain

Clim

bing

Film

s

Sess

ion:

/LH

S[O�HUK

�-P[U

LZZ

Chai

r: Ka

i Rei

nhar

t, Un

ivers

ity o

f Mün

ster

(G

erm

any)

6KLQ�<RXQJ�-LQ��A

Com

paris

on o

f the

Ph

iloso

phy

of S

omat

ics

and

Kore

an S

eond

o as

an

Appr

oach

to th

e W

hole

Hum

an B

ody

Conc

ept

/DXUHQFH�0XQR]� T

he C

ondi

tions

for t

he

Emer

genc

e of

Inst

rum

ents

of P

ower

in S

ports

: :W

VY[PUN�3PJ

LUZLZ��4LK

PJHS�*

LY[PÄJH[LZ��HUK�

Spor

ts In

sura

nce

&KDUORWWH

��VWHUJDDUG��P

hysic

al A

ctivi

ty a

s a

Prev

entiv

e an

d He

alth

-pro

mot

ing

Stra

tegy

: A

:[\K

`�VM�/

V^�>

LSMHYL�7V

SPJ`�*

OHUN

LZ�(ɈL

J[�

the

Fiel

d of

Spo

rts

5XGR

OI�0şOOQHU� T

he F

itnes

s Ca

mpa

ign

in

Aust

ria in

the

Early

197

0s: A

Cas

e St

udy

in th

e Tr

ansf

orm

atio

n Pr

oces

s in

Pos

tmod

ern

Spor

ts

in C

entra

l Eur

opea

n So

ciet

ies

Sess

ion:

:WV

Y[�HU

K�.SVI

HSPaH

[PVU

Chai

r: He

athe

r Dic

hter

, Ith

aca

Colle

ge (U

nite

d St

ates

)

*HUDOG�*HP

V��G

loba

lizat

ion:

Pro

cess

es,

Pow

er, I

ssue

s, a

nd E

thic

s

/DZUHQFH�-XGJ

H� L

esso

ns L

earn

ed: U

sing

a G

rass

root

s Pr

ogra

m to

Pro

mot

e Pe

ace

thro

ugh

Spor

t in

Jord

an

7HWVXML�.

DNL\D

PD�

The

Pos

sibilit

y of

Bas

ketb

all

Havin

g Be

en In

trodu

ced

as a

Wom

en’s

Spor

t in

Jap

an: T

he H

istor

y of

Wom

en’s

Bask

etba

ll in

Japa

n

Same

day c

ontin

ues n

ext p

age

28

TIME

VENU

E25

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

3\UJ

O�IYLH

R��)

\ɈL[�HUK

�YLMYL

ZOTLU

[Z

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

ISHP

ES K

eyno

te.V

SK�4

LKHS�HUK

�>OP[L�,JV

UVT`!�

[OL�>PU[LY�6

S`TWPJ�.H

TLZ�HUK

�[OL�4HR

PUN�VM�[O

L�-YLU

JO�LSP[L�

��

3URI��'

U��7KLHUU\

�7HUUH

W, Un

ivers

ity o

f Lyo

n (F

ranc

e)

Chai

r: M

alco

lm M

cLea

n, U

nive

rsity

of G

louc

este

r-sh

ire (U

nite

d Ki

ngdo

m)

Sess

ion:

7O`

ZPJHS�,K\

JH[PV

U�00

Chai

r: M

icha

el K

rüge

r, Un

ivers

ity o

f Mün

ster

(G

erm

any)

6DEUL��

]ÍDNLU��EUDKLP�<àOGàUDQ�

Con

tem

pora

ry

Tran

sfor

mat

ions

of P

hysic

al E

duca

tion

in th

e II.

Cons

titut

iona

l Per

iod

(190

8–19

18) i

n Tu

rkey

)HUP

DQ�.RQXNPDQ�*L\D

VHWWLQJ�'HP

LUKDQ

�0XUDW�(UGRJDQ��:

LSPT�:ÛYYÛ�;HYJHU!�(�3LNLUK�

in th

e De

velo

pmen

t of P

hysic

al E

duca

tion

and

Spor

ts in

Tur

key

=ULQNR�oXVWRQMD�'D

ULR�¦NHJUR��1

20 Y

ears

of

High

Sch

ool E

duca

tion

of P

hysic

al E

duca

tion

Teac

hers

in C

roat

ia

Sess

ion:

6S`T

WPJZ�00

Chai

r: He

athe

r Dic

hter

, Ith

aca

Colle

ge (U

nite

d St

ates

)

5LWD�1XQHV�)HUUHLUD��T

he O

lympi

c Co

mm

ittee

of

Por

tuga

l: Id

entif

ying

the

Foun

ding

Dat

e

6HEDVWLDQ�.ş

KQ� M

orge

dal v

ersu

s O

lympi

a:

Norw

egia

n At

tem

pts

to C

reat

e Ne

w O

lympi

c Tr

aditi

ons

6XQ�4LOLQ�0

DR�/LMXDQ�/L�=KRQJVKHQ��A

Pro

be

of A

ntiq

ue C

atal

og V

alue

s an

d Co

mm

unic

atio

n ab

out A

ncie

nt C

hine

se S

port

Sess

ion:

:WV

Y[�HU

K�7V

SP[PJZ

Chai

r: M

alco

lm M

cLea

n, U

nive

rsity

of

Glo

uces

ters

hire

(Uni

ted

King

dom

)

'PLWU\�%H

O\XNRY��S

tate

and

Spo

rts in

Rus

sia

durin

g th

e Fi

rst W

orld

War

5DIDHO�)RUWHV��S

port

and

Polit

ics

in th

e No

tícia

s da

Gui

né B

ulle

tin (1

968)

*XDQ�=KL[XQ��B

ody

and

Polit

ics:

Pol

icy

and

Prac

tice

of E

lite

Disa

bilit

y Sp

ort i

n Ch

ina

<RXQJ�LO�1

D��T

he H

istor

y of

the

Spor

t Civi

c M

ovem

ent i

n So

uth

Kore

a

29

TIME

VENU

E25

SEP

0IU�2O

HSKV

\U��(

\KP[V

YP\T�

3PIYHY`��(\

KP[VYP\

T��

4\Z

L\T�VM�0ZSH

TPJ�(Y[��*LU

[YHS�*

V\Y[`

HYK�3PIYHY`��9V

VT��

-HYL^LSS��:UH

JRZ�HU

K�YLMYL

ZOTLU

[Z

)YLH

R��9

LMYLZO

TLU

[Z

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

��!��!��

.PNSPVSH�.VYP�1\U

PVY�:

JOVSHY�

(^HYK�7YLZLU

[H[PV

UZCh

air:

Anne

tte H

ofm

ann,

Lud

wig

sbur

g Un

ivers

ity

(Ger

man

y)

9LFWRULD�)HONDU�

Iron

Bar:

The

Hist

ory

of P

rison

Ph

ysic

al C

ultu

re a

nd th

e Ba

n on

Cor

rect

iona

l W

eigh

tlifti

ng

(PDQXHO�+

şEQHU�

Betw

een

Myt

h an

d Re

ality

: A

dem

and

for a

doc

umen

ted

spor

ts h

istor

y sh

own

at th

e 19

36 O

lympi

c G

ames

00�(YHI

�-VV

[IHSS�-

VY\T

0U��%R

UD�0LOXWLQRYLÉ

, int

erna

tiona

l foo

tbal

l coa

ch

Chai

r: Ch

ristia

n W

acke

r, 3-

2-1

Qat

ar O

lympi

c an

d Sp

orts

Mus

eum

*SVZ

PUN�*L

YLTVU

`Pr

of. D

r. An

nette

Hof

man

n, P

resid

ent o

f ISH

PES

Dr. E

iman

Mus

tafa

wi,

Dean

of t

he C

olle

ge o

f Arts

an

d Sc

ienc

es o

f the

Qat

ar U

nive

rsity

Mr.

Luis

Henr

ique

Rol

im S

ilva,

Pre

siden

t of t

he

Org

anizi

ng C

omm

ittee

and

Hea

d of

Res

earc

h of

the

3-2-

1 Q

atar

Olym

pic

and

Spor

ts M

useu

m

Sess

ion:

+HU

JLCh

air:

Gig

liola

Gor

i

&DL�0

LQ�/L�;LDQJXR� O

n Sh

angh

ai-S

tyle

Ya

ngko

Dan

ce

/L�2�&KHQ�

Tra

velin

g on

the

Road

of D

ream

s:

The

Life

Sto

ry o

f a S

treet

Dan

cer

/LX�'R

QJKXD�/L�;LDQJXR� C

hang

es in

the

Natio

nal T

radi

tiona

l Spo

rts In

herit

ance

from

A

Si D

anci

ng u

nder

the

Moo

n

��!�� !��

*VɈL

L�IYLH

R��*

VɈLL

��YLMYLZO

TLU

[Z�HUK

�ZHU

K^PJOL

Z

30

ABSTRACTS2LÙV[L�:WLHRLYZ

(�+LJHKL�VM�.YV^[O�PU�:WVY[�PU�8H[HY0U��)DKDG�-XPDQatar Olympic Committee

Qatar, as a country and as a representative of the Middle East and North Africa region, is rapidly growing as a leader in sport and in the Olympic Movement. In the past 10 years, [OL�JV\U[Y`�OHZ�THKL�H�THQVY�LɈVY[�[V�KL]LSVW�L]LY`�HZWLJ[�VM�ZWVY[�HUK�[V�PU[YVK\JL�new cultures and methods to the existing practices of sport.

The Qatar Olympic Committee was established in 1979, and His Highness, The Emir, Shk. Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani, who is also president of Qatar Olympic Committee, was appointed as an International Olympic Committee member in 2002. Following these important milestones, the importance of sport as a part of Qatar’s identity has risen.

Over the past 10 years, Qatar is proud to have hosted the Gulf Cup in 2004, followed by [OL�\UWYLJLKLU[LK�(ZPHU�.HTLZ� PU��;OL�(ZPHU�.HTLZ�^HZ� [OL�ÄYZ[�OPNO�WYVÄSL��complex, multi-sports event delivered in the country.

After the 2006 Asian Games, the sport industry became part of Qatar’s identity. The country’s sport calendar presents at least 103 annual events, of which 43 are internation-HS��/PNO�WYVÄSL�L]LU[Z�VYNHUPaLK�PU�[OL�JV\U[Y`�PUJS\KL�[OL�>VYSK�0UKVVY�([OSL[PJZ�*OHTWP�onships in 2010, the Asian Football Cup in 2011, and the Arab Games in 2011. As well, a number of carefully selected world championships are under bidding or will be hosted in [OL�JVTPUN�`LHYZ��;OLZL�LɈVY[Z�HYL�WHY[�VM�8H[HY»Z�Z[YH[LN`�[V�NYV^�ZWVY[Z�HUK�[V�LUZ\YL�that the community is engaged in sports.

In 2007, the Ministry of Education and Schools Olympic Program launched another ZPNUPÄJHU[�PUP[PH[P]L!�H�NYHZZYVV[Z�WYVNYHT�VWLU�[V�HSS�ZJOVVSZ�PU�8H[HY��:[\KLU[Z�WHY[PJP�WH[L� PU� JVTWL[P[PVUZ� VM� KPɈLYLU[� 6S`TWPJ� ZWVY[Z� MVY� �� TVU[OZ�� ^P[O� ÄUHSZ� OLSK� L]LY`�March. The program simultaneously runs theme activities which emphasize the Olympic ]HS\LZ��YHPZPUN�H^HYLULZZ�VM�HUK�LUJV\YHNPUN�WHY[PJPWH[PVU� PU�[OL�ÄLSKZ�VM� [OL�LU]PYVU�ment, culture, education, integrity, and peace. This program has successfully reached its 8th year, and participation is increasing every year.

In 2012, His Highness the Emir declared the second Tuesday of every February National Sport Day, when the entire population, regardless of nationality, gender, or race, is encour-aged to participate in sport.

An impressive master plan for sports venues has been created, and the construction of infrastructure to support Olympic standard facilities is in progress. Continuous work delivers new or upgraded venues, facilities, playgrounds, and Olympic parks every year.

The Qatar Olympic Committee created the Qatar Olympic Academy, which recently began work to raise awareness of Olympic values by educating the people of the region. With JV\YZLZ�VɈLYLK�PU�(YHIPJ��[OL�(YHI�^VYSK�^PSS�ILJVTL�TVYL�H^HYL�VM�HUK�TVYL�PUJS\KLK�in the Olympic Movement. The Qatar Olympic Committee also masterminded the creation of the 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum, which is in progress.

31

6S`TWPJ�,UNHNLTLU[�HUK�[OL�<ZL�VM�6S`TWPJ�:VSPKHYP[`�7YVNYHTZ�I`�.\SM�*VVWLYH[PVU�*V\UJPS�:[H[LZ

3URI��'U��,DQ�+HQU\Loughborough University, United Kingdom

This paper seeks to investigate the extent to which Olympic Solidarity (OS) funding patterns are consistent with the organization’s explicit mission to serve the interests of National Olympic Committees (NOC), especially those in greatest need. In addition, this paper reviews the extent to which Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have been able to access such resources. At the level of the World Program, OS funding has tended to MH]VY�56*Z� MYVT� SLZZ� HɊ\LU[� LJVUVTPLZ��/V^L]LY�� [OPZ� [LUKLUJ`� [V^HYK�WYVNYLZZP]L�funding has weakened and, to some extent, been reversed since the mid-2000s.

-\UKPUN�MVY�.**�Z[H[LZ�NLULYHSS`�OHZ�ILLU�^LSS�ILSV^�[OH[�VM�JVTWHYHISL�56*Z��YLÅLJ[�ing that the Gulf states have not followed a linear path to modernity in sport. Such a linear path might be characterized by initial concern with increasing participation, improving governance (including issues such as women’s role in sport), and enhancing perfor-mance. GCC states, instead, have focused on elements of what might be characterized as a post-modern approach, hosting major events and engaging in the celebration of spectacle, and thus have drawn relatively modestly on OS resources.

32

4VKLYU�:WVY[Z�IL[^LLU�5H[PVUHSPZT��0U[LYUH[PVUHSPZT��HUK�*\S[\YHS�0TWLYPHSPZT3URI��'U��0LFKDHO�.UşJHUUniversity of Münster, Germany

This presentation takes up the theme of the International History Society of Physical ,K\JH[PVU�HUK�:WVY[�*VUNYLZZ·.SVIHS�7LYZWLJ[P]LZ�VU�:WVY[Z�HUK�7O`ZPJHS�*\S[\YLZ!�-YVT� 7HZ[� [V� 7YLZLU[·I`� MVJ\ZPUN� VU� [OL� YVSLZ� VM� UH[PVUHSPZT�� PU[LYUH[PVUHSPZT�� HUK�cultural imperialism in the development of modern sports. Theoretical considerations on sports history and universal history preface the presentation. Sports have become truly universal and adopted global perspectives, but both these characteristics are based on local, regional, and national physical cultures. Next, this paper discusses the thesis of sport as a “pattern of modern universal culture,” as advanced by Bausinger. Deep structures of anthropologically based categories of (natural) physical cultures, such as Y\UUPUN��Q\TWPUN��HUK�[OYV^PUN��HYL�KPɈLYLU[PH[LK�MYVT�Z\YMHJL�VYPLU[LK�Z[Y\J[\YLZ��Z\JO�as man-made sport. The notion of sport as a dominant but permanently changing form (and content) of modern physical culture is described and explained with respect to the work Allen Guttmann and Norbert Elias.

Four major issues of the sportization process are discussed. First, the story of a more or less linear development from ancient athletics to modern sports, from agonistics to modern Olympics, is a modern myth. However, the Olympic Movement has served as the institutionalized basis for the development of the universal culture of modern sport. While ancient agonistics were based on a religious cult, the modern Olympic Games have created a new cult of somatism, athleticism, and asceticism, according to philosopher Peter Sloterdijk.

Second, modern international and universal sports are a result of the age of nationalism, which provided the political context for the astonishing evolution of modern sports and Olympics. Competitive sports can satisfy the same elementary human feelings and needs as patriotism and nationalism.

Third, modern sport is a by-product of the worldwide, dominant principle of competition. The emergence of this competitive spirit in sport was less the result of transferring the ideal of Greek agonistics to sports and games but, rather, of business and commerce as practiced in England since the late 17th century. Competitive sports were also the invention of businessmen, who aimed to earn more money by selling the product of bodily competition.

Fourth, the history of this model of competitive sports has been characterized by the persistence of alternatives to this worldwide concept of physical culture. Such alterna-tives as play, gymnastics, physical exercise, health, and recreational activities for body and mind are varied in form and content, but in all, not contests but bodily education, the joy of movement, recreation, health care, and non-competitive motives in general prevail. In principle, every culture incorporates elements of bodily culture. In Scandinavia and Central Europe, the tradition of Turnen, or gymnastics, emerged during the process of nation building in the 19th century. This alternative concept of the people’s body culture was a relevant precondition for contemporary sport and gymnastics to become a mass movement in which ordinary people participate through sports clubs and educational institutions.

33

9LJVUZPKLYPUN�[OL�+LTPZL�VM�[OL�-LTHSL�;YHKP[PVU�PU�7O`ZP�JHS�,K\JH[PVU!�HU�OPZ[VYPJHS�WLYZWLJ[P]L3URI��'U��3DWULFLD�9HUWLQVN\University British Columbia, Canada

:PUJL�H[�SLHZ[�[OL�� Z��T\JO�YLZLHYJO��WVSPJ �̀�HUK�WYHJ[PJL�PU�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�NPYSZ»�WO`ZPJHS�education has continually repeated the lament that we have not yet found a solution to “the problem” of the lack of participation in physical education by girls and the conse-X\LU[� ULNH[P]L� LɈLJ[Z� VU� [OLPY� OLHS[O� HUK� ^LSSILPUN�� ;OL� UHYYH[P]L� I\PSKZ� \WVU� [OL�dominant progress and loss stories which have cemented an account of the history of the MLTHSL� [YHKP[PVU� PU� WO`ZPJHS� LK\JH[PVU� PU� H� Ä_LK� [LTWVYHS� LU[YHWTLU[�� ;OPZ� HJJV\U[�KLZJYPILZ�OV^�^VTLU�PU�,UNSHUK�SLK�[OL�ÄLSK��LZ[HISPZOPUN�HUK�THPU[HPUPUN�[OL�WYVMLZ�sion from the late 1800s, only to lose their power and authority to a burgeoning class of male physical education professionals in the decades following World War II. This mid-20th century shift from female to male dominance in physical education has been described as one of the most striking developments in recent educational history. Once [OL� SPULZ� VM� JVUÅPJ[� ^LYL� KYHÛ� HSVUN� NLUKLY�� [OL�TVKLYU� OPZ[VY`� VM� MLTHSL� WO`ZPJHS�education in England came to be viewed as a profession divided by gender, creating a legacy of decline and inequality.

The problem with such a stark analysis is that our received views and our grand narratives about the history of the physical education profession and concepts of profes-sional work have been too closely bound with traditional assumptions about the appropri-ate contours of pedagogical training, physicality, and the gendered body. As Alun Munslow warns in The Future of History, we need to be wary of these grand narratives and determinist explanations of social change and to encourage policymakers to be more critical of their own assumptions and expectations. In this talk, I will discuss the need for a deeper understanding of this complex, gendered shift in control of physical education and its causes and long-term consequences, both in England and transnationally. I will focus upon a particular source of contention in the history of female physical education HUK�P[Z�LɈLJ[Z!�[OL�KP]PZP]L�YVSL�VM�TV]LTLU[�LK\JH[PVU�HUK�TVKLYU�KHUJL��

34

;OL�4HRPUN�VM�0:/7,:!�-YVT�*VSK�>HY�[V�*VSK�-\ZPVU�PU�0U[LYUH[PVUHS�:WVY[�/PZ[VY`�� ¶� � Prof. Dr. Roland RensonCatholic University of Leuven, Belgium

This presentation attempts to explain the processes that led to the foundation of the International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport (ISHPES) in 1989. The International Committee for Sport History (ICOSH) was founded in Prague, Czechoslo-vakia, in 1967 at the initiative of Frantisek Krátky, with Charles University. ICOSH began as the Working Group for the History of Sport and Physical Culture under the Research Committee of the International Council of Sport and Physical Education (ICSPE). Many sport history scholars from North America and Western European consider the self-elect-ing body of ICOSH to have been very much like a “closed society of insiders.” Günther Wonneberger, from Leipzig in the German Democratic Republic, served as ICOSH president from 1972 to 1982.

The 1973 founding of HISPA in Zürich at the initiative of Louis Burgener, from Bern, Switzerland, was seen as a countermove by the West. In 1970, the ICOSH charged Burgener to establish a Western European section, but Burgener, a cavalier seul, pushed through a proposal to create a new independent association, of which he was elected president. The 1973–1977 period, therefore, can be described as the Cold War period of HISPA–ICOSH relationships.

During the 6th HISPA Congress in Dartford, England, in 1977, Manfred Lämmer, from Cologne, German Federal Republic, was elected president. The 1977–1981 period THYRLK�IV[O�H�[PTL�VM�JVUZVSPKH[PVU�HUK�M\Y[OLY�PU[LYUH[PVUHSPaH[PVU�VM�/0:7(�HUK�H�ÄNO[�by ICOSH against isolation. During the next four years, from 1981 to 1985, HISPA experi-enced an Anglo-Saxon interlude under President Gerald Redmond from Edmonton, Canada, and ICOSH experienced a fresh start with two successful congresses: one in Magglingen, Switzerland, in 1982, when Ingvar Rörs from Norway was elected president, and another congress in Oslo, Norway, in 1984.

At the Glasgow HISPA congress in 1985, the General Assembly elected Roland Renson president. The time was ripe for a rapprochement between these rival factions of the same discipline. ICSSPE president August Kirsch, who had his headquarters in Cologne, took the initiative and invited the ICOSH and HISPA presents to an ICSSPE council meeting in Gdansk, Poland, in April 1986. Later, Kirsch and ICSSPE Secretary-General Werner Sonnenschein twice invited Ingvar Rörs and Roland Renson to Cologne in order to prepare a merger. Thus, a diplomatic solution was forged and forced: HISPA would invite not only its own members but all ICOSH members to the next HISPA congress in Olympia, Greece, in 1989. There, on the sacred ground of Olympia, the General Assembly of HISPA and the members of ICOSH received a proposal to dissolve their own organiza-tions in order to create a new ecumenical society for the history of physical education and sport: ISHPES. So it happened. On November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall came tumbling down. The ISHPES Cold Fusion had preceded this historic moment by exactly 168 days.

35

,X\LZ[YPHU�:WVY[Z�PU�H�.SVIHS�>VYSK!�7HZ[��7YLZLU[��HUK�-\[\YL�*OHSSLUNLZ3URI��'U��6XVDQQD�+HGHQERUJMalmö University, Sweden

The purpose of this lecture is to chart the international history of the relationship between TLU��^VTLU��HUK�OVYZLZ��(�ZPTWSL�KLÄUP[PVU�VM�HU�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�ZWVY[PUN�L]LU[�PZ�[V�ZH`�[OH[�P[�OHZ�[V�PUJS\KL�WHY[PJPWHU[Z�MYVT�TVYL�[OHU�VUL�JV\U[Y �̀�@L[��[V�KLÄUL�H�ZWVY[�HZ�international is much more complicated. What is sport, and in how many countries or on how many continents must a sport be practiced to qualify as international? Mangan ��JVU[LUKZ�[OH[�,UNSHUK�^HZ�[OL�IPY[OWSHJL�VM�ZL]LYHS�ZPNUPÄJHU[�TVKLYU�ZWVY[Z�HUK�that the British exported these sports to other parts of the British Empire as well as to other European countries. By means of globalization, European and, somewhat later, American sports spread and became the “property” of new nations.

This article will investigate whether equestrianism can be seen as an international sport and if so, in which disciplines has the sport has developed? In which directions has it ILLU�KPɈ\ZLK&� 0U�HKKP[PVU�� P[�^PSS�IL�HYN\LK�[OH[� [OL�X\LZ[PVU�VM�H�ZWVY[»Z� PU[LYUH[PVUHS�range must be connected to gender. A sport practiced by men must be performed in a greater number of countries than a sport practiced by women to be recognized as an 6S`TWPJ� ZWVY[�� ;OL� KPɈLYLU[� YLX\PYLTLU[Z� HYL� YLSH[LK� [V�TLU»Z� HUK�^VTLU»Z� \ULX\HS�opportunities to participate in sport, as well as to gender expectations.

36

.VSK�4LKHS�HUK�>OP[L�,JVUVT`!�;OL�>PU[LY�6S`TWPJ�

.HTLZ�HUK�[OL�4HRPUN�VM�[OL�-YLUJO�,SP[L�� ¶��3URI��'U��7KLHUU\�7HUUHWUniversity of Lyon, France

In 1959, a new organization was created in France called “The Pool of the Providers of the French Team of Ski.” It consisted of a dozen company owners whose aim was to support [OL�UH[PVUHS�[LHT�^P[O�TVUL �̀�O\THU�YLZV\YJLZ��HUK�ZWLJPÄJ�LX\PWTLU[�H[�H�[PTL�ÔLU�French skiers had disappeared from the top level. The Pool progressively included major national ski and ski shoe companies (Rossignol, Dynastar, Dynamic, Lacroix, Look, Salomon, etc.) for which international competitions were seen as both a place to improve [OLPY�WYVK\J[Z�HUK�H�^H`�[V�^PKLS`�WYVTV[L�[OLPY�PTHNL��;OL�7VVS�Ä[�^LSS�^P[O�+L�.H\SSL»Z�LJVUVTPJ�WVSPJ`�HUK�[OLYLMVYL�ILULÄ[[LK�MYVT�[OL�Z\WWVY[�VM�[OL�NV]LYUTLU[��-YVT�[OLPY�side, the leaders of the French Federation of Ski saw the initiative as an opportunity to better perform on the slopes, especially with the perspectives of the Olympic Games in Grenoble in 1968. As a consequence, they strengthened their links with the Pool through-out the 1960s.

The Pool was so successful that it was soon followed by similar projects in other countries. It helped both the national team and the French ski industry to become world leaders within 10 years. This double success, however, was fragile. On one hand, the constitution of the pool resulted in a system that was, in reality, a cartel, a monopoly, and a tool for economic patriotism. On the other hand, it surfed at the border of professional-ism at a time when ski was still an amateur sport at the Olympic Games. Soon after the Games in Grenoble, these two limits led to a deterioration of the relationship between the pool and the ski federation, which incidentally resulted in a major crisis for the French ski team in 1973. The Pool then opened its doors to foreign companies in the late 1970s, thus replacing sports patriotism with economic nationalism.

The paper uses primary source materials from the National School for Ski and Mountain-eering (ENSA), the specialized press, the archives of some winter sporting goods compa-UPLZ��HUK�HU�PU[LY]PL^�^P[O�VUL�VM�[OL�LHYSPLY�WYLZPKLU[Z�VM�[OL�7VVS��4VYL�ZWLJPÄJHSS �̀�P[�explores the conditions under which the Pool was created and analyzes how the system industry-innovation-federation could survive with regard to the International Olympic Committee policy during the 1960s before having to change its relations with French institutions later on.

37

6S`TWPH�HUK�4LJJH!�(�*VTWHYH[P]L�:[\K`�VM�7PSNYPTHNL�MYVT�H�/PZ[VYPJHS�7LYZWLJ[P]L'U��-RDFKLP�*LHUOLFKVQatar National Library

'U��&KULVWLDQ�:DFNHU3-2-1 Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum

After a brief introduction of Olympia and Mecca, a comparative study focusing on three ZWLJPÄJ�[VWPJZ�^PSS�IL�WYLZLU[LK��)V[O�ZHUJ[\HYPLZ�OHK�L_[LUZP]L�JH[JOTLU[�HYLHZ��HUK�because the journey to reach each was so long, these routes played an important role. The organization of these travels will be examined using historical accounts and archaeo-logical sources.

Pilgrimage was very popular and thousands of pilgrims used to travel for months, often with an entourage, to these holy places. Once pilgrims arrived in Olympia and Mecca, rules and regulations had to be followed to facilitate the sequences of their sacred festivals. The yearly renewal of the Kaaba cloth will be compared to the ephemeral decora-tion of Olympia every four years.

38

ISHPES Participants:,::065!�.LUKLY

.`TUHZ[PJZ�4HZZ�7LYMVYTHUJL�HZ�H�-VYT�VM�>VTLU»Z�7VW\SHY�*\S[\YL�PU�-PUSHUK$LQR�6DUMHIndependent researcher, Finland

.`TUHZ[PJZ�OHZ�ILLU�VUL�VM�[OL�TVZ[�WVW\SHY�^VTLU»Z�ZWVY[Z�PU�-PUSHUK��0[�OHZ�VɈLYLK�women throughout the country, regardless of age or social status, a noncompetitive physical culture emphasizing physical and mental health and aesthetics. Gymnastics, in the form of mass performances, has attracted thousands of participants. In gymnastics clubs across the country, women rehearse their programs throughout the year. In doing so, they improve their physical condition and learn to control their bodies. In the early summer, they perform their programs for thousands of spectators at festivals of the women’s gymnastics movement.

In this paper, I describe the development of these mass performances from 1897 to 2014. Over more than one hundred years, countless programs have been performed, planned, and rehearsed by hundreds of trainers.

+PɈLYLU[�RPUKZ�VM�THZZ�WLYMVYTHUJLZ�OH]L�UV[�ILLU�KL]LSVWLK�I`�JOHUJL��;OL�WLYMVY�mances have been grounded in women’s sense of community and its special characteris-tics, including strong emotional bonds and experiences, equality, and uniformity. Conse-quently, the performances have been formed in an interactive process. Mass performanc-LZ�OH]L�ILLU�PUÅ\LUJLK�UV[�VUS`�I`�[OL�WYVNYHT�KLZPNULYZ�HUK�[OL�N`TUHZ[Z�[HRPUN�WHY[�in the performances but also by the festival audience and the gymnastic community as a ÔVSL�� 6[OLY� PUÅ\LUJLZ� OH]L� JVTL� MYVT� ZVJPHS�� J\S[\YHS�� HUK� WVSP[PJHS� PKLHSZ� HUK� [OL�educational ideologies of the women’s gymnastics movement at the time.

This paper focuses on general trends in mass performances. I describe the main lines of the trends. Within the framework of each trend, there have been undercurrents which ^LYL�WVZZPISL�VUS`�K\YPUN�[OL�ZWLJPÄJ�WLYPVK�PU�X\LZ[PVU��;OPZ�WHWLY�PZ�PU[LUKLK�[V�ZOV^�how women’s sense of community has kept up interest in mass performances as recurring happenings and how the motivations and norms of performances have changed according to the requirements and circumstances of each era, the women’s gymnastics movement, and Finnish society as a whole.

As research material, I have used women’s sports magazines and gymnastic literature, HSVUN�^P[O�PU[LY]PL^Z��WOV[VNYHWOZ��HUK�ÄST�Z[YPWZ��

39

,Z[VUPHU�-LTHSL�([OSL[LZ�VU�:[YVUNTLU»Z�;\YM!�:[YVUN�>VTLU�PU�:WVY[Z(QQ�0DLQODEstonian Sports History Society, Estonia

Today, it seems quite normal that women practice nearly all the same sports as men. In ,Z[VUPH�K\YPUN�YLJLU[�KLJHKLZ��^L�OH]L�^P[ULZZLK�^VTLU�SPM[PUN�^LPNO[Z�VU�[OL�ÅVVY�HUK�ÄNO[PUN�VU�[OL�^YLZ[SPUN�TH[��0U�HKKP[PVU�[V�HKTPYPUN�H[OSL[LZ��^VTLU�HYL�WHY[PJPWH[PUN�PU�championships. Against this background, it seems that women only very recently established themselves in the men’s heavy athletic turf.

However, women’s participation in these sports is not new. The Estonian case gives clues that we are seeing an old but forgotten occurrence. In the last decade of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th, a myriad of strong women not only strived to repeat men’s achievements in lifting weights but surprised them with tricks hitherto unheard of. 0[�L]LU�OHWWLULK�[OH[�THU`�H�IYHNNPUN�THSL�NV[�VɈ�[OL�^YLZ[SPUN�TH[�^P[O�OPZ�IHJR�K\Z[ �̀

This research seeks to answer the question how it happened that, more than a century ago, many Estonian women could enter the circus arenas to demonstrate their physical strength and amaze the audience. We also try to answer the question why this popular phenomenon gradually faded and sank into oblivion.

>VTLU»Z�>YLZ[SPUN!�6YPNPUZ�HUK�,]VS\[PVU�PU�[OL�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ�VM�(TLYPJH*HUWUXG�3ðVWHUUniversity of Copenhagen, Denmark Like other martial arts, wrestling has been a male domain over the centuries. Only in 2004 did women participate in Olympic wrestling competitions. The dichotomized gender order based on the myth of the strong and the weak sex excluded women not only from political rights but also from activities demanding endurance, strength, and aggressive body contact.

However, the norms and rules of Western middle class society did and do not apply to show business. The worlds of the circus and vaudeville celebrate and reward individuals with seemingly supernatural skills. This is true for female artists who attract large audienc-LZ�ZWLJPÄJHSS`�ILJH\ZL�[OL`�ZLLT�[V�L_JLLK�[OL�WV[LU[PHS�VM�[OL�^LHRLY�ZL_��

This paper focuses on a group of women who entered a male domain: wrestling, which was one of the attractions of American vaudeville. In a time without movies and television, vaudeville was the main entertainment industry in the United States. It fascinated large audiences and provided jobs for thousands of performers. Sporting activities, in particu-lar, club swinging, trapeze exercises, weightlifting, boxing, and wrestling, were highlights of the shows. Women in these sports were special attractions because they seemed to simultaneously overcome gender stereotypes and fuel the erotic fantasies of the male audiences. However, the female artists took their sport seriously and not only performed in exhibitions but also engaged in competitions.

40

This presentation focuses on women’s wrestling at the turn of the 20th century and describes some of the most famous women in this sport. This paper provides insight into their backgrounds, careers, and performances and discusses if and how women’s perfor-mances in show business had and still has an impact outside of that sphere. The paper uses various sources, in particular, newspaper records, and draws on gender theories, as well as theoretical approaches to popular culture and consumption.

:LJ\SHYPZT�]LYZ\Z�-\UKHTLU[HSPZT!�;OL�+L]LSVWTLU[�VM�-LTHSL�*VTWL[P[P]L�:WVY[Z�PU�0YHU6KDKU]DG�0RKDPPDGLAlbert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany

For decades, women’s bodies have been used as loci for socio-political transformation and ideological domination. In this regard, sports as a social institution in general, and JVTWL[P[P]L�ZWVY[Z�MVY�̂ VTLU�PU�WHY[PJ\SHY��OH]L�ILULÄ[LK�Z[H[LZ�[V�WYVTV[L�[OLPY�WVSP[PJHS�HNLUKHZ�IV[O� UH[PVUHSS`� HUK� PU[LYUH[PVUHSS �̀� ;OPZ� Z[\K`� VɈLYZ� H� JYP[PJHS� HJJV\U[� VM� [OL�development of women’s competitive sports in Iran through implementation of the feminist post-structuralism approach.

The key question is how and in which ways elite female athletes’ bodies have been used as vehicles to promote dominant political ideologies under the modernization of Pahlavi’s dynasty (1925–1979) and the fundamentalization of the Islamic Republic (1979–present). :L]LYHS�ZV\YJLZ�VM�KH[H��PUJS\KPUN�HYJOP]HS�TH[LYPHSZ��TLKPH�HUK�UL^ZWHWLY�YLWVY[Z��ÄSTZ��and videos have been used. In addition, where possible, qualitative interviews and partici-pant observation have also been used. Collected data have been analyzed using critical discourse analysis. The study gives insight into the politicization, symbolization, and centralization of elite Iranian female athletes’ bodies in sports throughout history.

41

:,::065!�7O`ZPJHS�,K\JH[PVU�0

;OL��[O�(UUP]LYZHY`�VM� [OL�;HPWLP�-PYZ[�.PYSZ�/PNO�:JOVVS�/VUVY�.\HYK�;LHT!�/PZ[VY �̀�0KLU[P[ �̀�HUK�/LYP[HNL

&KLD�-X�<HQNational Taiwan Sport University, Taiwan

After the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the KMT government retreated from mainland China to Taiwan and enforced martial law from May 19, 1949 until July 15, 1987. For the purpose of turning every citizen into a soldier, the government also incorporated military education into high school courses. The Taipei First Girls High School, located next to the 7YLZPKLU[PHS�7HSHJL��^HZ�[OL�ÄYZ[�OPNO�ZJOVVS� PU�;HP^HU�[V�LZ[HISPZO�^VTLU»Z�THYJOPUN�bands. In this social context, all students received military education. In 1963, the school OPYLK� (YT`� /VUVY� .\HYK� VɉJLY� HUK� MV\UKLY� 4Y�� ?PHUN�+\VQPHV� @HUN� �楊先鐸) and :OP�?PHUN�@\� �于士驤) as instructors to oversee the Honor Guard Team’s practice and performance of basic military gymnastics and gun and knife drills. On December 12, 2013, during the school’s anniversary celebration, former members of the Honor Guard Team crossed time and space to put on a show together. The performers ranged in age from 18 to 65. Some even returned from overseas to participate in the event and celebrate the team’s 50th anniversary.

The questions investigated in this research are: 1. Given changes over 50 years, why were MVYTLY�TLTILYZ�VM�KPɈLYLU[�HNLZ�Z[PSS�LU[O\ZPHZ[PJ�HIV\[�[OL�WLYMVYTHUJL&��+\YPUN�[OPZ�50-year period, were there any changes in the performance? 3. What is the central spirit of the honor guard team? This study in social cultural history adopted the research methods of document analysis and in-depth interviews to explore the background and history of the team.

The results show that the performance apparel evolved from trousers to a miniskirt and white boots. The content of the performance was limited by the numbers of members, but [OLPY�WLYMVYTHUJL�VM�N\U�KYPSSZ�^HZ�TVYL�ZRPSSM\S� [OHU�LHYSPLY��;OL�TLTILYZ�VM�KPɈLYLU[�generations selected for the team can be regarded as the elite of the elite, thanks to the N\PKHUJL�VM�[OLPY�JVHJO��?PHUN�+\VQPHV�@HUN��ÔV�KL]V[LK�OPTZLSM�[V�[OL�[LHT�MYVT�� until his death in 2011. Additionally, their intensive, advanced military training had created a team cohesion and identity expressed in the phrase “one team, one gun.” Members MYVT� KPɈLYLU[� NLULYH[PVUZ� ZOHYLK� [OL� ZHTL� WVZP[PVU�� N\U�� VY� RUPML� HZ� V[OLYZ�� +\YPUN�[YHPUPUN�� [OL`� MVYTLK�ZVSPK� YLSH[PVUZOPWZ�UV[�VUS`�^P[O�WLLYZ�I\[�HSZV� [OVZL�VM�KPɈLYLU[�generations. They delivered consistently brilliant performances, especially for the National Day Show, a tradition celebrated by local and foreign guests and a general audience, many of whom shared collective memories. The team also played an important role in diplomacy by representing the nation to visiting foreign countries. The strong public positive image instilled a sense of honor in team members, prompting them to establish alumni associations nationwide and overseas, including the Alumni Association in the Republic of China’s First Girls High School Honor Guard Instrument Team in July 2011. Other overseas alumni associations maintain the honor guard’s tradition expressed in the motto “Honor, Discipline, and Responsibility.”

42

Representations and Images of Female Gymnastics Teach-ers and Female Athletes in Japan (1900–1930): Focusing on the Relation between Women’s Physical Education and Sport

Yoshimi KasugaDaito Bunka University, Japan

The goal of “having to the best of their ability girl’s gymnastics taught by female teachers” was written into the girl’s high school syllabus in 1903. At this time, female gymnastics teachers were posted to approximately 80% of girls’ high schools in Japan. Around 1900 as women began to undergo training to become professional physical education instruc-tors, they became the subjects of various criticisms. It is believed that their low social Z[H[\Z�KPK�UV[�JOHUNL�ZPNUPÄJHU[S`�ILMVYL�>VYSK�>HY�00�

4HU`� WLVWSL� ILSPL]LK� [OH[� N`TUHZ[PJZ� OHK� H� IHK� PUÅ\LUJL� VU�^VTLU��^P[O� ULNH[P]L�JVUZLX\LUJLZ� MVY� ^VTLU»Z� WO`ZPJHS� LK\JH[PVU�� >VTLU»Z� WO`ZPJHS� LK\JH[PVU� ^HZ�perceived as transgressing the accepted code of conduct for women, and many people criticized women for doing gymnastics or physical exercise, which was considered disgraceful. Many were concerned that physical education would make woman more masculine. Changing these beliefs was not easy. However, some advocates of women’s gymnastics argued that the body needed to be improved in order to transform Japan into a modern state, and they positioned women’s health in the context of improving the public body. The idea was the women’s body should be made healthy and tough, and it was assumed that a maternal, child-bearing body was such.

>OLU�MLTHSL�H[OSL[LZ�ILNHU�[V�HWWLHY�VU�[OL� MYVU[�WHNLZ�VM�THNHaPULZ�HYV\UK�� they were idolized by the media. Female gymnastics teachers and female athletes possessed the same aspects which could become targets of criticism, such as engaging in athletics and the attire worn during such activities. Female athletes, however, tended to receive greater favor in the media than teachers of the same sex.

This research examines cases of how female gymnastics teachers and female athletes were represented in magazines and newspapers. This research aims to shed light on the relationship between female physical education and athletes in Japan between 1900 and 1930.

43

Thomas Denison Wood and His Thought on Health and Physical Education: With reference to His Addresses �� ¶� ��HUK�0UÅ\LUJL�VU�1HWHU�HM[LY�[OL�:LJVUK�>VYSK�War

Kana Nakamuta and Hiroaki SakakibaraFukuoka University of Education, Japan

;OL�HPT�VM�[OPZ�Z[\K`�PZ�[V�ZOLK�SPNO[�VU�;OVTHZ�+LUPZVU�>VVK»Z�[OV\NO[Z�VU�OLHS[O�HUK�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�PU�[^LU[PL[O�JLU[\Y`�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ�VM�(TLYPJH��>VVK�^HZ�H�WYVMLZZVY�and physician in the Teachers College of Columbia University for three decades. In the � ��Z��OL�WYVWVZLK�H�UL^�JVUJLW[�VM�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU��ÔPJO�ILJHTL�^PKLS`�HJJLW[�LK�PU�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�LK\JH[PVU��;OL�JVYL�VM�OPZ�WYVWVZHS�JHU�IL�MV\UK�PU�:LSLJ[PVUZ�MYVT�[OL�(KKYLZZLZ�VM�;OVTHZ�+��>VVK�� (M[LY�[OL�:LJVUK�>VYSK�>HY��[OPZ�JVTWPSH[PVU�VM�essays was found in Japan among the collection of the late Professor Heita Okabe, a MHJ\S[`�TLTILY�H[�-\R\VRH�<UP]LYZP[`�VM�,K\JH[PVU��9LNHYKPUN�>VVK»Z�[OV\NO[Z� PU�[OL�JVU[L_[�VM�1HWHU��[^V�PTWVY[HU[�WVPU[Z�LTLYNL!��(Z�[V�ÔH[�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH�[PVU�HUK�ZWVY[�LUJVTWHZZLZ��>VVK�L_WYLZZLK�[OL�ILSPLM�[OH[��HZ�HU�HKTPUPZ[YH[P]L�KLWHY[�ment, health and physical education logically should provide three services: health care, health education, and physical education. Today, all Japanese schools and universities PUJS\KL�OLHS[O�HUK�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�PU�[OLPY�J\YYPJ\SH��>VVK»Z�[OV\NO[Z�VU�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�NYLH[S`�PUÅ\LUJLK�1VOU�+L^L`»Z�JOPSK�JLU[LYLK�[OLVY`�VM�LK\JH[PVU�HUK�^LYL�[OL�YLZ\S[�VM�WOPSVZVWOPJHS�HUK�ZJPLU[PÄJ�YLZLHYJO�VU�OLHS[O�HUK�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU��0[�JHU�IL� ZHPK� [OH[� >VVK»Z� ]PL^Z� VU� OLHS[O� HUK� WO`ZPJHS� LK\JH[PVU� KLLWS`� PUÅ\LUJLK� [OL�teaching method and contents of health and physical education in postwar Japan.

0U�� >VVK�Z\TTHYPaLK�U\TLYV\Z�SLJ[\YL�ZLYPLZ�HUK�RLÙV[L�YLWVY[Z�PU�H�WYLZLU[H[PVU�entitled “Some Unsolved Problems in Physical Education.” His thoughts reportedly provid-ed said the philosophical foundation for the paper “Some Controlling Ideals of Family Life VM�[OL�-\[\YL¹�� 0U�� >VVK�OPNOSPNO[LK�[OL�PTWVY[HUJL�VM�ZJOVVS�O`NPLUL�PU�OPZ�WHWLY� LU[P[SLK� ¸:JOVVS�/`NPLUL� PU� 0[Z� )LHYPUN� VU�*OPSK� 3PML�¹� (JJVYKPUN� [V�>VVK�� [OL�primary aims of education should be healthcare and the improvement of school hygiene—for example, controlling infectious diseases in schools—both of which should be managed responsibly at all stages of the educational process. He also emphasized the necessity for all schools to conduct regular health examinations within every community. 4VZ[�PTWVY[HU[S �̀�>VVK�MLS[�[OH[�Z\P[HIS`�[YHPULK�[LHJOLYZ�VY�L_HTPULYZ�ZOV\SK�TVUP[VY�children’s physical and mental development. His views on the subjects of physical educa-tion and hygiene can be considered the foundation for education in Japan.

0U� HKKP[PVU��>VVK� PUZPZ[LK� [OH[� [OL� [OVYV\NO� PTWSLTLU[H[PVU� VM� ZJOVVS� O`NPLUL�^V\SK�facilitate teachers’ understanding of children’s personalities and peculiarities, improve school life and children’s welfare, and promote cooperation and information sharing in ZJOVVSZ��OVTLZ��JVTT\UP[PLZ��HUK�[OL�TLKPJHS�ÄLSK�H[�SHYNL��0U�� LK\JH[VYZ�ILNHU�[V�realize and appreciate the inherent relationship between health and education. Furthering [OPZ� ]PL �̂� >VVK� KLSP]LYLK� [OL� WHWLY� ¸1\Z[PJL� HUK� ,X\HSP[`� MVY� *OPSK� /LHS[O¹� PU� � ��OPNOSPNO[PUN�[OL�ZVJPHS�YLZWLJ[HIPSP[`�VM�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU��:VVU�HM[LY��>VVK��HSVUN�^P[O�9VZHSPUK�*HZZPK �̀�W\ISPZOLK�¸5L^�7O`ZPJHS�,K\JH[PVU¹�PU��

44

SESSION: Sport in Africa

An Historical Account of Primary School Sports in South Africa, 1953–1965

Francois CleophasStellenbosch University, South Africa

This research records, reports, and analyzes the events leading up to the formation of the :V\[O� (MYPJHU� 7YPTHY`� :JOVVSZ»� :WVY[Z� (ZZVJPH[PVU� �:(7::(�� PU� 1HU\HY`� � �� ;OPZ�HZZVJPH[PVU� YLWSHJLK� [OL�:V\[O�(MYPJHU�:JOVVS»Z� :WVY[Z�)VHYK� �:(::)�� ;OL�:(7::(�made considerable contributions to the South African non-racial sport movement. This VYNHUPaH[PVU��HSVUN�^P[O�[OL�:V\[O�(MYPJHU�:LUPVY�:JOVVSZ»�:WVY[�(ZZVJPH[PVU��:(:::(��introduced schoolchildren to non-racial ways of thinking. The two organizations served TVYL�[OHU��ZJOVVSJOPSKYLU�PU�:V\[O�(MYPJH�HUK��HZ�T\S[P�JVKLK�ZWVY[�HZZVJPH[PVUZ��promoted inter-sports contact between sportspersons. These organizations played a crucial role in forming generations of sportspersons who promoted non-racial values.

The SAPSSA grew out of dissatisfaction with the management of the SASSB, which was LZ[HISPZOLK�PU�� I\[�^LU[�PU[V�KVYTHUJ`�PU�� )L[^LLU�� HUK�� UV�UH[PVUHS�organization provided primary school sports in South Africa’s disenfranchised communi-ties. Children in these communities were excluded from mainstream—meaning >OP[L·ZJOVVSZ�HUK�^LYL�Z\IQLJ[LK�[V�HU�PUMLYPVY��YHJPHSS`�KP]PKLK�LK\JH[PVU�Z`Z[LT��

4HU`� :(::)� VɉJPHSZ� ILSVUNLK� [V� WVSP[PJHS� VYNHUPaH[PVUZ� ÔPJO� JHU� IL� KLZJYPILK� HZ�SPILYHS��>OLU�[OL�:(7::(�^HZ�LZ[HISPZOLK��P[�KPK�UV[�V]LY[S`�JOHSSLUNL�[OL�WVVY�Z[H[L�VM�Black schooling. However, it gradually became a radical, non-racial school sport organiza-tion. The SAPSSA served as the only vehicle for national recognition for many South African primary schoolchildren and sport administrators.

Through an oral interview with a founding member, interrogating various media sources and an examination of the earliest minutes of the SAPSSA, this paper gives an historical HJJV\U[�VM�WYPTHY`�ZJOVVS�ZWVY[�PU�:V\[O�(MYPJH�K\YPUN�[OL�WLYPVK�� HUK��

From Short Wave Radio to Satellite Television: The Transfor-mational History of African Football Fans’ Identities

Gerard AkindesOhio University, United States

The fact that African football fans have acquired transnational tastes and preferences for the game is a topic increasingly discussed by news reports and scholars. Across the African continent, viewing spaces showing transnational football let a large number of fans enjoy world-class, elite players. These programs are European produced by advanced technologies. Their access through satellite television technology is the contem-porary stage in the transnationalization of sport broadcasting initiated by European short wave radios since the colonial expansion of Europe.

45

;OPZ�WHWLY�VɈLYZ�HU�OPZ[VYPJHS� YL]PL^�VM� [OL� [YHUZUH[PVUHSPZT�VM�ZWVY[Z�IYVHKJHZ[PUN� PU�Africa. First, the paper reviews the early years of transnational football in Africa as dissemi-nated through radio and newspapers. Next, the role of transnational television broadcast-ing in perpetuating the tradition of the transnational football culture of African audiences is discussed. The next section examines African football fans during the eras of transna-tional radio broadcasting and contemporary satellite broadcasting. The following section examines the impacts of the historical transformation of sport transnational broadcasting on the local football culture and shows how challenging it is for Africans to maintain a local football culture in the face of strong global brands, such as Manchester United and Real Madrid. Finally, the conclusion speculates about the possible co-existence of transnational, national, and local identities of African football fans.

:H[PYPJHS� :V\YJLZ!� *YP[PJHS� *VTTLU[HYPLZ�� (ɈLJ[P]P[ �̀� HUK�the Emergence of an Organized Anti-apartheid Movement in Sports

Malcolm MacLeanUniversity of Gloucestershire, United Kingdom

0U�� [OL� MVYTH[PVU� PU�3VUKVU��ÄYZ[��VM� [OL�)V`JV[[�*VTTP[[LL�HUK��ZLJVUK��VM� [OL�Boycott Movement provided a sense of structure and coherence to the emerging interna-tional solidarity movement working to isolate apartheid-era South Africa. At the time, the international movement was scattered and disparate, while the internal activist groups and liberation movements experienced conditions of increasing repression and schism. ;OL�[LYTZ�VM�[OL�LTLYNPUN�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�HU[P�HWHY[OLPK�TV]LTLU[�^LYL�HSZV�PU�Å\_��HUK�K\YPUN�[OL�� Z��[OL�JHTWHPNUZ�PUJS\KLK�H�WYV[LJ[PVUPZ[�HWWYVHJO�[V�SPTP[�[OL�PTWHJ[�VM�the racial ideologies underpinning apartheid. By the end of the decade, the anti-apartheid movement had united around a demand for total isolation of the apartheid state and its YLNPTL��>OPSL�HJ[P]PZ[�JHTWHPNUZ�LTLYNLK�HJYVZZ�H�YHUNL�VM�PZZ\LZ��PUJS\KPUN�LJVUVTPJ�HUK�TPSP[HY`�ZHUJ[PVUZ�� ZWVY[�MVJ\ZLK�HJ[P]PZ[�JHTWHPNUZ�^LYL� [OL�TVZ[�OPNO�WYVÄSL� PU�Aotearoa/New Zealand.

This paper explores the terms of the shifts in these anti-apartheid sport campaigns by HUHSàPUN� [^V� ZH[PYPJHS� [L_[Z� HZZVJPH[LK� ^P[O� � � ¶� �� HUK� � � ¶� �� JHTWHPNUZ�HNHPUZ[� ZWVY[PUN� JVU[HJ[�^P[O� :V\[O� (MYPJH�� ;OLZL� [L_[Z�� [OL� ÄYZ[� ^YP[[LU� I`� (TLYPJHU�ZH[PYPZ[�;VT�3LOYLY�PU�� HUK�[OL�ZLJVUK�I`�5L^�ALHSHUK�^YP[LY�4\YYH`�)HSS�PU�� encapsulate the change in outlook. This paper argues that an analytical focus on the institutions and politics of the rugby-focused anti-apartheid campaigns risks glossing over the shifting structure of feeling these campaigns link to and form part of. In doing, OPZ[VYPHUZ� HUK� V[OLYZ� \UKLYLZ[PTH[L� [OL� HɈLJ[P]L� ZPNUPÄJHUJL� HUK� PTWHJ[Z� VM� [OLZL�movements.

46

SESSION: Sport and Nationalism

French Sport International Policy in the 1960s: Archives of the French Film Press

Pascal CharitasUniversity Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense, France

0U� � �� [OL� PTWSLTLU[H[PVU� VM� [OL� WYLZPKLU[PHS� Z`Z[LT� VM� [OL� =[O� *VUZ[P[\[PVU� VM� [OL�French Republic concentrated power in the hands of the executive of the state, General Charles de Gaulle. He held the monopoly on diverse means of communication in order to JVU[YVS� PUMVYTH[PVU�HUK�\UKLY[HRL� [OL�WYVQLJ[�VM�H�.YLH[�-YHUJL� �)V\YKVU�� ;OPZ�objective was pursued while France gradually lost its empire, such as its colonies in -YLUJO�ZWLHRPUN�)SHJR�(MYPJH��;OL�`LHY�� ZH^�H�^H]L�VM�UH[PVUZ�NHPU�PUKLWLUKLUJL��followed by the implementation of a new plan of partnership called the Cooperation. France provided human resources and economic assistance, including training in physical education and the development of sports practices. The country’s objective was [V� WYV[LJ[� -YLUJO� PUÅ\LUJL� HUK� [V� OLSW� [OL� `V\UN� UH[PVUZ� KL]LSVW� \UKLY� [OL� <UP[LK�Nations.

0U�[OL�JVU[L_[�VM�[OL�*VSK�>HY��[OL�YLUL^HS�VM�[OL�T`[O�VM�[OL�-YLUJO�JP]PSPaPUN�TPZZPVU�through the Cooperation marked a new imperialism propagated at home and abroad. To using traditional means of communication to make known the country’s actions and JVU]L`�P[Z�]HS\LZ��1LHUULUL �̀�� -YHUJL�HKKLK�[LSL]PZPVU�K\YPUN�[OL�WVZ[^HY�LJVUVT�PJ�IVVT��*VOLU� �3t] �̀��;OPZ�UL^�PUMVYTH[PVU�TLKP\T�^HZ�THUHNLK�I`�-YLUJO�)YVHKJHZ[PUN� ;LSL]PZPVU� �9;-�� [OL� -YLUJO� UH[PVUHS� JVTWHU`� PU� JOHYNL� VM� [OL� W\ISPJ�ZLY]PJL�VM� [OL�IYVHKJHZ[PUN� �� ;OL�9;-��OV^L]LY�� SHJRLK�[OL�ULJLZZHY`�H\[VUVT`�because it was under the direct control of the state through the ministries of Information HUK�-PUHUJLZ��=HZZHSSV��0U�� 9;-�^HZ�YLWSHJLK�I`�[OL�:LY]PJL�VM�)YVHKJHZ[PUN�-YLUJO�;LSL]PZPVU��69;-��

;OPZ�WHWLY�HUHSàLZ�H�ZLYPLZ�VM�UL]LY�IYVHKJHZ[LK�H\KPV]PZ\HS�UL^Z�WYVNYHTZ�ÄSTLK�I`�the ORTF in order to understand the practices and discourse of French-African sports JVVWLYH[PVU�PU�[OL�� Z��0[�̂ HZ�ULJLZZHY`�[V�PU]LZ[PNH[L�[OL�JVUKP[PVUZ�VM�WYVK\J[PVU�HUK�THU\MHJ[\YPUN�VM�[OL�H\KPV]PZ\HS�ZWVY[Z�HYJOP]LZ��4V\[VU��PU�VYKLY�[V�JVTWYLOLUK�the political message of the French Cooperation. The corpus analyzed was drawn from TLKPH�ZV\YJLZ�PU�[OL�HYJOP]LZ�VM�[OL�-YLUJO�5H[PVUHS�(\KPV]PZ\HS�0UZ[P[\[L��05(��HUK�[OL�ÄYT�7H[Ot�.H\TVU[��HZ�^LSS�HZ�JVYYLZWVUKLUJLZ�VM�[OL�4PUPZ[Y`�VM�0UMVYTH[PVU�HUK�[OL�Cooperation with the ORTF, including sport journalists.

47

On the Innovation of Shanghai-Style Sports Culture in Line with Mass Requirements

Li XianguoShanghai Jiao Tong University, China

Cheng ZhengEast China Normal University, China

Using the methods of documentary, observation, investigation, mathematical genetics, and logical analysis, the authors carried out an investigation about the “sports require-ments” of the citizens of Shanghai. They found that the masses have put forward require-ments such as civilization, health, and aesthetics, which are based on the traditional M\UJ[PVUZ�VM�ZWVY[Z�J\S[\YL�HUK� [OL� YLX\PYLTLU[Z�VM�KPɈLYLU[�NYV\WZ��;V�TLL[�WLVWSL»Z�growing sports culture requirements, the author conducted a systematic analysis of the goals and shortcomings of Shanghai-style sports culture innovation.

0[�JHTL�[V�[OL�JVUJS\ZPVU�[OH[�:OHUNOHP�OHZ�[YPLK�[V�TLL[�[OL�YLX\PYLTLU[Z�VM�KPɈLYLU[�NYV\WZ� [V� HJOPL]L� [OL�W\YWVZLZ�VM� RLLWPUN�Ä[�� OH]PUN� M\U�� HUK�LU[LY[HPUPUN��/V^L]LY��contradictions exist between individuals and teams, governments and markets, tradition HUK�TVKLYUP[ �̀� HUK� JP[`� HUK� JV\U[Y`ZPKL��>L� ZOV\SK� HKHW[� V\Y� [OV\NO[Z� [V� [OVZL� VM�society to promote the healthy and comprehensive development of Shanghai-style sports culture.

The Body and the National Identity: The Origin and Develop-ment of the Chinese National Games in the Late Qing and Republican China (1910–1948)

Liu Li<UP]LYZP[`�VM�>LZ[LYU�(\Z[YHSPH

;OL�5H[PVUHS�.HTLZ�PU�*OPUH�^HZ�H�UH[PVU^PKL�ZWVY[�L]LU[��ÔPJO�^HZ�ÄYZ[�OLSK�PU�� K\YPUN�[OL�8PUN�+ÙHZ[`�HUK�[OLU�ZL]LU�TVYL�[PTLZ�[OYV\NO�� PU�9LW\ISPJHU�*OPUH��;OL� 5H[PVUHS� .HTLZ� WSH`LK� HU� PTWVY[HU[� YVSL� PU�TVKLYU� *OPUH� HM[LY� [OL� 6WP\T�>HY�forced the country to open itself to the world. This study examines the relationship between the body, nationalism, national identity, and the National Games in the context of ZVJPHS�HUK�WVSP[PJHS�JOHUNL�MYVT�� [V�� ;OL� ÄYZ[� 5H[PVU� .HTLZ� [VVR� WSHJL� \UKLY� [OL� SH[L� 8PUN� KÙHZ[`� PU� � �� ;OL`� ^LYL�organized by the Shanghai YMCA and called the First National Athletic Alliance of Region-HS�:[\KLU[� ;LHTZ�� ;OL`�^LYL� YLNHYKLK� HZ� [OL� ÄYZ[� UH[PVUHS� NHTLZ� PU�*OPUH� HM[LY� [OL�Revolution in 1911. In the Beiyang period, the Beijing YMCA organized the second Nation-HS�.HTLZ�PU�� ÔPSL�[OL�*OPUH�5H[PVUHS�(TH[L\Y�([OSL[PJ�-LKLYH[PVU��H�UVU�NV]LYU�TLU[HS�ZWVY[�VYNHUPaH[PVU��OVZ[LK�[OL�[OPYK�5H[PVUHS�.HTLZ�PU�� -YVT�� [V�� [OL�UH[PVUHSPZ[�NV]LYUTLU[�VYNHUPaLK�[OL�MV\Y[O��ÄM[O��ZP_[O��HUK�ZL]LU[O�5H[PVUHS�.HTLZ��ÔPJO�^LYL�PUÅ\LUJLK�Z[YVUNS`�I`�WVSP[PJZ�HUK�UH[PVUHSPZT�

48

0[�OHZ�ILLU�JSHPTLK�[OH[�OVSKPUN�[OL�5H[PVUHS�.HTLZ�^HZ�HTVUN�[OL�TVZ[�LɈLJ[P]L�^H`Z�VM�WYVTV[PUN�UH[PVUHS�PKLU[P[ �̀�+\YPUN�WYLWHYH[PVU�MVY�[OL�NHTLZ��KPɈLYLU[�SL]LSZ�VM�[Y`V\[Z�were held in provinces, cities, and counties across China. The National Games became a vital path to select athletes to attend international sport competitions, such the Far East .HTLZ�MYVT�� [V�� HUK�[OL�0U[LYUH[PVUHS�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ�PU�� HUK�� -YVT�[OL�)LP`HUN� [V� [OL�UH[PVUHSPZ[�WHY[`�WLYPVK��KPɈLYLU[�NV]LYUTLU[Z�OH]L�\ZLK� [OL�National Games for the same purpose, expressed as “Sport for Saving the Chinese Nation.” 0U�JVUJS\ZPVU��[OL�5H[PVUHS�.HTLZ��ÔPJO�YHU�MYVT�� HUK�� HJ[LK�HZ�H�WV^LYM\S�platform for promoting nationalism among the Chinese people, especially during the HU[P�1HWHULZL�>HY�WLYPVK��;OLZL�NHTLZ�WSH`LK�HU� PTWVY[HU[�YVSL� PU�[OL�THRPUN�VM�[OL�Chinese national identity.

SESSION: Modern Sports

“So Many Countries, So Many Ways”: Institutionalization of Modern Sports in Early 20th Century Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina: A Comparative Perspective

Shunsuke MatsuoUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

As Allen Guttmann argues in his classic work, one of the distinctive features of modern ZWVY[Z� PZ� P[Z� OPNOS`� KL]LSVWLK� I\YLH\JYH[PJ� VYNHUPaH[PVU�� ÔPJO� \UPÄLZ� HUK� YLN\SH[LZ�practice. This institutionalization proceeded rapidly in many countries across the world MYVT� [OL� SH[L� � [O� JLU[\Y`� [V� [OL� LHYS`� ��[O� JLU[\Y �̀� ;OPZ� OPZ[VYPJHS� [YHUZMVYTH[PVU� PU�physical culture can be related to the wider socio-political process of the construction of modern states.

;OPZ�WHWLY�HUHS`ZLZ�[OPZ�WYVJLZZ�VM�ZWVY[Z�PUZ[P[\[PVUHSPaH[PVU�PU�[OL�LHYS`��[O�JLU[\Y`�PU�the three nations which compose the Southern Cone region of South America: Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina. In particular, we focus on the development of two types of institu-tions: a state bureaucracy to subsidize and promote diverse physical activities and nation-al federations of various sports, often initiated without authorization from the government. Despite cultural, geographical, and historical similarities, these three nations present quite KPɈLYLU[�JOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJZ�PU�[OL�LHYS`�WOHZLZ�VM�ZWVY[Z�PUZ[P[\[PVUHSPaH[PVU��

<Y\N\H`�^HZ�[OL�ÄYZ[�HTVUN�[OLZL�JV\U[YPLZ�[V�LZ[HISPZO�H�W\ISPJ�PUZ[P[\[PVU�PU�JOHYNL�VM�sports. Founded in 1911, the Comisión Nacional de Educación Física continued to M\UJ[PVU�\U[PS��ÔLU�P[�^HZ�YLVYNHUPaLK�HZ�H�TPUPZ[Y �̀�;OPZ�JVTTPZZPVU�^HZ�MV\UKLK�at a moment in which the sports bureaucratization had not begun even in the private ZWOLYL��*VUZLX\LU[S �̀�VUL�VM�[OL�JVTTPZZPVU»Z�ÄYZ[�[HZRZ�^HZ�[V�LUJV\YHNL�ZLWHYH[LK�sports clubs to consolidate and form national federations for each sport, thus creating an institutional structure from above.

49

/V^L]LY��PU�[OL�LHYS`��[O�JLU[\Y �̀�ZWVY[Z�SLHKLYZ�PU�*OPSL�WVPU[LK�[V�[OL�ULLK�MVY�[OL�Z[H[L�[V�Z\WWVY[�HUK�WYVTV[L�WO`ZPJHS�WYHJ[PJLZ��-YVT�[OPZ�TV]LTLU[��[OL�ÄYZ[�T\S[P�MLKLYH[PVU�organization, the Federación Sportiva Nacional, was established in 1909. In response to this pressure from below, the Chilean government tried to intervene in sports by creating H�I\YLH\JYH[PJ�HWWHYH[\Z�PU�[OL�� Z��/V^L]LY��UVUL�VM�P[Z�H[[LTW[Z�Z\JJLLKLK�K\L�[V�WVSP[PJHS��HKTPUPZ[YH[P]L��HUK�Q\YPKPJHS�PUZ\ɉJPLUJPLZ��=HYPV\Z�PUZ[P[\[PVUZ�^LYL�JYLH[LK�HUK�HIVSPZOLK�YLWLH[LKS`�\UKLY�KPɈLYLU[�TPUPZ[YPLZ��JYLH[PUN�TVYL�JVUÅPJ[�HUK�JVUM\ZPVU�[OHU�H�Z[HISL��LɈLJ[P]L�PUZ[P[\[PVUHS�VYKLY�PU�ZWVY[Z��

In Argentina, two private organizations—the Sociedad Sportiva Argentina, established in [OL� � ��Z�� HUK� [OL� *VUMLKLYHJP}U� (YNLU[PUH� KL� +LWVY[LZ�� MV\UK� PU� � ��·PU[LNYH[LK�various federations to represent sports to public authorities on the national level. Howev-er, the government could not establish a public sports institution. Consequently, relations between the state and sports became markedly extra-institutional, as individual politicians tended to develop informal, paternalistic, personalistic connections with particular clubs or associations, instead of institutional ones. Thus, sports were easily incorporated in the political structure of clientelism and populism.

>L�JVUJS\KL�[OH[�[OLZL�KPɈLYLU[�^H`Z�VM�ZWVY[Z�PUZ[P[\[PVUHSPaH[PVU�YLÅLJ[�^PKLY�ZVJPV�WV�litical features of the state-making process in these countries.

A Study of the Restored Korean Traditional Martial Arts of “Kisa” and “Gyeokgu” and Their Modern Values

Sung JehoonSeoul National University, South Korea

During the colonial period, western sports dominated international sports society, and traditional eastern sports were considered less advanced. This dynamic persists even though western imperialism has ended. This cultural imperialism and Orientalism in the sports world should be seriously reconsidered. It is also necessary to investigate culture of eastern sports, which faded during modernization.

In the 19th century, Kisa and Gyeokgu, Korean horseback martial arts, were neglected and vanished, despite their huge value. This study focuses on restored horseback martial arts as modern sports. First, the historical background of horseback martial arts is reviewed. Second, the process of restoring the horseback martial arts is examined. Finally, the traits of the restored horseback martial arts are analyzed in comparison with western sports.

2VYLHU�OVYZLIHJR�THY[PHS�HY[Z�ZLLTLK�[V�OH]L�Z[HY[LK�HYV\UK�)�*��K\YPUN�[OL�;OYLL�Kingdoms period. In numerous wars against the mounted nomads of the continent during this period, the importance of the cavalry battle increased. This trend lasted until the Joseon Dynasty. Kisa is a horseback martial arts in which a rider shoots arrows. Gyeokgu is an equestrian game in which players attempt to shoot a ball past their opponent’s goalpost. Through the Joseon Dynasty, Kisa and Gyeokgu served as exercise for military VɉJLYZ�ILJH\ZL�[OL`�WYV]PKLK�\ZLM\S�WYHJ[PJL�PU�OVYZLIHJR�THY[PHS�HY[Z��/V^L]LY��[OL`�^LYL�YLWSHJLK�I`�UL^�Z[YH[LNPLZ�K\L�[V�YL]VS\[PVUHY`�HK]HUJLZ�PU�TPSP[HY`�HUK�ZJPLU[PÄJ�techniques starting in the late 18th century. These traditions completely disappeared during the Japanese colonial period in the 19th century.

50

From the late Joseon dynasty through the Japanese colonial period, Korean horseback martial arts existed only in the historical record but were restored by Korean martial artists PU�[OL��[O�JLU[\Y �̀�;OL�VYPNPUHS�MVYTZ�VM�[OL�THY[PHS�HY[Z�̂ LYL�YLZ[VYLK��I\[�[OLPY�TLHUPUNZ�HUK�YVSLZ�^LYL�YLKLÄULK�PU�HJJVYKHUJL�^P[O�TVKLYU�]HS\LZ��

The restoration of horseback martial arts warrants attention in three areas: the transmis-sion of traditional culture, education through interactive history, and the creation of Korean sports. First, the restoration of these martial arts enables the transmission of traditional physical culture which cannot be understood only from records. Second, a vivid experience of ancestral culture can teach history and pass down the culture from IVK`�[V�IVK �̀�-PUHSS �̀�[OL�YLZ[VYH[PVU�VM�[OL�OVYZLIHJR�THY[PHS�HY[Z�VɈLYZ�[OL�WVZZPIPSP[`�VM�new sport cultures outside the western-centric sports society.

The “Façade” of Socialist Sports: The Legendary “Golden Team” in Hungary

Katalin SzikoraSemmelweis University, Hungary

;OL�HPT�VM�[OPZ�YLZLHYJO�PZ�[V�PSS\Z[YH[L�[OL�ZWVY[�SPML�PU�/\UNHY`�K\YPUN�[OL�� Z��WHY[PJ\SHY�ly the international career of the Hungarian Golden Team. This paper asks how the HJOPL]LTLU[Z�VM� [OL�.VSKLU�;LHT�PUÅ\LUJLK�KVTLZ[PJ�/\UNHYPHU�WVSP[PJZ�HUK�[V�ÔH[�extent they helped to legitimize for the outside world the Soviet occupation.

(M[LY�>VYSK�>HY�;̂ V��/\UNHY`�MV\UK�P[ZLSM�PU�[OL�:V]PL[�ZWOLYL�VM�PUÅ\LUJL��;OH[�TLHU�UV[�only the physical presence of the Red Army but also that all political, economic, and J\S[\YHS�SPML��PUJS\KPUN�ZWVY[��OHK�[V�IL�HKHW[LK�JVTWSL[LS`�[V�[OL�:V]PL[�TVKLS��UH[\YHSS`�SV`HS�/\UNHYPHU� PUZPKLYZ�^LYL�HS^H`Z�H]HPSHISL� MVY� [OH[� [HZR�� 0U�ZWVY[��:V]PL[�TL[OVKZ�were to be followed, and the importance of professional sport in demonstrating the success of the Socialist way was emphasized. Consequently, the new political elite LUKVYZLK�U\TLYV\Z�H[OSL[LZ�ÔV�OHK�ILLU�]PJ[VYPV\Z�ILMVYL�[OL�^HY�� PU�[OL�ZV�JHSSLK�/VY[O`�LYH��0U�MVV[IHSS��[OL�SLNLUKHY`�.VSKLU�;LHT�ILJHTL�[OL�JLU[LY�VM�H[[LU[PVU�HM[LY�P[Z�[YP\TWO�H[�[OL�� /LSZPURP�6S`TWPJZ��

Sir Stanley Rous, secretary of the English Football Association, watched the team’s WYPaL^PUUPUN�ÄUHS�TH[JO�H[� [OL�6S`TWPJZ��/L�^HZ�ZV� PTWYLZZLK�I`� [OL� [LHT»Z�WLYMVY�mance that he invited the team to play at a match as part of the 90th Jubilee Celebration VM� [OL� ,UNSPZO� -VV[IHSS� (ZZVJPH[PVU�� ;OL� TH[JO� ^HZ� OLSK� VU� 5V]LTILY� �� H[�3VUKVU»Z�>LTISL`�:[HKP\T��;OL�/\UNHYPHU�UH[PVUHS�[LHT�ILH[�[OL�OVZ[Z��¶��PU�H�TH[JO�heralded as the match of the century. The Hungarian state and sport leaders celebrated [OL�[YP\TWO�HZ�[OL�]PJ[VY`�VM�ZVJPHSPZT�V]LY�JHWP[HSPZT��;OL�JVUÄKLUJL�VM�[OL�/\UNHYPHU�[LHT�HUK�WLVWSL�^LYL�IVVZ[LK�M\Y[OLY�ÔLU��VU�4H`�� [OL�,UNSPZO�[LHT�Z\ɈLYLK�P[Z�^VYZ[�KLMLH[��¶��PU�H�ZLJVUK�TH[JO�HNHPUZ[�[OL�.VSKLU�;LHT�H[�[OL�7LVWSL»Z�:[HKP\T�PU�)\KHWLZ[��;OL�YLZ\S[�VM�� >VYSK�*\W��1\UL��¶1\S`��ÔLU�>LZ[�.LYTHU�ILH[�/\UNHY`��¶��VU�H�ZSPWWLY �̀�T\K�JV]LYLK�ÄLSK�PU�[OL�YHPU`�:^PZZ�JHWP[HS�)LYU��Z[PSS�SPUNLYZ�HZ� HU� VWLU� ^V\UK� PU� /\UNHYPHU� ZWVY[� OPZ[VY �̀� <U[PS� [OL� ÄUHS�� [OL� 6S`TWPJ� *OHTWPVU�Hungarian national team had been considered invincible and the likely winner.

51

The unexpected and astonishing defeat had severe political consequences in Hungary. -VY�[OL�ÄYZ[�[PTL�ZPUJL�[OL�VUL�WHY[`�Z`Z[LT�^HZ�LZ[HISPZOLK��ZWVU[HULV\Z�YPV[Z�IYVRL�out in the center of Budapest, sparked by news of the lost match.

The present research was based on sources relevant to this particular historical period, including contemporary monographs, memoirs, and newspaper articles and other KVJ\TLU[Z�MYVT�� Z�

SESSION: Nature and Outdoors

Taiwanese Beaches and Marine Education during the Japa-nese-Ruled Period of 1895–1945

Mei-Chun LinNational Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Swimming is a human skill. On the island of Taiwan, the Taiwanese should be fond of sea HUK�^H[LY�HJ[P]P[PLZ��/V^L]LY��MYVT�� ¶� ��[OL�ZVJPHS�H[TVZWOLYL�VM�MLHYPUN�^H[LY�deterred the Taiwanese from going to beaches. This study focuses on the background and practices of student marine education during the Japanese-ruled period in Taiwan.

At the beginning of the 1900s, beach activity was symbolic of the “civilized.” For this reason, the colonial government set up 10 additional beaches in Taiwan for the purpose of health and leisure.During this time, Japan also introduced modern swimming to Taiwan and transformed it from more than just a physical skill to a sport.

;OL� 1HWHULZL� NV]LYUTLU[� HUUV\UJLK� [OL� ¸;HP^HU�,K\JH[PVU�6YKLY¹� PU� � �� HUK� [OL�¸.\PKL� [V� :JOVVS� .`TUHZ[PJZ¹� PU� � �� [V� Z[YLZZ� [V� Z[\KLU[Z� �ZLJVUKHY`� ZJOVVS� HUK�IL`VUK��[OH[�[OL`�ZOV\SK�IL�LUNHNPUN�PU�TVYL�V\[KVVY�ZWVY[Z�HUK�Z^PTTPUN�HJ[P]P[PLZ��Therefore, every school was ardent to equip a swimming pool and take swimming courses to the beach.

0U�[OL�Z\TTLY��Z[\KLU[Z�^V\SK�IL�[HRLU�[V�[OL�ILHJO�MVY��¶��KH`Z�VM�THYPUL�LK\JH[PVU��This included breathing practices while walking on the beach, warm-up exercises, and SVUN�KPZ[HUJL�Z^PTTPUN��0[�[VVR�Z[\KLU[Z��¶��OV\YZ�[V�WYHJ[PJL�[OLZL�HJ[P]P[PLZ��HUK�[OL`�would do them twice a day: once before noon and once after noon.

4HYPUL� LK\JH[PVU� OHZ� LSLTLU[Z� VM� OLHS[O�� WYHJ[PJHS� LK\JH[PVU� �V\[KVVY� HJ[P]P[PLZ� HUK�ZJPLU[PÄJ�RUV^SLKNL��TPSP[HY �̀�LJVUVTPJZ��HUK�PTWLYPHSPZT��UH[PVUHSPZT��0[�^HZ�H�^H`�MVY�students to deal with the summer heat and also shaped the ideology of Taiwanese civiliza-tion.

In 1939, 13 girls from Chiayi Girls’ High School died during their marine education. As this ^HZ�HSZV�[OL�ILNPUUPUN�VM�[OL�:LJVUK�>VYSK�>HY��[OLYL�^HZ�L]LU�SLZZ�[PTL�MVY�Z[\KLU[Z�[V�WHY[PJPWH[L�PU�THYPUL�LK\JH[PVU��(M[LY�[OL�>HY��;HP^HU�X\PJRS`�Z[LWWLK�PU[V�[OL�WLYPVK�VM�Martial Law to ban people from all mountain and sea activities so that these areas could be reserved for national defense. Beaches gradually closed and the entire coastline eventually became silent. For the Taiwanese, sea activities became blurred memories.

52

Outdoor Activities and the Sportivization Process: Exam-ples in France

Pierre-Olaf Schut<UP]LYZP[`�VM�7HYPZ�,Z[�4HYUL�SH�=HSStL��-YHUJL

;OL�KL]LSVWTLU[�VM�ZWVY[Z�VM[LU�MVSSV^Z�ZPTPSHY�YV\[LZ��YLZ\S[PUN�PU�[OLPY�JVKPÄJH[PVU�HUK�PUZ[P[\[PVUHSPaH[PVU��;OL�JOYVUVSVN`�VM�[OL�]HYPV\Z�Z[LWZ�VU�[OPZ�WH[O�TPNO[�KPɈLY�HJJVYKPUN�[V�[OL�HJ[P]P[`�VY�UH[PVU�JVUJLYULK��I\[�[OL�ZWVY[P]PaH[PVU�WYVJLZZ�L]LU[\HSS`�HɈLJ[Z�TVZ[�physical activities. Outdoor sports also undergo changes but introduce original responses [V�[OL�WYVJLZZ��KPɈLYLU[�[OHU�[OVZL�VM�V[OLY�ZWVY[Z�HJ[P]P[PLZ�I\[�ZPTPSHY�[V�[OVZL�VM�V[OLY�outdoor sports.

Outdoor sportsmen develop a special relationship with the natural environment which is essential to their activities. This tendency frequently creates resistance to the sportiviza-tion process, in particular when competitions have to be organized, as is normally the case with sports activities. The standardization demanded is inconsistent with the unpredictability of nature, so the sportivization process tends to alter the natural aspect of V\[KVVY�HJ[P]P[PLZ��;OL�SH[[LY�[OLU�VɈLY�L_HTWSLZ�VM�YLQLJ[PVU�VM�[OL�ZWVY[Z�WOLUVTLUVU�or, at times, a doubling up of the activity: One form is sporty, competitive, and rather HY[PÄJPHS�� ÔPSL� [OL� V[OLY� YLTHPUZ� JSVZL� [V� [OL� VYPNPUHS� HJ[P]P[`� HUK� MYLL� MYVT� JVKPÄLK�championships.

The objective of this paper is to highlight the common processes in the history of outdoor sports arising from their special relationship to nature, which gives them a strong propensi-ty to resist the sportivization movement. The argument is based on the history of French TV\U[HPULLYPUN� �/VSIPHU�� ZWLSLVSVN`� �:JO\[�� RH`HRPUN� �/HQLR�� "�3L]L[�3HIY �̀��HUK�ZJ\IH�KP]PUN��4HZJYL[��MYVT�[OL�SH[L�� [O�JLU[\Y`�[V�[OL�LUK�VM�[OL��[O�JLU[\Y �̀�0UZ[LHK�VM�JVUÄYTPUN�[OL�ZWLJPÄJP[`�VM�[OLZL�HJ[P]P[PLZ�ÔPJO�OPZ[VYP�HUZ�OH]L�VM[LU�IYHUKLK�HZ�KPɈLYLU[�HUK�ZL[�HWHY[��^L�ÄYZ[�PKLU[PM`�[OL�WH[[LYUZ�[OYV\NO�which they have developed and then sketch a history of outdoor sports which appears Z\IZ[HU[PHSS`�KPɈLYLU[�[OHU�[OL�NLULYHS�OPZ[VY`�VM�ZWVY[Z�

Nature Conservation versus Event Organization:Madmen’s Diagonales on La Reunion Island (1989–2013)

Sandra HeckRuhr-University Bochum, Germany

Thierry TerretUniversity of Lyon, France

Ecological environmental policies are now a substantial part of event organization, but this OHZ�UV[�HS^H`Z�ILLU�[OL�JHZL��0[�^HZ�VUS`�HM[LY�[OL�� Z�[OH[�UH[\YL�JVUZLY]H[PVU�PKLHZ�began to spread. Organizing outdoor events on sites designated as national parks have, for instance, far more constraints on organizations than do comparable events in non-pro-tected areas.

53

Using the example of ultramarathon races, which, since 1989, have been organized annually in the French overseas department La Réunion, this study aims to analyze the history of the event’s ecological policies with regard to the changes in the status of the concerned landscapes and in tourism strategies. The method embraces a study of the existing literature of the history of both the events’ organization and the island’s environ-TLU[HS�WVSPJPLZ�V]LY� [OL�WHZ[��`LHYZ�� PU�JVTIPUH[PVU�^P[O�HU� PU[LY]PL^�VM� [OL�J\YYLU[�WYLZPKLU[�VM�[OL�¸.YHUK�9HPK¹�VYNHUPaPUN�[LHT��9VILY[�*OPJH\K��;OL�YLZ\S[Z�ÄUHSS`�WYV]L�[OH[�[OL�JYLH[PVU�VM�H�5H[PVUHS�7HYR�PU��HZ�^LSS�HZ�[OL�UVTPUH[PVU�VM�SHYNL�WHY[Z�VM�3H�9t\UPVU� 0ZSHUK�HZ�H�<5,:*6�>VYSK�5H[\YHS�/LYP[HNL�:P[L� PU��KPK� PUKLLK� SLHK� [V�further nature conservation policies. However, they generally just continued the “green” path that the event had already taken since its inception.

Recovery through Sport from the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 in Tokyo

Taro ObayashiUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan

Japan frequently experiences earthquakes, and one of the biggest earthquakes in the JV\U[Y`»Z�OPZ[VY`�^HZ�[OL�� .YLH[�2HU[V�,HY[OX\HRL��0[�Z[Y\JR�[OL�;VR`V�JHWP[HS�HYLH�H[�S\UJO[PTL��HUK�HSTVZ[��WLVWSL�KPLK�PU�[OL�ZWYLHK�VM�JVVRPUN�ÄYLZ��)HZLK�VU�HU�HUHS`ZPZ�VM�OPZ[VYPJHS�KVJ\TLU[Z��[OPZ�Z[\K`�HPTZ�[V�JSHYPM`�[OPZ�LHY[OX\HRL»Z�PUÅ\LUJL�VU�Tokyo from the viewpoint of sport.

;OL� [PTL� MYVT�� [V�� PU�1HWHU�^HZ�JOHYHJ[LYPaLK�HZ� [OL�NVSKLU�KH`Z� MVY�ZWVY[�ILMVYL�>VYSK�>HY�00��ILJH\ZL�THU`�ZWVY[Z�VYNHUPaH[PVUZ�^LYL�LZ[HISPZOLK�PU�[OVZL�KH`Z��and Japan had begun to win medals in the Olympic Games. However, the historical TLHUPUN�VM�[OL�SHYNL�� LHY[OX\HRL�MVY�ZWVY[�OHZ�UV[�`L[�ILLU�Z[\KPLK�

6\Y� JVUJS\ZPVUZ� HYL� HZ� MVSSV^Z!� (M[LY� [OL� � �� LHY[OX\HRL�� [OL� ;VR`V� NV]LYUTLU[�YLJVNUPaLK� [OL� PTWVY[HUJL� VM� ZWVY[Z� HUK�WO`ZPJHS� LK\JH[PVU�� =HYPV\Z� L]LU[Z�� Z\JO� HZ�ZWVY[Z�MLZ[P]HSZ��JVTWL[P[PVUZ��HUK�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�SLJ[\YLZ��^LYL�VɈLYLK��0U�HKKP[PVU��many public parks with sport facilities were constructed in Tokyo. It can be argued that sport was utilized as a means to recover from the earthquake and open new opportunities HUK�ÄLSKZ�VM�ZWVY[�[V�[OL�W\ISPJ�

Although the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred almost a century ago, this historical case Z[\K`�PU�ZWVY[�HUK�YLJV]LY`�YLZLHYJO�PU�H�JV\U[Y`�ÔPJO�Z\ɈLYZ�THU`�UH[\YHS�KPZHZ[LYZ�TPNO[� JVU[YPI\[L� [V� [OL� ]PZPVU� VM� ;VR`V� �� MVY� YLJV]LY`� MYVT� [OL�.YLH[� ,HZ[� 1HWHU�,HY[OX\HRL�VM��

In addition, although this recovery might seem to be a domestic matter, Japan could ILULÄ[� MYVT� MVYLPNU� WLYZWLJ[P]LZ�� (Z� UH[\YHS� KPZHZ[LYZ�TPNO[� OHWWLU� HU`ÔLYL� PU� [OL�world at any time, this research has global relevance.

54

SESSION: Olympics I

The Economic Legacy of the Beijing Olympic Games: A Study of the Olympic Economy in China

Min Ge<UP]LYZP[`�VM�>LZ[LYU�(\Z[YHSPH

The Olympic Games are one of the most famous mega-sporting events in the world. Over [OL�WHZ[��`LHYZ��ZPUJL�[OL�JVTTLYJPHSPaH[PVU�VM�[OL�3VZ�(UNLSLZ�.HTLZ�PU�� [OL�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ�OH]L�ILLU�[YHUZMVYTLK�MYVT�H�ZWVY[Z�JVTWL[P[PVU�[V�H�I\ZPULZZ��>P[O�sponsorships, television transmission, tourism, ticket sales, and market permission, the Olympic Games has brought great opportunities to its host cities and countries, conse-quently boosting their economies.

)LPQPUN�^HZ�[OL�OVZ[�VM�[OL�� [O�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ�PU��;OL�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ�JHTL�[V�*OPUH�H[�H�]LY`�ZWLJPHS� [PTL��>OPSL�[OL�*OPULZL�LJVUVT`�PTWYLZZLK�[OL�^VYSK�^P[O� P[Z�increasing GDP, economic reform is still an ongoing process in the country. There are Z[\KPLZ�HIV\[�*OPULZL�LJVUVTPJ�NYV^[O�HUK�[OL�LJVUVTPJ�PTWHJ[�[OH[�[OL��6S`TWPJ�Games had on the economy, and\ it is interesting to study the economic legacy of the Beijing Olympic Games. How did the Olympic economy perform during the transforma-[PVU�VM�[OL�*OPULZL�LJVUVT`&�>OH[�RPUKZ�VM�*OPULZL�JOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJZ�OH]L�ILLU�H[[HJOLK&�How did the Beijing Games contribute to the economic legacy of China and Chinese economic growth in general?

The Reintroduction of the Olympic Games: “The Allegory of Sports” (1896) by Charles Louis Frédy de Coubertin: A Paint-ing as a Source for Sports History Research

Natalia Camps WilantUniversity of Münster, Germany

As the title of the painting indicates, “The Allegory of Sports” it is about the modern Olympic Games. Therefore, reproductions of the painting are often used in publications HIV\[�[OL�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ��MVY�L_HTWSL��PU�[OL�1V\YUHS�VM�6S`TWPJ�/PZ[VY`�� 4�SSLY�HUK�>HJRLY��VY�.HMULY�� ;OPZ�J\YYLU[�WYHJ[PJL�HSS\KLZ�[V�[OL�PKLH�[OH[�PU[LYUH�tional research considers the painting to be a part of Olympic history. Nevertheless, published information about this artwork is scarce, and thorough interpretations remain a desideratum in the research.

The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate how an interpretation can help to identify possible relationships between the painting and the beginnings of the Olympic movement. The use of artworks and paintings as sources of sports history research is not common practice. Due to such non-use, the importance of these types of sources is underestimated and therefore obviates their potential in future research.

55

Through the painting, the artist explains his understanding of the modern Olympic Games and wraps information about the topic in artistic means. An art historical analysis based VU� 7HUVMZR`»Z� �� TL[OVK� VM� PJVUVSVN �̀� H� [OYLL�Z[LW� HWWYVHJO� [V� KLZJYPIPUN� HUK�interpreting artworks, helps to decode the messages in the painting. The painting is put in context with historical reality and the beginnings of Olympic history using publications MYVT� PU[LYUH[PVUHS� ZWVY[Z� OPZ[VYPHUZ� SPRL� >HZZVUN� �� .LVYNPHKPZ� �� 3LUUHY[a�� HUK�*HSSLIH[��

;OL�WYLSPTPUHY`�ÄUKPUNZ�VM�[OL�HUHS`ZPZ�ZOV^�[OH[�[OL�WHPU[LY�OHK�KLLW�RUV^SLKNL�VM�[OL�Olympic topic and was familiar with its developments. He was also knowledgeable about modern artistic tendencies. He applied artistic means to depict this historical event [OV\NO[M\SS �̀� ;OL� ÄUKPUNZ� VM� [OL� PJVUVSVNPJHS� HUHS`ZPZ� JVUÄYT� [OL� L_PZ[PUN� YLZLHYJO�ÄUKPUNZ��-\Y[OLYTVYL�� [OPZ�TL[OVK�WYL]LU[Z�6S`TWPJ�OPZ[VY`� YLZLHYJO� MYVT� SPTP[PUN� [OL�painting only to its visual contribution, as has been done thus far.

This presentation shows how art sources can be used to enrich sports historical research. ;OL�WYLZLU[LK�ÄUKPUNZ�HYL�WHY[� VM� H� YLZLHYJO�\UKLY[HRPUN� [OH[� MVJ\ZLZ�VU� [OL�HY[PZ[PJ�PUÅ\LUJLZ�VM�7PLYYL�KL�*V\ILY[PU»Z�JVUJLW[�VM�6S`TWPJ�(Y[�*VTWL[P[PVUZ�

Olympic Bribery: Rethinking the Origins of IllegalBidding Tactics

Heather DichterIthaca College, United States

Television reporters broke the Salt Lake City bribery scandal in 1998, a little more than [OYLL�`LHYZ�ILMVYL�[OL��6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ��(Z�KL[HPSZ�HIV\[�[OL�L_[LU[�VM�[OL�:HS[�3HRL�IPK�JVTTP[[LL»Z�ZOHK`�[HJ[PJZ�[V�^PU�[OL�YPNO[�[V�OVZ[�[OL�>PU[LY�6S`TWPJZ�JVU[PU\LK�[V�emerge, the media uncovered similar actions by previous Olympic hosts, as well as unsuc-JLZZM\S� JVTTP[[LLZ�� ;OL� 0U[LYUH[PVUHS� 6S`TWPJ� *VTTP[[LL� �06*�� LZ[HISPZOLK� H� YLMVYT�commission, punished a few members, and changed the bid process, limiting visits to candidate cities. However, the actions of the bid committees for Salt Lake City, Sydney, Nagano, and others were not new. Local newspapers from the cities bidding for games in [OL� � ��Z� YLN\SHYS`� YLWVY[LK� [OL� ZPNUPÄJHU[� HTV\U[Z� VM�TVUL`� IPK� JVTTP[[LLZ� ZWLU[�[YH]LSPUN�[V�]PZP[�06*�TLTILYZ�PU�[OL�OVWLZ�VM�^PUUPUN�[OLPY�]V[LZ��;OLZL�LɈVY[Z�L_[LUKLK�all the way to the IOC meetings when the selection was made. The IOC was highly JVUJLYULK� I`� L_JLZZP]L� HJ[PVUZ� SLHKPUN� \W� [V� [OL� ZLSLJ[PVU� VM� [OL� � �� :\TTLY�6S`TWPJZ� OVZ[�� PUJS\KPUN� ILOH]PVY� H[� [OL� � �� 06*� *VUNYLZZ� PU� )HKLU�)HKLU�� 0U�response, the IOC imposed tighter regulations on campaigning by bid committees during [OL�ÄUHS�[^V�TVU[OZ�ILMVYL�[OL�ZLSLJ[PVU�VM�[OL�� >PU[LY�6S`TWPJ�OVZ[��ÔPJO�[VVR�place shortly before the Innsbruck Olympics.

;OH[�IPK�JVTTP[[LLZ�� Z\JO�HZ�3HRL�7SHJPK»Z� MHPSLK�� >PU[LY�6S`TWPJZ�IPK��W\ISPJS`�reported their actions to try to win the Olympic Games, along with the IOC’s response in SH[L�� KLTVUZ[YH[LZ� [OH[� PSSLNHS�IPKKPUN� [HJ[PJZ�^LYL�UV[�UL^� PU� [OL� SH[L� [^LU[PL[O�JLU[\Y �̀�)`�HUHSàPUN� [OL�3HRL�7SHJPK�5L^Z�JV]LYHNL�VM� [OL�IPK�WYVJLZZ� MVY� [OL�� Olympic Games, this paper aims to encourage scholars to reconsider what was then YLNHYKLK�HZ�\UHJJLW[HISL�IHZLK�VU�6S`TWPJ�YLN\SH[PVUZ�HUK�[OL�06*»Z�VɉJPHS�YLZWVUZL�to these actions.

56

SESSION: Mountain Sports I

Christl Cranz, Germany’s Skiing Icon of the 1930s: The Nazi Ideal of a German Woman?

Annette HofmannLudwigsburg University, Germany

;OL�5HaP� PKLVSVN`�HZZPNULK�ZWLJPÄJ�YVSLZ�[V�TLU�HUK�^VTLU��>VTLU�^LYL�[V�Z[H`�H[�home, give birth to as many children as possible, be caring mothers for future genera-[PVUZ��HUK�UV[�^VYR��/V^�KPK�ZWVY[Z^VTLU�Ä[�PU[V�[OPZ�WPJ[\YL&�*OYPZ[S�*YHUa�PZ�[HRLU�HZ�an example in this paper. Today, Cranz is still considered the world’s most successful KVÛOPSS�ZRPLY��:OL�JVTWL[LK�K\YPUN�[OL�5HaP�WLYPVK��^PUUPUN��>VYSK�*OHTWPVUZOPWZ�IL[^LLU�� HUK�� HUK�[OL�6S`TWPJ�KVÛOPSS�ZRPPUN�JVTWL[P[PVU�PU�� (M[LY�>VYSK�>HY�00��*YHUa�ILJHTL�.LYTHU`»Z�ÄYZ[�MLTHSL�ZRP�PUZ[Y\J[VY�^P[O�HU�VɉJPHS�JLY[PÄJH[L�HUK�[OL�ÄYZ[�^VTHU�[V�VWLU�H�ZRP�ZJOVVS��:OL�HSZV�ZLY]LK�VU�[OL�*V\UJPS�VM�[OL�.LYTHU�:RP�Federation as a representative for women’s issues for some years and was an internation-al judge.

So far, no research on Cranz’s life has been done. Cranz left a published and an unpub-lished autobiography in which she focused mostly on her career as a skier. She did not address the political circumstances of competitive career. However, she is known to have received many honors from the Nazis, and photos shown her with the German Reichskan-zler Adolf Hitler. This neglect raises questions about the extent to which she was a ZOV^WPLJL�H[OSL[L�HUK�\ZLK�MVY�5HaP�WYVWHNHUKH��+PK�ZOL��SPRL�V[OLY�W\ISPJ�ÄN\YLZ�VM�OLY�[PTL��L�N��3LUP�9PLMLUZ[HOS��\ZL�OLY�MHTL�MVY�OLY�VÛ�PKLVSVNPJHS�VY�H[OSL[PJ�NVHSZ&

This paper seeks not only to shed light on the biography of this extraordinary skier but also to uncover her role as an athlete during the Nazi period.

Amateurism and Olympic Games: The Problem of Ski Instructors

Christof ThönyUniversity of Innsbruck, Austria

0U�� 2HYS�:JOYHUa�^HZ�L_JS\KLK�MYVT�[OL�6S`TWPJ�>PU[LY�.HTLZ�PU�:HWWVYV�I`�(]LY`�)Y\UKHNL�ILJH\ZL�VM�HU�VɈLUJL�HNHPUZ[�[OL�HTH[L\Y�YLN\SH[PVUZ��6U�YL[\YUPUN�[V�=PLUUH��Schranz was welcomed enthusiastically by a huge crowd and became a symbol of the (\Z[YPHU�UH[PVU»Z�]PJ[PTOVVK��;VKH �̀�:JOYHUa�PZ�ZLLU�HZ�H�WPVULLY�PU�[OL�ÄNO[�[V�TVKPM`�[OL�amateur rules.

Many Austrian alpine skiers encountered problems with amateur status. Since before >VYSK�>HY��ZRP�PUZ[Y\J[VYZ��^LSS�RUVÛ�HZ�[VW�ZRPLYZ��OHK�ILLU�L_JS\KLK�MYVT�ZRP�YHJLZ��After international recognition of the alpine disciplines, the alpine combination, downhill, HUK�ZSHSVT�ÄYZ[�ILJHTL�WHY[�VM�[OL�6S`TWPJ�>PU[LY�.HTLZ�PU�.HYTPZJO�7HY[LURPYJOLU�PU�� :RP�PUZ[Y\J[VYZ�^LYL�L_JS\KLK�HZ�[OL`�^LYL�UV[�HJJLW[LK�HZ�HTH[L\YZ�

57

;OL`�OHK�KVTPUH[LK� PU[LYUH[PVUHS�HSWPUL�JVTWL[P[PVUZ�ZPUJL� [OL�ÄYZ[�(YSILYN�2HUKHOHY�YHJL�PU�� 0U�YLZWVUZL�[V�[OL�6S`TWPJ�IHU�VU�ZRP�PUZ[Y\J[VYZ��[OL�(\Z[YPHU�HUK�:^PZZ�ski associations boycotted the men’s race. This example illustrates the importance of ski instructors in the early years of alpine ski racing. Problems with amateurism continued in [OL� 6S`TWPJ�>PU[LY� .HTLZ� K\YPUN� [OL� WVZ[^HY� `LHYZ�� -VY� L_HTWSL�� *OYPZ[PHU� 7YH]KH�TPZZLK�[OL�� NHTLZ�K\YPUN�H�Z\ZWLUZPVU�MYVT�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�YHJLZ��

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the debate on amateurism in the journal Der >PU[LY�PU�� HUK�� (KKP[PVUHSS �̀�[OPZ�WHWLY�MVJ\ZLZ�VU�[OL�KL]LSVWTLU[�VM�HTH[L\Y�Y\SLZ�PU�ZRP�YHJPUN�HUK�[OLPY�LɈLJ[�VU�ZRP�PUZ[Y\J[VYZ�[OYV\NO�[OL�ÄYZ[�HSWPUL�YHJLZ�PU�[OL�6S`TWPJ�>PU[LY�.HTLZ�PU�� (U�PTWVY[HU[�JVUZPKLYH[PVU�PZ�[OL�JVU[L_[�VM�[OLZL�^PU[LY�games and the Austrian and Swiss boycott. Finally, this paper analyzes alpine skiing and HTH[L\YPZT�PU�[OL�WVZ[^HY�`LHYZ�\U[PS�[OL�JHZL�VM�:JOYHUa�PU��

The Development of Ski Jumping for Women 2004–2014: Did the Media Have an Impact?

Marit NybeliusMalmö University, Sweden

0U�-LIY\HY`��H�KLIH[L�HIV\[�̂ VTLU»Z�ZRP�Q\TWPUN�HWWLHYLK�PU�[OL�5VY^LNPHU�TLKPH��I investigate the factors behind the debate and the media attention. The aim of this presentation is to highlight the introduction of ski jumping for women on an elite level, ÔPJO�^HZ�YLHSPaLK�ZOVY[S`�HM[LY�NHPUPUN�TLKPH�H[[LU[PVU�PU�5VY^H �̀�4VYL�ZWLJPÄJHSS �̀�[OPZ�paper investigates whether the media had an impact on the development of women’s ski Q\TWPUN�HM[LY�P[Z�ÄYZ[�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�J\W�PU�[OL��¶��ZLHZVU��

>O`�PZ�[OL�TLKPH�H[[LU[PVU�ILMVYL�[OL�PU[YVK\J[PVU�VM�[OL�ÄYZ[�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�J\W�HUK�K\YPUN�the development of women’s ski jumping of academic interest? The debate in the Norwe-gian media about women’s ski jumping has been investigated, but the reason for such attention in Norway has not been established. In addition, ski jumping underwent internal development at a rapid pace. The article attempts to investigate this development.

Throughout its history, ski jumping has gone from one of the most slowly developing women’s sports to stand as a model of organization for international sport federations. ;OPZ�MHZ[�KL]LSVWTLU[�VM�^VTLU»Z�ZRP�Q\TWPUN�PUJS\KLK�[OL�LZ[HISPZOTLU[�VM�H�ZWLJPÄJ�type of competition in which both sexes compete on mixed teams in the same arena and, thereby, receive equal amounts of media attention.

Another reason for my academic interest is that the development of women’s ski jump VɈLYZ�HU�VWWVY[\UP[`�[V�WYVISLTH[PaL�JOHUNLZ�PU�[OL�WLYMVYTHUJL�VM�ZWVY[Z�VM[LU�YLSH[LK�to rules and regulations at the elite international level, where the media are said to play an important role.

Method: I reviewed academic articles about women and sport in Norway. To analyze the international development of women’s ski jumping, I selected relevant FIS rules and noted the general changes to rules for ski jumping. To identify the source of the rules and the changes, I studied minutes from the meetings of the executive boards of the FIS, the *VTTP[[LL� MVY� :RP� 1\TWPUN� HUK� [OL� Z\IJVTTP[[LL� VM� 1\TWPUN� 6ɉJPHSZ�� 9\SLZ� HUK�*VU[YVS��-0:�VɉJPHSZ��MVYTLY�MLTHSL�ZRP�Q\TWLYZ��[YHPULYZ��HUK�SLHKLYZ�^LYL�PU[LY]PL^LK�

58

Documents of especial important for the research were the minutes and documents from H��TLL[PUN�PU�/VSTLURVSSLU��5VY^H �̀�H[[LUKLK�I`�UH[PVUZ�WHY[PJPWH[PUN�PU�^VTLU»Z�ski jumping. FIS representatives presented their positions on and vision for women’s ski jumping.

SESSION: Sport and Popular Culture/Folk Sport

Exploring of Folk Custom Sports in festivals during the Dun-huang Years

Li ZhongshenLanzhou University of Technology, China

Wang KunShanghai Jiaotong University, China

The purposes of this study are to describe the folk sports in traditional festivals in Dunhuang, to explain the historical and cultural heritage of these activities, and to charac-[LYPaL�[OL�T\S[PWSL�J\S[\YL�PUÅ\LUJLZ�VU�*OPULZL�[YHKP[PVUHS�MLZ[P]HSZ��(�SP[LYH[\YL�YL]PL �̂�ÄLSK^VYR��HUK�PTHNL�HUHS`ZPZ�^LYL�\ZLK�[V�JVUK\J[�[OPZ�Z[\K �̀�;OL�Z[\K`�PKLU[PÄLK�[OL�MVSSV^PUN�MVSR�ZWVY[Z�PU�KPɈLYLU[�MLZ[P]HSZ!�;H^\�HUK�@PUZOH�H[�[OL�3HU[LYU�-LZ[P]HS"�;HXPUN��+V\JOHV��[\N�VM�^HY��HUK�*\Q\�VU�;VTI�:^LLWPUN�+H`"�JPYJ\Z�HUK�Z\TV�H[�[OL�7OP�;H�2OVU�-LZ[P]HS"�O\HZOH�H[�[OL�+YHNVU�)VH[�-LZ[P]HS"�KHUJL�HUK�aOHVO\HZO\�H[�[OL�;HUHIH�[H�-LZ[P]HS"�ZHPZOL�HUK�̂ HUN`PUN�H[�[OL�4PK�H\[\TU�-LZ[P]HS"�+LUNNHV�H[�[OL�+V\ISL�5PU[O�-LZ[P]HS"�HUK�[PHVaOVUNR\P��X\U\V��HUK�KHUJL�VU�5L^�@LHY»Z�,]L��

These Dunhuang folk sports are part of folk festivals’ activities and form the Dunhuang historical heritage. Some folk sports remain extremely popular, the living fossils of the ancient Dunhuang people’s way of life. Through folk sports, we can examine the Dunhuang people’s moral values, thinking patterns, behavior patterns, body needs, and aesthetics. Although these activities belong to category of the folklore and do not enter [OL�MVYT�VM�TVKLYU�ZWVY[��[OL`�YLÅLJ[�[OL�WYPTP[P]L�[OPURPUN�PU�[OL�KLLW�ZV\S�VM�O\THU�[OH[�wanted to create sports.

The Dunhuang festival folk sports were based on art and did not rise to the "Road" realm. +\L� [V� [OL� SVUN� PUÅ\LUJL� VM� )\KKOPZT�� ;HVPZT�� HUK� *VUM\JPHUPZT� VU� [OL� HUJPLU[�Dunhuang sports culture, it exhibits a cultural identify focused on ritual, harmony, and the value of sports to personal spirituality, moral cultivation, and the promotion of benevo-lence and courage. Ancient Dunhuang sport requires participants to feel the peace of the world and achieve peace of mind and harmony with Heaven through personal sublima-tion.

Over thousands of years, the Dunhuang festival folk sports have become custom and culture. Through these activities, participants are awakened to remembrance of deceased relatives and changed relationships with loved ones, colleagues, and friends to achieve harmony. Although the Chinese State Council has reestablished some traditional festivals �L�N��[OL�;VTI�:^LLWPUN�+H �̀�+YHNVU�)VH[�-LZ[P]HS��4PK�(\[\TU�-LZ[P]HS��+V\ISL�5PU[O�-LZ[P]HS��[OL`�OH]L�SVZ[�ZVTL�VM�[OLPY�[Y\L�JVSVYZ�

59

On festival days, modern people tend to feast, travel, shop, or engage in other leisure, cultural, and sports activities. Despite the desire for these activities, respectful observance of the traditional festivals is more important. Only legally resuming these [YHKP[PVUHS�MLZ[P]HSZ�PZ�PUZ\ɉJPLU["�ZVJPL[`�ZOV\SK�YLZ[VYL�[OL�TLHUPUN�HUK�J\S[\YL�ILOPUK�them. Therefore, to expand the cultural space and continue these traditional ethnic MLZ[P]HSZ�HUK�TLTVYPHSZ��LɈVY[Z�ZOV\SK�IL�THKL�[V�KL]LSVW�HUK�LUYPJO�MLZ[P]HS�MVSR�ZWVY[Z�ZV�[OH[�[OL`�YLWYLZLU[�H�YLHS�J\S[\YHS�JVUZJPV\ZULZZ�YLÅLJ[PUN�[YHKP[PVUHS�*OPULZL�J\S[\YL�

Sports Cultural Heritage: Kirkpinar Oil Wrestling Music as Intangible Cultural Heritage

Sevda KorkmazMarmara University, Turkey

<5,:*6� KLÄULZ� PU[HUNPISL� J\S[\YHS� OLYP[HNL� �0*/�� HZ� [OL� WYHJ[PJLZ�� YLWYLZLU[H[PVUZ��narrations, information, skills and related tools, equipment, and cultural practices described as part of cultural heritage by societies, groups, and individuals.

Intangible heritage refers to abstract notions and richness that cannot be seen or held. Intangible heritage comprises cultural elements that are transferred from generation to generation and continuously created by a society interacting with other societal elements. Sports as intangible heritage includes rituals, traditions, cheering, music, memories, nostalgia, and other intangible elements. Heritage is essentially living “wealth” and should be understood as a dialogue across generations. It has deep scars that belong to the society where it was born and lives. Sports as heritage delivers strong messages about the identities of societies and their future dreams. It also has many meaningful connota-tions for people from all ages and classes of society.

Practices dealing with merging the elements of cultural heritage with sports and leisure [PTL�HJ[P]P[PLZ�HYL� [VVSZ�\ZLK� [V�KPɈLYLU[PH[L�JP[PLZ� MYVT�VUL�HUV[OLY�� 0U� [OPZ�ZLUZL�� MVY�PUZ[HUJL��ÔLU�2PYRWPUHY�6PS�>YLZ[SPUN�PZ�TLU[PVULK��,KPYUL�JP[`�PZ�HS^H`Z�[OL�ÄYZ[�[OPUN�that comes to mind.

2PYRWPUHY�6PS�>YLZ[SPUN�PZ�HU�PTWVY[HU[�LSLTLU[�VM�[OL�PKLU[P[`�VM�,KPYUL�*P[ �̀�0[�PZ�HSZV�H�WHY[�VM�P[Z�PU[HUNPISL�OLYP[HNL�K\L�[V�P[Z�[YHKP[PVUZ�HUK�YP[\HSZ��>YLZ[SPUN�T\ZPJ�TV[P]H[LZ�IV[O�the wrestlers and the audience to prepare for the event. The music is performed to pick up the pace and create action.

To accompany the wrestling, music is played in harmony with the natural moves made in 2PYRWPUHY�6PS�>YLZ[SPUN»Z�JVTWL[P[PVUZ��0[�PZ�HU�VUNVPUN�[YHKP[PVU�[OH[�JVTLZ�MYVT�VSK�;\YRZ��Starting slowly and ending at an accelerated pace, these wrestling music melodies are MVYTLK�PU�5PRYPa��AH]PS��<ȴȴHR��2HYJPȘHY��/�ZLÙP��HUK�.�SPaHY�THRHTZ��¸TVKLZ¹�PU�;\YRPZO�JSHZZPJHS�T\ZPJ��

;OPZ� YLZLHYJO�HPTZ� [V� PU[LYWYL[�2PYRWPUHY�6PS�>YLZ[SPUN�T\ZPJ�I`�HUHSàPUN� P[�HZ�WHY[�VM�;\YRL`»Z� PU[HUNPISL� J\S[\YHS� OLYP[HNL� HUK� HZZLZZLZ� [OL� ÄUKPUNZ� ^P[O� [OL� OLSW� VM� [OL�literature screening model.

60

Popular Games, Mock Naval Battles, and Regattas Organ-ized in the Serenissima Republic of Venice

Gigliola GoriUniversity of Urbino, Italy

0U�=LUPJL��IL[^LLU�[OL�4PKKSL�(NLZ�HUK�[OL�TVKLYU�LYH��H�U\TILY�VM�J\S[\YHS�LU[LY[HPU�ments, sporting contests, and popular games were performed to celebrate Carnival and important religious and civil events, which might include state visits by foreign dignitaries. Under the control of the government, the organizers and participants of these events came from both noble and modest origins. Among these were the rival Castellani and 5PJVSV[[P�NYV\WZ��ÔV�^LYL�JVTTVULYZ�SP]PUN�PU�[OL�[^V�THPU�KPZ[YPJ[Z�VM�=LUPJL��HUK�[OL�^LSS�VɈ� `V\UN�TLTILYZ� VM� [OL� =LUL[PHU� HYPZ[VJYHJ`� LUYVSSLK� PU� U\TLYV\Z�*VTWHNUPL�KLSSH�*HSaH��*VTWHUPLZ�VM�[OL�/VZPLY`�� The Castellani and Nicolotti regularly competed in popular games, such as the Gioco del 7VU[L��[OL�-VYaL�K»,YJVSL��HUK�[OL�4VYLZJH�KHUJL��HUK�PU�KPɈLYLU[�RPUKZ�VM�IVH[�YHJLZ��;OL�HYPZ[VJYH[Z�LUQV`LK�WLYZVUHSS`�WYHJ[PJPUN�ZWVY[Z��Z\JO�HZ�O\U[PUN��ÄZOPUN��OVYZLIHJR�riding, and ballgames. The latter also collaborated with the authorities in important state events, leading feasts and theatrical performances, and organizing popular games, mock naval battles, and regattas. Drawing on both ancient and modern sources, this paper focuses mainly on the less familiar Companies of the Hoisery and their contributions to the organization of mock UH]HS�IH[[SLZ�HUK�YLNH[[HZ�[OYV\NO�� ÔLU�=LUPJL�SVZ[�P[Z�PUKLWLUKLUJL�[V�5HWVSLVU�the First.

The History of the Cross-cultural Communications of Chinese Dragon Boat Culture

Xin Mengxia>\OHU�:WVY[Z�<UP]LYZP[ �̀�*OPUH

Dragon boat racing is a traditional sport in China, which is usually held in the Duanwu -LZ[P]HS��+YHNVU�)VH[�-LZ[P]HS��端午��HUK�PZ�HU�PTWVY[HU[�*OPULZL�YLSPNPV\Z�JLYLTVU`�and folk custom. Dragon board racing has a long history in China, and there are many legends about its origins. The equipment for the sport is a human-powered watercraft, which is generally rigged with a decorative Chinese dragon head and tail. Dragon boat YHJPUN�PZ�HSZV�JVUZPKLYLK�H�J\S[\YHS�L]LU[��(Z�JVTT\UPJH[PVU�IL[^LLU�KPɈLYLU[�J\S[\YLZ�developed, dragon boat racing became an international sport.

This author presents three types of cross-cultural communication of Chinese dragon boat J\S[\YL��;OL�ÄYZ[�PZ�KPZZLTPUH[PVU�PU�[OL�HUJPLU[�*OPULZL�J\S[\YHS�ZWOLYL�VM�PUÅ\LUJL��字文化圈��PUJS\KPUN�1HWHU��2VYLHU��=PL[UHT��HUK�THU`�HYLHZ�VM�,HZ[�(ZPH�^P[O�ZPNUPÄJHU[�WVW\SH[PVUZ�VM�L[OUPJ�*OPULZL��L�N��:PUNHWVYL��4HSH`ZPH��[OL�9PH\�0ZSHUKZ��;OLZL�HYLHZ�OH]L�VUS`�ZTHSS�J\S[\YL�KPɈLYLUJLZ��ZV�[OL�ZPNUPÄJHUJL�HUK�[OL�OPZ[VY`�VM�[OL�ZWVY[�HUK�festival are easily understood.

61

The second type is cultural transplantation in western countries by overseas Chinese K\YPUN�TVKLYU� [PTLZ��;OLYL�HYL�THU`�J\S[\YHS�KPɈLYLUJLZ�IL[^LLU� [OL�LHZ[�HUK�^LZ[��PUJS\KPUN�[OL�[V[LT�J\S[\YL�VM�KYHNVU��UVISL�SV`HS[`��[OL�SLNLUK�VM�8\@\HU��屈原��HUK�[OL�TLHUPUN�VM�IVH[�YHJPUN��<UKLY�[OL�PUÅ\LUJL�VM�[OL�TVKLYU��^LZ[LYU�VYPLU[LK�ZWVY[�system, many changes have been made to the rules, equipment, participants, and training methods in Chinese dragon boat racing.

However, the sport of rowing is popular in western countries, so many boatmen are interested in this traditional Chinese water sporting event. The third type is cultural JVTT\UPJH[PVU�PU�[OL�LYH�VM�NSVIHSPaH[PVU��0U�[OPZ�WLYPVK��MHJ[VYZ�PUÅ\LUJPUN�[OL�JVTT\UP�JH[PVU� VM� *OPULZL� KYHNVU� IVH[� J\S[\YL� HYL� TVYL� JVTWSPJH[LK� HUK� PUJS\KL� KP]LYZPÄLK�communication subjects, multiple communication channels, mass media, and media convergence. Employing the document, social inquisition, expert consultation, and statistical methods, this paper aims to describe the history of the cross-cultural communi-JH[PVU�VM�*OPULZL�KYHNVU�IVH[�J\S[\YL�HUK�[V�L_WSVYL�P[Z�HKHW[H[PVUZ�PU�KPɈLYLU[�J\S[\YLZ�

SESSION: Soccer

The Cup is Ours! Representations of the Football Gulf Cup 1992 in Qatar

Ali Salat��8H[HY�6S`TWPJ�HUK�:WVY[Z�4\ZL\T��8H[HY

Luis Henrique Rolim Silva��8H[HY�6S`TWPJ�HUK�:WVY[Z�4\ZL\T��8H[HYGerman Sports University Cologne, Germany

;OPZ�Z[\K`�HPTZ�[V�HUHSàL�YLWYLZLU[H[PVUZ�VM�[OL�� .\SM�*\W�PU�8H[HY��;OL�.\SM�*\W�PZ�H�MVV[IHSS�[V\YUHTLU[�Z[HY[LK�PU�� ^P[O�[OL�HPT�[V�IL�[OL�[VW�[V\YUHTLU[�PU�[OL�.\SM�JV\U[YPLZ��;OL�� LKP[PVU�^HZ�[OL�ZLJVUK�*\W�OVZ[LK�PU�8H[HY�HUK�ZH^�[OL�JV\U[Y`»Z�ÄYZ[� [V\YUHTLU[�^PU��;OL�TH[JOLZ�^LYL�WSH`LK�H[�2OHSPMH�:[HKP\T��ÔPJO�OHK�WHJRLK�Z[HUKZ�K\YPUN�HSS�8H[HYP�TH[JOLZ��;OL�[V\YUHTLU[�JHTL�VUL�`LHY�HM[LY�[OL�ÄYZ[�.\SM�>HY��ÔPJO�HɈLJ[LK�[OL�[^V�JV\U[YPLZ�[OH[�\U[PS�[OLU�OHK�ILLU�[OL�THQVY�JOHTWPVUZ!�2\^HP[��which had won seven times, could not send its best squad, and Iraq, which had won two [PTLZ��^HZ�L_JS\KLK�MYVT�[OL�� *\W��;OPZ�YLZLHYJO�L_WSVYLZ�[OL�ZWLJPÄJ�PKLU[PÄLZ�HUK�meanings constructed in Qatari sport society while the Gulf Cup took place during Novem-ILY�HUK�+LJLTILY�VM��

It is assumed that historical evidence should be understood as a representation, not a reconstruction, of reality. Therefore, central to all forms of cultural history is the process of symbolic mediation through which human beings make sense of their world. Representa-[PVU�PZ�̧ VUL�̂ H`�[V�KLZJYPIL�OV^�[OPZ�PZ�KVUL�HUK�TH`�IL�IYVHKS`�KLÄULK�HZ�[OL�JVUZ[Y\J�[PVU�VM�TLHUPUN�[OYV\NO�ZPNUZ�HUK�JVUJLW[Z¹��.YLLU��!�W��

62

Given the context of this research, the sources used are Arabic and English newspapers W\ISPZOLK� PU� 8H[HY� K\YPUN� 5V]LTILY� HUK� +LJLTILY� VM� � �� 8H[HY� OHK� [OYLL� (YHIPJ�UL^ZWHWLYZ�HUK�VUL�,UNSPZO�UL^ZWHWLY�PU�� ;OL�ZV\YJLZ�^LYL�JH[LNVYPaLK�[OYV\NO�JVU[LU[�HUHS`ZPZ��(Z�2YPWWLUKVYɈ��L_WSHPUZ��[OPZ�[LJOUPX\L�WYV]PKLZ�UL^�PUZPNO[Z�and increases understanding of the phenomenon in question.

The preliminary results from this ongoing study indicate that the massive Qatari support PU�[OL�Z[HUKZ�HUK�[OL�JV\U[Y`»Z�ÄUHS�]PJ[VY`�ZW\YYLK�YLWYLZLU[H[PVUZ�VM�H�NSVYPV\Z�8H[HYP�football past which could be achieved only with synergy between the people and the [LHT��0U�HKKP[PVU��[LUZPVUZ�YLZ\S[PUN�MYVT�[OL�.\SM�>HY�^LYL�Z[PSS�HSP]L�PU�[OL�TLTVYPLZ�VM�football supporters during this tournament celebrating Gulf identity.

From a Major Sports Country to a World Sports Power: The Development of Chinese Elite Football after the Beijing Olympics

Tien-Chin TanNational Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Football is among the world’s most popular sports, and its development in China highlights its professionalization. However, the professionalization of football in China did UV[�[YHUZSH[L�[V�6S`TWPJ�HJOPL]LTLU[�PU�[OL��.HTLZ��ÔLU�*OPUH�V[OLY^PZL�^VU�[OL�most gold medals. Hu Jin-Tao introduced the idea of “stepping from a major sports JV\U[Y`�[V�H�^VYSK�ZWVY[Z�WV^LY�¹�HPTPUN�[V�YLPU]PNVYH[L�MVV[IHSS�PU�*OPUH��0U�� *OPUH»Z�new leader, Xi Jin-Ping, gave public support to promoting elite football.

0U�HKKP[PVU��K\YPUN�H�TLL[PUN�̂ P[O�[OL�OLHK�VM�[OL�2VYLH�+LTVJYH[PJ�7HY[`�VU�1\S`��he put forth his personal expectations that China would qualify to join, hold, and then win [OL�-0-(�>VYSK�*\W��.P]LU�[OL�NYLH[�JVUJLYU�L_WYLZZLK�I`�Z[H[L�SLHKLYZ��JHTW\Z�MVV[IHSS�was put on the hot seat. Many private enterprises started to echo to the government’s policy and were willing to promote elite football as well. To accelerate the development of football, the Chinese government even promised “the separation of management and operation” within the administration system of football, starting in the Guangdong Province.

This research adopts the theoretical framework of corporatism from the research of :JOTP[[LY�� HUK�*OLU�/HU�@\��:LTP�Z[Y\J[\YLK�PU[LY]PL^Z�^LYL�JVUK\J[LK�[V�collect data in order to understand how the Chinese government interacts with, integrates, or subdues relevant stakeholders, such as nongovernmental organizations and private enterprises. Finally, considering the situation in Taiwan, the concept of policy learning suggests that we can learn from both positive and negative examples in China’s Z[YH[LNPLZ� [V�WYVTV[L�LSP[L� MVV[IHSS�HUK�KLHS�^P[O�KPɉJ\S[PLZ� PU�VYKLY� [V�KL]LSVW�IL[[LY�policies for Taiwanese professional sports in the future.

63

Euro 2004 and the Idea of Nation: Consequences of the Largest Sport Mega-event in Portuguese History

Francisco PinheiroUniversidade de Coimbra, Portugal

0U��7VY[\NHS�JVTTLTVYH[LZ�[OL��[O�HUUP]LYZHY`�VM�[OL�,\YVWLHU�-VV[IHSS�*OHTWP�VUZOPW��,\YV��[OL�SHYNLZ[�ZWVY[�TLNH�L]LU[�PU�7VY[\N\LZL�OPZ[VY �̀�-VY�,\YV��UL^�Z[HKP\TZ�^LYL�JVUZ[Y\J[LK�H[�HU�PU]LZ[TLU[�VM�TVYL�[OHU��TPSSPVU�,\YVZ��6M�[OPZ�Z\T��HWWYV_PTH[LS`��TPSSPVU�,\YVZ�̂ HZ�W\ISPJ�TVUL`��TPSSPVU�,\YVZ�KPYLJ[S`�MYVT�[OL�7VY[\N\LZL�UH[PVUHS�NV]LYUTLU[�HUK��TPSSPVU�,\YVZ�MYVT�ZP_�JP[`�JV\UJPSZ��(M[LY�[OPZ�glamorous sport mega-event which was a social success, what happened to these 10 stadiums? Have the stadiums been successes or white elephants? Did this event improve ZWVY[�WHY[PJPWH[PVU&�>LYL�VUS`�ZWVY[�TV[P]LZ�ILOPUK�[OL�VYNHUPaH[PVU�VM�[OPZ�TLNH�L]LU[��VY�^LYL�[OLYL�WVSP[PJHS�YLHZVUZ��Z\JO�HZ�[OL�PKLH�VM�TVKLYUP[`&�;OPZ�WYLZLU[H[PVU�YLÅLJ[Z�on these questions and tries to understand the links between sport and politics in contem-porary Portugal.

SESSION: Mountain Sports II

Climbing Beyond the Summit: The Social and Global Aspects of Women’s Expeditions in the Himalayas

Martina GugglbergerUniversity of Linz, Austria

;OL�TVKLYU�WLYPVK�VM�TV\U[HPU�JSPTIPUN�Z[HY[LK�^P[O�[OL�ÄYZ[�HZJLU[�VM�4VU[�)SHUJ�PU��+\YPUN�[OL�� [O�JLU[\Y �̀�HM[LY�ULHYS`�HSS�[OL�WLHRZ�VM�[OL�(SWZ�OHK�ILLU�YLHJOLK��new challenges were found outside of Europe. Historically, mountain climbing has always ILLU� PUÅ\LUJLK� I`� [YHUZUH[PVUHS� MHJ[VYZ�� 0U� [OL� � [O� JLU[\Y �̀� TV\U[HPULLYPUN� ^HZ�JVUULJ[LK�[V�[OL�Z[HY[�VM�[YH]LSSPUN�HUK�(SWPUL�[V\YPZT��0UÅ\LUJLK�I`�[OL�JVSVUPHS�TLU[HSP�[`�VM�JVUX\LYPUN�UL^�[LYYP[VYPLZ�HUK�[OL�LUSPNO[LULK�]PZPVU�[V�VI[HPU�ZJPLU[PÄJ�RUV^SLKNL�of untrodden regions, mountain climbing from the beginning has had a global aspect. Especially with attempts to “discover” and reach mountain peaks outside of Europe and North America, mountain climbing shifted from the Alps as the “playground of Europe” to global playgrounds, including the peaks of the Andes, the Himalayas, the Caucasus, and Greenland.

A global aspect of the history of mountaineering is the fact that mountaineering has always been, and to a certain extent still is, a gender-biased sport. Since the beginnings of mountaineering, the ideal climber was constructed along stereotyped masculine values and linked to heroic and nationalized discourses. In countries like Great Britain, new found Alpine clubs in the second half of the 19th century were considered to be male-only associations. Even if women were not explicitly excluded from membership in many UH[PVUHS�(SWPUL�JS\IZ��[OLPY�WSHJL�HUK�YVSL�YLTHPULK�THYNPUHSPaLK�\U[PS�[OL�LUK�VM�[OL��[O�century.

64

;OPZ�WHWLY�KPZJ\ZZLZ�[OL�NLUKLY�PZZ\LZ�VM�OPNO�HS[P[\KL�TV\U[HPULLYPUN�MYVT�[OL�� Z�[V�the present using global perspectives. As a starting point, the present time is chosen to SVVR�IHJR�H[�[OL�WHZ[��:PUJL�-LIY\HY`��[OYLL�5LWHSLZL�MLTHSL�JSPTILYZ�OH]L�WYVTV[�LK�[OLPY�WYVQLJ[�VM� [OL�¸ÄYZ[�5LWHSLZL�^VTLU»Z�L_WLKP[PVU�[V�2��VM�7HRPZ[HU��¹�VU�-HJLIVVR��0U�1\S`�� [OL�ZLJVUK�OPNOLZ[�TV\U[HPU�PU�[OL�^VYSK��2��PU�[OL�2HYHRVY\T��^HZ�YLHJOLK�MVY�[OL�ÄYZ[�[PTL�I`�HU�0[HSPHU�[LHT��0U�1\S`��[OL��[O�HUUP]LYZHY`�VM�[OPZ�event was celebrated.

To look more closely at the historical development of women-only teams in the Himalayas, ZVJPHS�HUK�NSVIHS� PTWSPJH[PVUZ�HUK�ZLSM�WYLZLU[H[PVUZ�VM�[OL�LUKLH]VY�ZOHSS�IL�YLÅLJ[LK�\WVU��/V^�OHZ�[OL�Z[YH[LN`�VM�^VTLU�VUS`�[LHTZ�JOHUNLK�^P[OPU�[OL�SHZ[��`LHYZ&�/V^�OHZ�[OL�PTWHJ[�VM�TV\U[HPULLYPUN�[V\YPZT�PUÅ\LUJLK�[OL�WVSP[PJZ�VM�NLUKLY�PU�[OL�HYLH�VM�“thin air?”

1954–2014: Sixty Years from the First Successful Ascent of K2: The Evolution of International Context and the Current Politics of Climbing

Massimiliano Lodi��8H[HY�6S`TWPJ�HUK�:WVY[Z�4\ZL\T��8H[HY

;OL�ÄYZ[� Z\JJLZZM\S�TV\U[HPU[VW�HZJLU[Z�^LYL�THPUS`� ZLLU�HZ�UH[PVUHS� HJOPL]LTLU[Z��This is unlike the opening of new climbing routes, which are considered to be personal HJOPL]LTLU[Z�VM�[OL�PU]VS]LK�JSPTILY�Z��

-YVT�[OL�ÄYZ[�Z\JJLZZM\S�HZJLU[�VM�2��PU�� ·VM�ÔPJO�[OPZ�`LHY�THYRZ�[OL��[O�HUUP]LY�sary—I will frame this event in the international attempts made mainly by European UH[PVUZ�[V�HJOPL]L�[OL�JVUX\LZ[�VM�VUL��VY�TVYL��VM�[OL�OPNOLZ[�TV\U[HPUZ�VU�LHY[O��(U�inevitable section will be dedicated to Mount Everest.

Through mythologies linked to the activity of climbing, I will attempt to design a political ZJLUHYPV�HUK�KLÄUL�OPZ[VYPJHS�JVUULJ[PVUZ�^P[O�YLNPVUHS�NV]LYUTLU[Z�H[�[OL�[PTL�VM�ZVTL�VM� [OL�ÄYZ[�HZJLU[Z�� 0�^PSS�L_WSVYL� [OL�L]VS\[PVU�VM� [OL�WVSP[PJZ� SPURLK�[V� [OL�JVTTLYJPHS�exploitation of today’s climbing attempts.

The discourse will be built mainly through theories developed in post-colonial studies and current chronicles, as well as through the use of elements of postmodernism.

The lecture should be able to provide the audience with a comprehensive introductory discourse on the social values of mountain explorations’ history as well as a poignant historical background for reading the stories lying behind some of the most epic moments in climbing history.

65

Filling the Void: Representation of Identity in Mountain Climbing Films

Hans-Dieter Gerber��8H[HY�6S`TWPJ�HUK�:WVY[Z�4\ZL\T��8H[HY

This study investigates the creation and representation of identity in mountain climbing ÄSTZ��,_WHUKPUN�VU�4PJOLS�-V\JH\S[»Z�JVUJLW[�VM� ¸[OL�V[OLY� ZWHJL¹� �OL[LYV[VWPH�� [OPZ�WHWLY� PSS\Z[YH[LZ� OV^� H� ÄST� JYLH[LZ� HU� PTHNPULK� ZWHJL� ^P[O� H� UL[^VYR� VM� WYVQLJ[LK�spaces, protagonists, societies and cultures that can ultimately impact on and distort our \UKLYZ[HUKPUN�VM�[OL�HJ[\HS�WO`ZPJHS�ZWHJLZ�KLWPJ[LK�PU�[OL�ÄSTZ�

(U�HUHS`ZPZ�VM� [OL�ÄSTZ� ¸;OL�,WPJ�VM�,]LYLZ[¹� �� H�KVJ\TLU[HY`�HIV\[� [OL� [YHNPJ�L_WLKP[PVU�VM�.LVYNL�4HSSVY`�HUK�(UKYL^�0Y]PUL�[V�4V\U[�,]LYLZ[�HUK�;V\JOPUN�[OL�=VPK�� H�KVJ\TLU[HY`�HIV\[�1VL�:PTWZVU»Z�HUK�:PTVU�@H[LZ»Z� �ULHY� MH[HS� H[[LTW[� [V�JSPTI�:P\SH�.YHUKL��T��PU�[OL�7LY\]PHU�(UKLZ��HZ�^LSS�HZ�ÄJ[PVUHS�.LYTHU�TV\U[HPU�ÄSTZ�MYVT�[OL�� Z�^P[O�3LUP�9PLMLUZ[HOS�HUK�[OL�ÄJ[PVUHS�HJ[PVU�ÄST�=LY[PJHS�3PTP[��KLTVUZ[YH[LZ�OV^�PTHNLZ�VM�HU�HJ[\HS�WO`ZPJHS�ZWHJL�ÄS[LYLK�I`�H�JHTLYH�SLUZ�PUÅ\LUJL�the viewers’ understanding and perception of this space and its people.

;OL�KLJVUZ[Y\J[PVU�VM�[OL�ÄSTZ�MYVT�[OL�ÄYZ[�OHSM�VM�[OL��[O�JLU[\Y`�[OLYLMVYL�YLZ\S[Z�PU�underlying notions of nationalism, racism, heroism to the death for your homeland, while [OL�TVYL�YLJLU[�ÄSTZ�ZOV^�Z[YVUN�JVUUV[H[PVUZ�VM�PUKP]PK\HSPZT�HUK�ZWPYP[\HSPZT��-PUHSS �̀�[OL�WHWLY� PSS\Z[YH[LZ� [OH[� [OLZL�JOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJZ�VM� [OL�ZWHJL�HUK� P[Z�WLVWSL� PU� [OL�ÄSTZ�[YHUZMLYZ�[V�[OL�]PL^LYZ��;OL�UH[PVUHSPZT�HUK�OLYVPZT�VM�[OL�VSKLY�ÄSTZ�[OLU�ILJVTLZ�H�TLU[HS�WYLWHYH[PVU�MVY�>>00��ÔPSL�[OL�PUKP]PK\HSPZT�HUK�ZWPYP[\HSPZT�SLHKZ�[V�H�JVTTLY�cialization of mountain climbing as the mountains become a place to be truly in touch with oneself.

66

SESSION: Health and Fitness

A Comparison of the Philosophy of Somatics and Korean Seondo as an Approach to the Whole Human Body Concept

Shin Young JinSeoul National University, South Korea

0U�[OL��[O�JLU[\Y �̀�;OVTHZ�/HUUH�\ZLK�[OL�[LYT�¸ZVTH[PJZ¹�[V�KLÄUL�H�UL^�KPTLUZPVU�in comprehending human being as “the living body in its wholeness.” This concept JYP[PX\LZ�[OL�JVU[YHKPJ[VY`�K\HSPZT�VM�[OL�IVK`¶TPUK�JVUJLW[�HUK�[OL�TLYLS`�ZJPLU[PÄJ�approach to human movement which dominates modern society.

0U� [OL�HUJPLU[�6YPLU[HS� ]PL^�VM�O\THU�ILPUNZ�� [OL�OVSPZ[PJ�HWWYVHJO� [V� [OL�IVK`¶TPUK�JVUJLW[�PZ�H�[YHKP[PVU�ÔPJO�OHZ�SHZ[LK�MVY�[OV\ZHUKZ�VM�`LHYZ��4HU`�KPɈLYLU[�IVK`¶TPUK�practices, such as martial arts, yoga, Buddhism, and Korean Seondo, are based on this traditional Oriental philosophy.

<UKLY�[OL�KVTPUHU[�6JJPKLU[HS�[OPURPUN�HUK�HTPK�YHKPJHS�ZJPLU[PÄJ�HUK�TLKPJHS�KL]LSVW�ment, the concept of the subjective, organic whole body has faded, and the concept of the body as an object has dominated. Consequently, we have lost self-organizing subjec-tivity as a human right. Therefore, in the midst of the remarkable development of human movement performance, we must also confront the social and individual problems JH\ZLK�I`�[OPZ�SVZZ�VM�ZLSM��HJJLSLYH[LK�I`�[OL�VIQLJ[PÄJH[PVU�VM�[OL�IVK`�WYLJPWP[H[LK�I`�capital.

Hanna tried to overcome the limitations in the existing viewpoint separating the body from [OL�TPUK��/L�KLÄULK�[OL�JVUJLW[�VM�[OL�ZVTH��VY�[OL�SP]PUN�HUK�JOHUNLHISL�IVK`�[OH[�actively copes with the environment and enjoys spontaneous, subjective, whole life, given H�TVYL�YLHZVUHISL�HUK�OLHS[O`�HWWYVHJO�[V�[OL�O\THU�TV]LTLU[��=HYPV\Z�WYHJ[PJLZ�HUK�TL[OVKVSVNPLZ� VM� O\THU� TV]LTLU[� IHZLK� VU� /HUUH»Z� ^VYR� �L�N�� [OL� -LSKLURYHPZ�4L[OVK��(SL_HUKLY�;LJOUPX\L��)VK`�4PUK�*LU[LYPUN��OH]L�ILLU�WYVWVZLK��;OL`�ZOHYL�PU�/HUUH»Z� WOPSVZVWO`� VM� PU[LYWYL[PUN� O\THU�TV]LTLU[� MYVT� H� ÄYZ[�WLYZVU� WLYZWLJ[P]L��PUZ[LHK�VM�H�[OPYK�WLYZVU��ZJPLU[PÄJ��VIQLJ[P]L�]PL^WVPU[��;OLZL�WYHJ[PJLZ�OH]L�JVU[YPI\[�ed to the improvement of movement and healing methodology, in addition to forming a cultural climate of self-discipline.

Historically, humanistic movements, such as yoga, which originated in India, have been practiced in East Asian countries, such as China, Korea, and Japan. This paper discusses Korean Seondo, a self-discipline method rooted in the Oriental way of thinking with a philosophy and practices that optimize mental, physical, and spiritual energy and WYVTV[L� OLHS[O�� (S[OV\NO� KPɈLYLUJLZ� IL[^LLU� [OL� WYPUJPWSLZ� VM� ZVTH[PJZ� HUK� 2VYLHU�Seondo exist, they share a fundamental view and common philosophy embracing the body, mind, and environment.

The purposes of this research are to look at the common principles of philosophy and TL[OVKVSVN`�HUK�[V�L_WSVYL�KPɈLYLU[�̂ H`Z�VM�HWWYVHJOPUN�[OLZL�TL[OVKZ�HUK�PU[LNYH[PUN�two distance theories.

67

The Conditions for the Emergence of Instruments of Power PU� :WVY[Z!� :WVY[PUN� 3PJLUZLZ�� 4LKPJHS� *LY[PÄJH[LZ�� HUK�Sports Insurance

Laurence MunozUniversité du Littoral Cote d'Opale, Lille Nord de France

This article aims to determine the conditions for the emergence and spread of three PUZ[Y\TLU[Z�VM�WV^LY�PU�ZWVY[Z�PU�SH[L�� [O�HUK�LHYS`��[O�JLU[\Y`�-YHUJL��:PTVU�� !�[OL� ZWVY[PUN� SPJLUZL�� [OL� TLKPJHS� JLY[PÄJH[L�� HUK� ZWVY[Z� PUZ\YHUJL�� >P[OV\[� ZLLTPUN�intent, these matters greatly contributed to the establishment and consolidation of sports federations. As instruments of cohesion, the guarantee of legality, and protection against accidents, these initiatives represent the necessary conditions for the nascent institutional-ization of sports in France.

The literature in this area shows a gap. Although more general works provide certain data, [OL�HIV]LTLU[PVULK�PZZ\LZ�UL]LY�ZLY]L�HZ�H�JLU[YHS�YLZLHYJO�MVJ\Z��>OH[�HYL�[OL�WPVULLY�PUN�PUZ[P[\[PVUZ�PU�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�ZWVY[&�>OH[�HYL�[OL�JVYL�TV[P]LZ�ÔLU�Z\JO�PUP[PH[P]LZ�HYL�\UKLY[HRLU&�>OH[�HYL�[OL�Z[HRLZ&

This research is part of a more general project developed in a socio-historical framework, ^P[O� YLZLHYJO� X\LZ[PVUZ� KLZPNULK� [V� HKKYLZZ� J\YYLU[� WYVISLTZ� �5VPYPLS�� 0U� [OPZ�particular case, the concern is understanding how a hegemonic sports movement was built using of instruments of power which deteriorated afterwards. In this context, the sociological approach also aims to identify the power relations generated and to examine how they were weakened.

The genesis of each of these instruments is studied through the periodicals of the main ZWVY[Z�MLKLYH[PVUZ�VM�[OL�[PTL��3L�.`TUHZ[L��;V\Z�SLZ�:WVY[Z��3LZ�1L\ULZ��0U�HKKP[PVU��analysis of meeting reports and correspondence enriches the research.

The results highlight the relative simultaneity of the three initiatives concerned, showing that the socio-economic context and the process of institutionalization of sports are the key factors in their development.

Physical Activity as a Preventive and Health-promoting :[YH[LN`!�(�:[\K`�VM�/V^�>LSMHYL�7VSPJ`�*OHUNLZ�(ɈLJ[�[OL�Field of Sports

Charlotte ØstergaardMetropolitan University College, Denmark

This study takes its point of departure from the welfare policy changes made in Denmark in recent years. Under these changes, municipalities have begun to use physical activity as a health promotion strategy. The purpose of this PhD study is to gain insights into how [OLZL�JOHUNLZ�HɈLJ[�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�ZWVY[Z�

68

;OL�YLZLHYJO�TL[OVKZ�HWWSPLK�HYL�HU�OPZ[VYPJHS�HUHS`ZPZ�VM�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�ZWVY[Z�HUK�H�JHZL�study of four municipal health prevention projects aimed at physically inactive citizens. In these four projects, municipalities cooperate with sports organizations and clubs. The sociology and methodology of Pierre Bourdieu supplies the theoretical framework for this research.

;OPZ�Z[\K`�ZOV^Z�[OH[�ZLSM�YLHSPaH[PVU��ÅL_PIPSP[ �̀�HUK�HKHW[H[PVU�[V�JOHUNL�HYL�UL^�UVYTH�[P]L�WPSSHYZ��̂ OPJO�OH]L�JH\ZLK�JOHUNLZ�PU�[OL�ÄLSK�ZWVY[Z��;V�HSSV^�VULZLSM�[V�IL�L_WSVP[LK�and participate in as many projects and networks as possible seems to be a new way for sports organizations and clubs to accumulate symbolic capital. Similarly, it is important for the success of the prevention projects that the target groups, most of whom are socially vulnerable, transition from being passive to actively engaged participants. The WHY[PJPWHU[Z»�OHIP[\Z��JOHYHJ[LYPaLK�I`�H�SHJR�VM�ZLSM�YLHSPaH[PVU��ÅL_PIPSP[ �̀�HUK�HKHW[H[PVU�to change, thus functions as a mechanism for social stigmatization and marginalization. ;OL�THPU�MVJ\Z�VM�T`�WYLZLU[H[PVU�PZ�JOHUNLZ�PU�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�ZWVY[Z�

The Fitness Campaign in Austria in the Early 1970s: A Case Study in the Transformation Process in Postmodern Sports in Central European Societies

Rudolf Müllner<UP]LYZP[`�:WVY[Z�<UP]LYZP[`�VM�=PLUUH��(\Z[YPH

6U�6J[VILY�� [OL�ÄYZ[�UH[PVUHS��-P[�THJO�TP[��¸-P[�OPRL�HUK�Ä[�Y\U¹��[VVR�WSHJL�PU�Austria. It was the biggest mass sport event in the history of the country, with approximate-S`� �� WHY[PJPWHU[Z�� ;VKH �̀� [OL� UH[PVUHS� Ä[�Y\U� HUK� OPRL� [HRLZ� WSHJL� VU� [OL� TVZ[�PTWVY[HU[� (\Z[YPHU� Z[H[L� OVSPKH`� JVTTLTVYH[PUN� [OL� � �� KLJSHYH[PVU� VM� (\Z[YPHU�PUKLWLUKLUJL��;OPZ�WHWLY�HPTZ� [V�L_HTPUL� [OL�OPZ[VY �̀� VYNHUPaH[PVU�� ÄUHUJPUN�� PKLHSZ��HUK�NVHSZ�VM�[OL�-P[�THJO�TP[�JHTWHPNU�PU�(\Z[YPH�PU�[OL�LHYS`�� Z�

This presentation focuses not only on the organizational history of the early Austrian Ä[ULZZ�TV]LTLU[�I\[�HSZV�HZRZ�PM�HUK�OV^�[OL�Ä[ULZZ�TV]LTLU[�JHU�IL�L_HTPULK�PU�[OL�more general theoretical framework of Fordist and post-Fordist sports in central European societies. This objective requires identifying the key characteristics of modern and postmodern sports and asking what role this campaign played in that transformation process.

;OL�[OLZPZ�VM�[OPZ�WHWLY�PZ�[OH[�[OPZ�Ä[ULZZ�JHTWHPNU��HZ�H�JSLHYS`�KLÄUHISL�WOLUVTLUVU��already had some key characteristics of postmodern sports, particularly the number and [`WL� �HNL�� NLUKLY�� VM� WHY[PJPWHU[Z� �HNLU[Z�� [OL� MVYTZ� HUK� [`WLZ� VM� VYNHUPaH[PVU�� [OL�contents and goals, concepts of the body, and the changing relation between subjects’ bodies and state intervention. However, it can also be shown that the post-Fordist campaign still possessed important elements of the Fordist sports ideology. As a theoreti-JHS�MYHTL^VYR��^L�\ZL�[OL�[OLVY`�VM�M\UJ[PVUHS�KPɈLYLU[PH[PVU�HUK�TVKLYUPaH[PVU��HZ�^LSS�as the social-historical concepts of Fordism and post-Fordism.

69

SESSION: Sport and Globalization

Globalization: Processes, Power, Issues, and Ethics

Gerald R. GemsNorth Central College, United States

;OPZ� WYLZLU[H[PVU� VɈLYZ� H� IYPLM� OPZ[VY`� VM� NSVIHSPaH[PVU� HZ� VUL� VM� WV^LY� HUK� Z[Y\NNSL�IL[^LLU�VWWVZPUN�MVYJLZ��:WLJPÄJHSS �̀�[OPZ�WHWLY�L_HTPULZ�[OL�WYVJLZZLZ�VM�NSVIHSPaH�tion, such as the revolution in logistics, new modes of communication, technological progress, migration, urbanization, and neoliberal trade policies.

This paper discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of global trade, such as the production of wealth and its disproportionate distribution. Also addressed are the role of the media and its concentration in the hands of the few, which allows for the limited dissemination of information. This research examines the economic power struggle IL[^LLU� [OL�<UP[LK�:[H[LZ��ÔPJO�NHPULK� Z\WYLTHJ`� PU� [OL��[O� �ZV�JHSSLK�(TLYPJHU��century, and the developing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa in the present era.

This presentation pays particular attention to the role of sport and the ethical decisions made by individuals engaged in sporting enterprises within the globalization movement. Sport is regarded as a form of soft power, allowing the easy transmission of value systems across cultures and international boundaries through multinational corporations and sport governing bodies. Mega-events sponsored by such groups enhance the power and prestige of certain western organizations by encouraging the adoption of western sport forms and their inherent values. The adoption of such events and sport forms is evident in [OL�ZWVY[�[V\YPZT�LɈVY[Z�VM�Z\JO�4PKLHZ[�JV\U[YPLZ�HZ�)HOYHPU��8H[HY��HUK�[OL�<UP[LK�(YHI�Emirates.

The outcomes of these transformations point to three possibilities: the homogenization of J\S[\YLZ� ^P[O� SP[[SL� KP]LYZP[ �̀� H� OÌYPKPaH[PVU� VM� J\S[\YLZ� ^P[O� H� JYVZZ�J\S[\YHS� ÅV^� VM�WYVK\J[Z�HUK�PUÅ\LUJLZ��VY�[OL�WVSHYPaH[PVU�VM�J\S[\YLZ��ÔPJO�JHU�WYVK\JL�HU[HNVUPZT�HUK�JVUÅPJ[��;OPZ�WYLZLU[H[PVU�JVUJS\KLZ�I`�HZRPUN�H\KPLUJL�TLTILYZ�[V�JVUZPKLY�[OL�LɈLJ[Z�VM�ZWVY[�NSVIHSPaH[PVU�VU�[OLPY�VÛ�JV\U[YPLZ�HUK�[OL�YVSL�ÔPJO�[OL`�WSH`�PU�[OL�WYVJLZZ��>PSS�[OLPY�KLJPZPVUZ�HUK�HJ[PVUZ�THRL�[OL�^VYSK�H�IL[[LY�WSHJL&

Lessons Learned: Using a Grassroots Program to Promote Peace through Sport in Jordan

Lawrence W. JudgeBall State University, Muncie, United States

Throughout history, all peoples have enjoyed sport, even as they have fought amongst [OLTZLS]LZ�� 9LZVS\[PVU� VM� JVUÅPJ[� JHU� IL� HJOPL]LK� [OYV\NO� KPWSVTHJ`� HUK� NV]LYU�ment-led solutions. However, there is also a great need for grassroots actions to support top-down, governmental initiatives. The number of grassroots programs supporting sport PU�KL]LSVWTLU[�HUK�WLHJL��:+7��PUP[PH[P]LZ�OHZ�PUJYLHZLK�ZPUJL��HZ�H�YLZ\S[�VM�[OL�United Nations’ promotion of sport as a means to foster development and peace.

70

The success of any SDP program relies heavily on its ability to listen to and meet the needs of the community. SDP programs have been criticized for the perceived imposition VM�>LZ[LYU� PKLHSZ�HUK�[OL�L_JS\ZPVU�VM� SVJHS�]HS\LZ�HUK�]PZPVUZ��6YNHUPaH[PVUHS� SLHKLYZ�T\Z[� ^VYR� [V� ZOLK� [OL� ULVJVSVUPHS� Z[PNTH� [OH[� WSHN\LZ� :+7� LɈVY[Z�� ;V� PUJYLHZL� [OL�LɉJHJ`�VM�:+7�WYVNYHTZ��SLHKLYZ�T\Z[�HJ[P]LS`�PU]VS]L�JVTT\UP[`�WHY[ULYZ�PU�HSS�WOHZLZ�of the SDP process, including design, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination.

The purpose of this presentation is to share the lessons learned through the SDP program :VJJLY�MVY�7LHJL�HUK�<UKLYZ[HUKPUN�PU�1VYKHU��:7<1��;OPZ�WYLZLU[H[PVU�VɈLYZ�SLZZVUZ�related to the importance of collaboration within the local community, the crafting of program curricula, project team member training, evaluation, and increasing longevity. ;OL�:7<1�\ZLK�[OL�ZOHYLK�SV]L�VM�[OL�ZWVY[�VM�MVV[IHSS��ZVJJLY��HZ�H�[VVS�[V�I\PSK�YLSH[PVU�ships and to teach children peace-building characteristics, such as acceptance, citizen-ZOPW��JVUÅPJ[�YLZVS\[PVU��HUK�SLHKLYZOPW�ZRPSSZ��;V�TH_PTPaL�[OL�PTWHJ[�VM�:7<1��JVHJOLZ�were utilized in a “train the trainer” approach. Coaches are often highly respected and hold positions which present opportunities to teach these skills. The project goals focused on strengthening Jordanian football coaches’ skills at developing peaceful living and citizenship behaviors in their athletes, increasing coaches’ knowledge of the techni-cal aspects of football, promoting mutual understanding, and implementing strategies to teach Jordanian youth skills for peaceful interaction and to improve their sport-related athletic skills. Through the train the trainer approach, the SPUJ program allowed the project leaders learn vital lessons.

The Possibility of Basketball Having Been Introduced as a Women’s Sport in Japan: The History of Women’s Basket-ball in Japan

Tetsuji KakiyamaFukuoka University, Japan

Basketball reportedly was introduced to Japan in 1908 by Hyozo Omori, a graduate of the YMCA International Training School in Massachusetts and director of the physical educa-tion department at the Tokyo YMCA. However, James Naismith, the inventor of basket-ball, writes, “I do know that as early as 1900 Hancock, in his book on physical education in Japan, mentions basketball as an important part of the program for Japanese women.” ;OPZ�YLZLHYJO�JVTWHYLZ�5HPZTP[O»Z�UV[LZ�HUK�/HUJVJR»Z�IVVR�� HUK�PU]LZ[PNH[LZ�[OL�possibility that women’s basketball was introduced in Japan before 1908. Hancock’s IVVR�� KLJSHYLZ�[OH[�¸(�1HWHULZL�PUZ[Y\J[VY�^V\SK�WYVUV\UJL�IHZRL[IHSS�[V�IL�HU�L_LYJPZL�VM�NYLH[�]HS\L��LZWLJPHSS`�PM�P[�IL�JHYYPLK�VU�PU�[OL�VWLU�HPY¹�I\[�VɈLYZ�UV�JVYYVIV�rating evidence for Naismith’s description of “basketball as an important part of the program for Japanese women.” However, after returning from studying in the United :[H[LZ�� ¶�� 1PUaV�5HY\ZL�WSH`LK�THYPRHNV�`\NP� �H�IHZRL[IHSS�SPRL�NHTL��H[�[OL�)HPRH�NPYS»Z� ZJOVVS� PU� �� HUK�1HWHULZL�Z[`SL�IHZRL[IHSS� VU� [OL� ZWVY[Z�KH`�H[� 1HWHU�>VTLU»Z�<UP]LYZP[`�PU�� (SZV��HM[LY�YL[\YUPUN�MYVT�Z[\K`PUN�HIYVHK�H[�:TP[O�*VSSLNL�� ¶� �� HUK� )VZ[VU� 5VYTHS� :JOVVS� VM� .`TUHZ[PJZ� �� ¶� �� (R\YP� 0UVR\JOP�taught basketball at a women’s higher normal school. Additionally, basketball hoops were PUZ[HSSLK�H[�HU�V\[KVVY�N`TUHZP\T�VM�5HNHZHRP�2^HZZ\P�NPYS»Z�ZJOVVS�PU�� HJJVYKPUN�[V�[OL�(TH[L\Y�([OSL[PJ�<UPVU»Z��((<�� IHZRL[IHSS�Y\SL�IVVR��;OLYLMVYL��P[�JHU�IL�ZHPK�that basketball was introduced at girl’s schools in Japan before the accepted date that /`VaV�6TVYP�ÄYZ[�PU[YVK\JLK�IHZRL[IHSS�[V�1HWHU��

71

SESSION: Physical Education II

Contemporary Transformations of Physical Education in the II.Constitutional Period (1908–1918) in Turkey

6DEUL��]ÍDNLU�DQG��EUDKLP�<àOGàUDQ(IHU[�ǦaaL[�)H`ZHS�<UP]LYZP[ �̀�;\YRL`

;OL�:LJVUK�*VUZ[P[\[PVUHS�7LYPVK��:*7��PU�ÔPJO�JVU[LTWVYHY`�LK\JH[PVU�[YLUKZ�^LYL�PUJVYWVYH[LK�PU[V�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU��7,��HUK�[OL�WHYHTPSP[HY`�Z[`SL�VM�7,�TL[�[OL�YLSL]HU[�conditions and needs of the period, is considered a turning point in the history of Turkish PE. The pedagogical, paramilitarist, and eugenic dimensions of PE played an important YVSL�PU�[OL�WVSP[PJHS�LSP[L»Z�LɈVY[Z�[V�WYVK\JL�JP[PaLUZ�Z\P[HISL�MVY�[OL�UL^�YLNPTL�

;OPZ�Z[\K`�L_HTPULZ�SH^�YLNHYKPUN�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�7,��JV\YZL�ZJOLK\SLZ��N`TUHZ[PJ�MLZ[P]HSZ��paramilitary youth organizations in SCP, and publication activities, such as inspection studies and instruments for the transformation in the SCP. Toward this aim, archival KVJ\TLU[Z��VYPNPUHS�HUK�[YHUZSH[LK�IVVRZ��HUK�WLYPVKPJHSZ�^LYL�HUHSàLK��;OL�ÄUKPUNZ�are presented here.

0U�[OL�:*7��LɈVY[Z�[V�LZ[HISPZO�H�SLNHS�IHZPZ�MVY�7,�JV\YZLZ�^LYL�HJJLSLYH[LK��5\TLYV\Z�regulations were published, and PE courses added to the schedules of many civil ZJOVVSZ��PUJS\KPUN�NPYSZ»�ZJOVVSZ��:LSPT�:ÛYYÛ�)L �̀�HU�HJ[P]L�TLTILY�VM�[OL�*VTTP[[LL�VM�<UPVU�HUK�7YVNYLZZ��WSH`LK�HU�PTWVY[HU[�YVSL�PU�KLÄUPUN�[OL�7,�Z`Z[LT�\ZLK�PU�[OL�:*7��Bey had stayed in Sweden for approximately a year and collected information about Swedish gymnastics. After his return to Turkey, he worked in practice and inspection and encouraged the adoption and dissemination of Swedish gymnastics.

;OYV\NO� [OLZL� LɈVY[Z�� [OL� 1HOU�(TVYVZ� N`TUHZ[PJZ� Z`Z[LT� ^HZ� [YHUZMVYTLK� PU[V�Swedish gymnastics. In order to conduct PE courses in appropriate settings, gymnasi-ums were transformed following the standards of Swedish gymnastics. Additionally, the number of books and articles on physical education grew. Gymnastic festivals as a ZOV^JHZL�MVY�:^LKPZO�N`TUHZ[PJZ�^LYL�JVUK\J[LK�K\YPUN�[OL�OHYKLZ[�KH`Z�VM�>VYSK�>HY�I. These festivals conveyed the excitement, dynamism, and loyalty of the youth to the public. Growing a strong, healthy and nationalist generation received help from paramili-tary youth organizations, in which PE and Scouting activities had a crucial role.

*VUZLX\LU[S �̀�KLZWP[L�THU`�KPɉJ\S[PLZ�K\YPUN�[OL�:*7��YLMVYT�[VVR�WSHJL�PU�[OL�ÄLSK�VM�7,��;OL�MV\UKH[PVUZ�MVY�UL^�YLNPTL»Z��9LW\ISPJ�VM�;\YRL`��7,�TLU[HSP[`�^LYL�JYLH[LK�PU�the SCP.

72

:LSPT�:ÛYYÛ�;HYJHU!�(�3LNLUK�PU�[OL�+L]LSVWTLU[�VM�7O`ZPJHS�Education and Sports in Turkey

Ferman Konukman, Giyasetting Demirhan and Murat ErdoganQatar University, Qatar

:LSPT�;HYJHU�PZ�HTVUN�[OL�TVZ[�PTWVY[HU[�ÄN\YLZ�PU�TVKLYU�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�[LHJOLY�education in Turkey. He played a nearly legendary role in the organization of physical education and sports in schools, military institutions, and the Olympic Games in Turkey. Tarcan served as a soldier, physical educator, and director of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. He also wrote articles in newspapers, gave interviews on the radio, and organized conferences to encourage the public adoption of physical education and ZWVY[Z��/L�OLSK�[OL�ÄYZ[�Z\JO�JVUMLYLUJL�PU�[OL�ÄLSK�PU�0Z[HUI\S�ÔLU�OL�YL[\YULK�MYVT�:^LKLU��;OL�W\YWVZL�VM�[OPZ�WYLZLU[H[PVU�PZ�[V�L_WSHPU�;HYJHU»Z�JVU[YPI\[PVUZ�PU�Ä]L�HYLHZ!�physical education and sports, teacher preparation, the establishment of physical educa-tion in military institutions, and formal and informal education in Turkey.

120 Years of High School Education of Physical Education Teachers in Croatia

=ULQNR�oXVWRQMD�DQG�'DULR�¦NHJURUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia

The aim of this paper is to analyze the activities and events preceding and enabling the establishment of a system of high school education and training for physical education instructors in Croatia after the introduction of obligatory physical education classes in �� 7YL]PV\ZS �̀� WO`ZPJHS� LK\JH[PVU� ^HZ� TVZ[S`� VW[PVUHS� HUK� KLSP]LYLK� I`� MVYLPNU�N`TUHZ[PJ�[LHJOLYZ��.LYTHUZ��(\Z[YPHUZ��*aLJOZ��ÔV�PTWSLTLU[LK�[OL�WYPUJPWSLZ�VM�[OL�German and later the Czech gymnastic system. Most teachers in elementary schools, however, did not have even a minimal knowledge of conducting physical education classes, nor were there any references or literature from which they could gain a basic knowledge of the prescribed physical education curriculum.

-YHUQV� )\ȏHY� ��¶� �� [OL� MH[OLY� VM� *YVH[PHU� ZWVY[�� ^HZ� PU]VS]LK� PU� HSTVZ[� L]LY`�ZPNUPÄJHU[�L]LU[�PU�ZWVY[�HUK�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�PU�*YVH[PH�MYVT�[OL�SH[L�� [O�JLU[\Y`�[V�TPK��[O�JLU[\Y �̀�)\ȏHY�^HZ�[OL�ÄYZ[�*YVH[�[V�IL�H�TLTILY�VM�[OL�0U[LYUH[PVUHS�6S`TWPJ�*VTTP[[LL�� ¶� ��/PZ�ZPNUPÄJHU[�YVSL�PU�[OL�OPZ[VY`�VM�*YVH[PHU�ZWVY[�Z[HY[LK�PU�� after he returned from two years of study at the Royal Central Gymnastic College in :[VJROVST��:^LKLU��<WVU�OPZ� YL[\YU��)\ȏHY�VYNHUPaLK�HUK� YHU�H� [^V�`LHY�*V\YZL� MVY�:LJVUKHY`� :JOVVS� .`TUHZ[PJ� ;LHJOLYZ� �� ¶�� ;OPZ� ^HZ� [OL� ÄYZ[� OPNO� ZJOVVS��JVSSLNL��VM�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�PU�*YVH[PH�HUK�[OPZ�YLNPVU�VM�,\YVWL�

)\ȏHY� KLZPNULK� H�TVKLYU� J\YYPJ\S\T� HUK� Z`SSHI\Z� JVTWHYHISL� [V� [OVZL� VM� [OL�TVZ[�popular European schools of the time. In the three-semester course, thirty students �PUJS\KPUN�VUL�^VTHU��0]HUH�/PYZJOTHUU��[VVR��[OLVYL[PJHS�HUK�WYHJ[PJHS�JV\YZLZ�� 0U�HSTVZ[� PKLHS� JVUKP[PVUZ�WYV]PKLK�I`� [OL�*YVH[PHU�NV]LYUTLU[��)\ȏHY� PUJP[LK� Z[\KLU[Z»�interest in many sports and games previously unknown in Croatia.

73

*LY[HPU� JVU[LU[Z� ^LYL� [H\NO[� MVY� [OL� ÄYZ[� [PTL�� PUJS\KPUN� MVV[IHSS�� ÄN\YL� ZRH[PUN�� PJL�OVJRL �̀� ÄLSK� OVJRL �̀� ZRPPUN�� ZSLPNOPUN�� JYPJRL[�� HUK� MLUJPUN·MVPS�� :PT\S[HULV\ZS �̀� [OL�Croatian body of knowledge and skills was expanded in swordsmanship, tennis, appara-tus exercises, cycling, athletics, bocce, and other sport disciplines. During the course of the program, students demonstrated more than 80 games for children.

These beginnings of education and training of physical education teachers in Croatia were highly important for the development of not only physical education but also sports HUK�L_LYJPZL�TV]LTLU[�PU�[OL�JV\U[Y �̀�(M[LY�WHZZPUN�[OL�ÄUHS�L_HTPUH[PVUZ��[OL�Z[\KLU[Z�YL[\YULK�[V�[OLPY�OVTL[VÛZ�HZ�X\HSPÄLK�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�[LHJOLYZ�HUK�ZWVY[Z�WYVMLZ�sionals. They quickly increased the quality of gymnastics and sport in Croatia. Their LɈVY[Z�[V�WYVTV[L�HUK�PTWYV]L�[OL�YLW\[H[PVU�VM�ZWVY[�KLZLY]L�JYLKP[�MVY�[OL�PUJS\ZPVU�VM�numerous sports and sporting games in school curricula, the introduction of numerous ZWVY[Z�HZ�L_[YHJ\YYPJ\SHY�HJ[P]P[PLZ��HUK�[OL�LZ[HISPZOTLU[�VM�[OL�ÄYZ[�*YVH[PHU�ZWVY[�VYNHUP�zations. However, the political circumstances in 19th-century Croatia also powerfully PUÅ\LUJLK�HSS�HJ[P]P[PLZ�PU�LK\JH[PVU�HUK�[YHPUPUN�MVY�WO`ZPJHS�LK\JH[PVU�

SESSION: Olympics II

The Olympic Committee of Portugal: Identifying the Found-ing Date

Rita Nunes Ferreira5L^�<UP]LYZP[`�VM�3PZIVU��7VY[\NHS"�6S`TWPJ�*VTTP[[LL�VM�7VY[\NHS

;OL�PKLU[PÄJH[PVU�VM�[OL�MV\UKPUN�KH[L�VM�[OL�6S`TWPJ�*VTTP[[LL�VM�7VY[\NHS��6*7��SHJRZ�JVUZLUZ\Z�� 0U�HKKP[PVU� [V� [OL�KH[L�VM�6J[VILY�� HZZ\TLK�[V�IL�VɉJPHS�I`� [OL�0U[LYUH[PVUHS� 6S`TWPJ� *VTTP[[LL� �06*�� HUK� [OL� 6*7�� V[OLY� H]HPSHISL� MHJ[Z� SLHK� \Z� [V�investigate this question.

;OPZ�WHWLY�PZ�WHY[�VM�H�YLZLHYJO�WYVQLJ[�PU]LZ[PNH[PUN�[OL�� ¶� ��WLYPVK��;OL�ÄYZ[�Z[LW�in this project was to consult the primary sources in the OCP archives in Lisbon and the IOC archives in Lausanne. However, the OCP archive lacked any documents dated from � � ��;OLYLMVYL��0�WYPVYP[PaLK�L_HTPUPUN�[OL�06*�HYJOP]LZ��0�JVTWSL[LK�[OPZ�ÄYZ[�WOHZL�VM�YLZLHYJO�HUK�PKLU[PÄLK�YLSL]HU[�KVJ\TLU[Z�

6[OLY�ZV\YJLZ�VM�PUMVYTH[PVU�^LYL�HSZV�PKLU[PÄLK�HUK�JVUZ\S[LK�[V�IL[[LY�\UKLYZ[HUK�[OL�continuity of the events which ultimately led to the creation of the National Olympic Committee. Examples of these sources include articles, monographs, periodicals, and books. Contacts with other historians were also established, along with contacts with some centenary sport institutions that might have archival documents from that period.

(M[LY�HJJLZZPUN�[OLZL�KPɈLYLU[�WYPTHY`�HUK�ZLJVUKHY`�ZV\YJLZ��^L�MV\UK�H�KPɈLYLU[�KH[L�MVY�[OL�MV\UKH[PVU�VM�[OL�5H[PVUHS�:VJPL[`�[V�7YVTV[L�[OL�7O`ZPJHS�,K\JH[PVU��5:77,�!�1909. This is the organization that, three years later, delivered the idea of founding the 6S`TWPJ� *VTTP[[LL� HUK� NH[OLYLK� Z\WWVY[� MYVT� V[OLY� PUKP]PK\HSZ� MVY� [OH[� LɈVY[�� ;OLPY�VIQLJ[P]L��HTVUNZ[�V[OLYZ��^HZ�[V�WYLWHYL�MVY�7VY[\NHS»Z�ÄYZ[�WHY[PJPWH[PVU�PU�[OL�6S`TWPJ�Games. The founding of the OCP was announced in the national sport periodical Sports 0S\Z[YHKVZ�VU�4H`��

74

The interpretation of some non-scholars that the OCP, as an internal project of NSPPE, should adopt the date of its creation is unsatisfactory, given the available documentation HUK�OPZ[VYPJHS�YLMLYLUJLZ�[V�[OL�KH[L�VM�� -HJ[Z�Z\JO�HZ�[OL�JVU[PU\H[PVU�VM�[OL�5:77,�HJ[P]P[PLZ� HM[LY� � �� HUK� JLSLIYH[PVUZ� VM� P[Z� ��[O� HUUP]LYZHY`� PU� � �� HUK� [OL� 6*7»Z�JLU[LUHY`�PU�� SLK�\Z�[V�\UKLYZ[HUK�[OH[�[OPZ�PZZ\L�ZOV\SK�IL�HUHSàLK�HUK��PM�ULJLZ�sary, the history of the Olympic Committee of Portugal should be rewritten.

Morgedal versus Olympia: Norwegian Attempts to Create New Olympic Traditions

Sebastian KühnNorwegian Olympic Museum, Norway

Compared to its summer equivalent, the existing literature on Olympic torch relays puts less emphasis on winter relays. This makes winter relays an interesting area for research, LZWLJPHSS`� ILJH\ZL� [OL� [YHKP[PVU� VM� RPUKSPUN� [OL� ÅHTL� PU� 6S`TWPH� �HUK� MVY� [OL�>PU[LY�.HTLZ��^HZ�UV[�LZ[HISPZOLK�\U[PS��

;OL�YLSH`�[V^HYK�6ZSV�PU�� PZ�VM�ZWLJPHS�PU[LYLZ[��HZ�P[�THYRZ�[OL�ÄYZ[�[VYJO�YLSH`�L]LY�JVUK\J[LK�[V^HYK�[OL�>PU[LY�.HTLZ��<UKLYSPUPUN�[OL�5VY^LNPHU�JSHPT�VM�OH]PUN�PU]LU[LK�ski and competitive winter sports, the torch was lit in the cottage of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim in the village of Morgedal. It was then carried solely on ski by legendary Norwe-NPHU�ZRPLYZ��VY�[OLPY�KLZJLUKHU[Z��VU�P[Z�^H`�[V�6ZSV� (JJVYKPUN� [V� HU� VɉJPHS� YLWVY[� NP]LU� I`� [OL� 6YNHUPaPUN� *VTTP[[LL�� [OL� 0U[LYUH[PVUHS�6S`TWPJ�*VTTP[[LL� �06*��ZWLJPÄJHSS`�Z[YLZZLK� [OH[� P[�^HZ�UV[�HU�6S`TWPJ�ÅHTL�ILPUN�carried from Morgedal to Oslo, but a torch greeting from the “cradle of modern skiing in Norway.” In the Norwegian version of the report, there is an additional sentence that had not been translated from the English version: “The idea behind it was a parallel to the torch relay of the Summer Games, which goes from Olympia to Greece.” This is, of course, exactly what the IOC reserved itself against. Other Norwegian authors were even more explicit: “Just as Olympia is the classical arena for Olympic Summer Games, so Morgedal, the cradle of skiing, is its counterpart in the >PU[LY�.HTLZ�¹

(M[LY� OH]PUN� ZLU[� H� ÅHTL� [V� [OL� .HTLZ� PU� :X\H^� =HSSL`� K\L� [V� [OL� VYNHUPaLYZ»� [PTL�constraints, Morgedal approached the organizing committees of several editions of the >PU[LY�.HTLZ� PU�HU�H[[LTW[� [V�LZ[HISPZO� [OL�4VYNLKHS�ÅHTL�HZ�H�WLYTHULU[�6S`TWPJ�tradition—but did not succeed.

>OLU�3PSSLOHTTLY�̂ HZ�LSLJ[LK�[V�OVZ[�[OL�>PU[LY�.HTLZ�PU�� [OL�5VY^LNPHUZ�ZH^�HU�VWWVY[\UP[`�[V�HNHPU�SPUR�[OL�4VYNLKHS�ÅHTL�[V�[OL�6S`TWPJ�JLYLTVUPHS��0U�[OL�TLHU[PTL��HZ� [OL� Z[H[\Z�VM� [OL�6S`TWPJ� ÅHTL� MYVT�6S`TWPH�OHK�ILLU� MVYTHSPaLK� PU� [OL�6S`TWPJ�*OHY[LY�� [^V� KPɈLYLU[� YLSH`Z� ^LYL� HYYHUNLK!� H� UH[PVUHS� YLSH`� JHYY`PUN� H� ÅHTL� MYVT�4VYNLKHS�HUK�HU�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�YLSH`�JHYY`PUN�[OL�6S`TWPJ�ÅHTL�MYVT�.YLLJL�

75

;OL�WSHUULK�TLYNPUN�VM�[OL�ÅHTLZ�PU�6ZSV�HUK�[OL�WYVTPULU[�PU]VS]LTLU[�VM�[OL�5VY^L�NPHU�9V`HS�-HTPS`�PU�IV[O�YLSH`Z�ZPNUHSLK�[OL�5VY^LNPHU�JSHPT�VM�OVSKPUN�H�Z`TIVSPJ�ÅHTL�VM�H[�SLHZ[�LX\HS�]HS\L�MVY�[OL�>PU[LY�.HTLZ��;OPZ�SLK�[V�H�KLLW�JVU[YV]LYZ`�IL[^LLU�[OL�Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee and the Hellenic Olympic Committee, and a number of compromises had to be made.

;OL�KPZ[PUJ[PVU�IL[^LLU�[OL�[^V�ÅHTLZ�YLTHPULK�YH[OLY�\UJSLHY�MVY�[OL�NLULYHS�W\ISPJ��>OLU�5VY^LNPHUZ�YLMLY�[V�[OL�[VYJO�YLSH`�[V^HYK�[OL�>PU[LY�.HTLZ�PU�3PSSLOHTTLY��[OL`�HYL�SPRLS`�YLMLYYPUN�[V�[OL�UH[PVUHS�YLSH`�[OH[�JHYYPLK�[OL�ÅHTL�MYVT�4VYNLKHS�>P[O�6ZSV�IPKKPUN�MVY�[OL�6S`TWPJ�>PU[LY�.HTLZ�PU��P[�^PSS�IL�PU[LYLZ[PUN�[V�ZLL�[V�what extent the discussion regarding Morgedal as the more legitimate “sanctuary of winter sports” will occur.

A Probe of Antique Catalog Values and Communication about Ancient Chinese Sport

Sun QilinShanghai Jiaotong University, China

Mao LijuanShanghai Jiaotong University, China

Li ZhongshenLanzhou University of Technology, China

Sport is a kind of spiritual carrier of life and the heart. A nation’s sport is a representation of its cultural cohesion and the externalization of its spirit.

China’s ancient sport, a cultural form which has persisted for thousands of years, has been the recipient of ancestors’ perceptual life and strong emotions. In the process of its emergence and maturation, Chinese sport absorbed elements of game, entertainment, competition, and ways of caring for life, in addition to aspects of other sport cultures. <UKLY�[OL�PUÅ\LUJLZ�VM�VU[VSVN �̀�O\U[PUN��T\ZPJ��HUK�YLSPNPV\Z�J\S[\YL��HUJPLU[�*OPULZL�sport formed a unique, broadly inclusive style. It tends to make human body fully moistur-ized and to make sports enjoyable. Ancient Chinese sport is closely related to Chinese traditional culture in many aspects.

This study is based on archaeological research and examines the cultural sequences and roots of ancient sports from an historical perspective. Seeking traces of ancient sports, [OPZ� YLZLHYJO� JVUZ\S[LK� H� SHYNL� IVK`� VM� SP[LYH[\YL� HUK� L_HTPULK� HYJOHLVSVNPJHS� ÄUKZ��including paintings, stone balls, painted pottery, bronze ware, inscriptions on bones, Qin and Han silks, burial portraits, stone carvings, murals, tomb frescoes, silk paintings, sculptures, and other cultural relics and sites. From these sources, this study collected KPɈLYLU[�RPUKZ�VM�PTHNLZ�YLSH[LK�[V�ZWVY[Z�HUK�IYV\NO[�[OLT�PU[V�WSH`�HZ�OPZ[VYPJHS�KH[H�PU�[OL�ZWVY[Z�YLZLHYJO�ÄLSKZ�

This presentation explains the contexts of the sport eras revealed by the images’ materi-als, determines the meanings of these images, and uncovers the national spirit and psychological characteristics expressed in these images.

76

;OPZ�Z[\K`�^VYRZ�PU�[OL�LTLYNPUN�ÄLSK�VM�ZVSPK��Z[H[PJ�ZWVY[�J\S[\YHS�YLSPJZ�HJYVZZ�OPZ[VY`�and decodes the implied cultural substances and symbolism in these visual images. In KVPUN� ZV�� [OPZ� Z[\K`� JVU[LTWSH[LZ� [OL� ZPNUPÄJHUJL� VM� ZWVY[� J\S[\YL� [V� *OPUH»Z� ZWVY[�academics and aims to expand not only the borders of the sport history, physical anthro-WVSVN �̀�ZVJPVSVN �̀�HUK�THU`�V[OLY�ÄLSKZ�I\[�HSZV�PU[LYLZ[�PU�HK]HUJPUN�[OL�Z[\K`�VM�[OL�academic history of sport, both in China and throughout the world.

SESSION: Sport and Politics

State and Sports in Russia during the First World War

Dmitry Belyukov=LSPRPL�3\RP�:WVY[Z�(JHKLT �̀�9\ZZPH

6U�[OL�L]L�VM�[OL�-PYZ[�>VYSK�>HY��[OL�9\ZZPHU�NV]LYUTLU[»Z�WVSPJ`�VU�ZWVY[Z�JOHUNLK�KYHTH[PJHSS �̀�6U�1\UL�� [OL�,TWLYVY�5PJOVSHZ�00�JYLH[LK�[OL�6ɉJL�VM�6IZLY]H[PVU�for Sport, charged with addressing the physical development of the people of the Russian ,TWPYL��/LHKLK�I`�4HQVY�.LULYHS�=�5��=VLPRV]��[OL�VɉJL�WYLWHYLK�Z[HUKHYKZ�VM�WO`ZPJHS�development and allocated funds for the All-Russian Olympiads, an annual comprehen-sive competition following the Olympic program. The Olympiads were regarded as WYLWHYH[PVU�MVY�[OL�.HTLZ�VM�[OL�6S`TWPHK�=0�)LYSPU��;OL�ÄYZ[�9\ZZPHU�6S`TWPHK�^HZ�OLSK�PU�2PL]�PU�� HUK�[OL�ZLJVUK�6S`TWPHK�[VVR�WSHJL�PU�9PNH�PU�� ;OL�JSVZPUN�JLYLTV�U`�VM�[OL�6S`TWPHK�00��ZJOLK\SLK�VU�(\N\Z[�� ^HZ�JHUJLSLK�K\L�[V�[OL�V\[IYLHR�VM�>VYSK�>HY�0�

Many famous athletes, including members of Russian Olympiads, volunteered to join the TPSP[HY`�K\YPUN�[OL�LHYS`�KH`Z�VM�[OL�^HY��(TVUN�[OLZL�^LYL�7YVROVYV]��=`HaLTZRPQ��HUK�Koudelka. Numerous Russian athletes were killed in battle, including Chaplinsky, Pankra-tov, and Dobrovolsky.

;OL�VɉJL�KL]LSVWLK�[OL�9LN\SH[PVUZ�VU� [OL�4VIPSPaH[PVU�VM� [OL�:WVY[��ÔPJO�,TWLYVY�5PJOVSHZ� 00� HWWYV]LK� VU� +LJLTILY� �� ;OL� TVIPSPaH[PVU� VM� ZWVY[� ^HZ� HPTLK� H[�organizing the pre-conscription training of persons to be received in the army. Pre-con-scription training was conducted primarily by military and sports committees created in towns and districts by sports and gymnastic societies and secondary and elementary ZJOVVSZ�^P[O�Z[\KLU[Z�VSKLY�[OHU��

;OL�ÄYZ[�TPSP[HY`�ZWVY[Z�JVTTP[[LL�^HZ�LZ[HISPZOLK�PU�4VZJV^�6J[VILY�� \UKLY�[OL�SLHKLYZOPW�VM�=�5��:O\Z[V]��MVSSV^LK�I`�[OL�7L[YVNYHK�TPSP[HY`�ZWVY[Z�JVTTP[[LL�VU�+LJLTILY�� )`�1\UL�� [OLYL�^LYL�HSYLHK`��9\ZZPHU�TPSP[HY`�HUK�ZWVY[Z�committees. In addition, sports organizations were actively involved in fundraising for the families of wounded and dead soldiers who were members of sports associations. Sports clubs assisted in evacuation hospitals.

+LZWP[L�NYLH[�KPɉJ\S[PLZ��ZWVY[PUN�SPML�PU�[OL�OVTL�MYVU[�KPK�UV[�Z[VW��9\ZZPHU�HUK�PU[LYUH�[PVUHS�JVTWL[P[PVUZ�PU�[YHJR�HUK�ÄLSK��^LPNO[SPM[PUN��YV^PUN��HUK�ÄN\YL�ZRH[PUN�^LYL�OLSK�

77

Sport and Politics in the Notícias da Guiné Bulletin (1968)

Rafael FortesRio de Janeiro State Federal University, Brazil

;OPZ� HY[PJSL� HUHSàLZ� �� PZZ\LZ� VM�5V[xJPHZ� KH�.\PUt� �5L^Z�VM�.\PULH�!�)\SSL[PU� VM� [OL�*LU[LY�MVY�0UMVYTH[PVU�HUK�;V\YPZT�VM�.\PULH�MYVT�� [OL�PUH\N\YHS�̀ LHY�VM�[OL�I\SSL[PU��Published by an institution linked to the Portuguese colonial administration, this bulletin covered various issues, including sport. This paper seeks to answer two research X\LZ[PVUZ!�>OH[� YLWYLZLU[H[PVUZ�VM�ZWVY[�HWWLHYLK� PU� [OL� QV\YUHS&�>OH[� SPURZ�IL[^LLU�these representations and the political situation in the former Portuguese Guinea can be traced? To answer these questions, the article focuses on the bulletin’s sport section, which accounts for the vast majority of references to the subject.

;OL�ÄYZ[�ZLJ[PVU�VM�[OL�I\SSL[PU�KLZJYPILZ�P[Z�JOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJZ�HUK�WYLZLU[Z�HU�V]LY]PL^�VM�representations of sport, highlighting clubs and entities linked to the Portuguese adminis-tration. Following this emphasis, the bulletin provides an overview of institutionalized sports activity in the capital, Bissau. The following section discusses politics, particularly two issues: the use of sport by the Portuguese administration and the impacts of colonial ^HY�VU� [OL�JVUKP[PVUZ� MVY�KVPUN�ZWVY[Z�� 0U� [OL�ÄYZ[�JHZL��5V[PJPHZ�KH�.\PUL��HZ�H�Z[H[L�journal, extols the qualities of sport and frames it as an example of union and harmony IL[^LLU� 7VY[\NHS� HUK� .\PULH�� >HY� PZ� UV[� TLU[PVULK� PU� [OL� ZWVY[� ZLJ[PVU�� I\[� ^HY»Z�negative consequences for sport can be perceived indirectly. Finally, this paper analyzes the distinctive place reserved for "His Highness Football" in the bulletin.

Body and Politics: Policy and Practice of Elite Disability Sport in China

Guan Zhixun<UP]LYZP[`�VM�>LZ[LYU�(\Z[YHSPH��(\Z[YHSPH

*OPUH�Z[HY[LK�P[Z�KPZHIPSP[`�ZWVY[�QV\YUL`�PU�� ^P[O�VUS`��H[OSL[LZ��*OPUH»Z�Z\JJLZZLZ�in sports in general have been regarded as evidence not only of ideological superiority and economic prosperity but also of national revival. Participating and performing well in the Olympics and other international competitions became the symbolic means of catching up with and even defeating the western powers. To obtain fast results in medals rankings in disability sport, China applied a similar approach as it took to competing with [OL�MVYTLY�:V]PL[�<UPVU�HUK�,HZ[�.LYTHU �̀�:PUJL�[OL��[O�:\TTLY�7HYHS`TWPJZ�.HTLZ�PU� ([OLUZ� PU� �� *OPUH� OHZ� [VWWLK� [OL� TLKHSZ� YHURPUNZ�� ;OL� JV\U[Y`»Z� UL_[� TV]L�WYLZLU[Z�JVUJLYU�HZ�*OPUH��HSYLHK`�YHURLK�ÄYZ[��OHZ�UV�ZWHJL�MVY�PTWYV]LTLU[��:PT\S[H�neously, the rapid development of elite disability sport has raised additional concerns, especially the low participation rate in mass sport.

This paper examines the development of China’s elite disability sport, focusing on policy HUK�WYHJ[PJL�PU�[OL�JVU[L_[�VM�WVSP[PJZ�HUK�ZVJPHS�JOHUNL�MYVT�� [V�[OL�WYLZLU[��-V\Y�OPZ[VYPJHS�Z[HNLZ�JHU�IL�PKLU[PÄLK!

��[OL�PUP[PHS�Z[HNL�� ¶� ��̂ OLU�[OL�KPZHIPSP[`�ZWVY[�̂ HZ�PUJVYWVYH[LK�PU[V�[OL�LK\JH�tion system

78

��[OL�Z[HNL�VM�Z[HUKZ[PSS�� ¶� ��ÔLU�KPZHIPSP[`�ZWVY[�^HZ�KL]HZ[H[LK�PU�P[Z�PUMHUJ`�by frequent political movements, especially the Cultural Revolution

��[OL�Z[HNL�VM�YLJV]LY`�� ¶� ��ÔLU�KPZHIPSP[`�ZWVY[�WVSPJ`�HUK�VYNHUPaH[PVUZ�^LYL�MVYTLK"�HUK��[OL�YPZL�[V�^VYSK�JSHZZ�� ¶��ÔLU�*OPUH�ILNHU�[V�TV]L�\W�[V�[OL�Paralympics medals ranking.

In conclusion, the development of the elite disability sport in China has been linked JSVZLS`�^P[O�WVSP[PJZ�HUK�OHZ�YLÅLJ[LK�JOHUNLZ�PU�*OPULZL�ZVJPL[`�K\YPUN�KPɈLYLU[�OPZ[VYP�cal periods.

The History of the Sport Civic Movement in South Korea

Young-iI NaSeoul National University, South Korea

South Korea has hosted three major international sporting events: the Summer Olympic .HTLZ�PU�� -0-(�>VYSK�*\W�PU��HUK�0((-�;YHJR� �-PLSK�>VYSK�*OHTWPVUZOPWZ�PU�� ;OL�JV\U[Y`�^PSS�OVZ[�P[Z�MV\Y[O�THQVY�ZWVY[PUN�L]LU[��[OL�>PU[LY�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ��PU��2VYLH�PZ�HTVUN�[OL�^VYSK�SLHKLYZ�PU�ZWVY[Z��+LZWP[L�^PKLZWYLHK�WYHPZL�MVY�:V\[O�2VYLH»Z�OVZ[PUN�VM� [OL�� :LV\S�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ�HUK��>VYSK�*\W�� [OLZL�L]LU[Z�OH]L�KYHÛ�LX\HSS`�HZ�THU`�JYP[PJPZTZ�MVY�[OLPY�ZVJPHS�HɈLJ[Z��:VTL�JYP[PJZ�JVU[LUK�[OH[�the outburst of social problems after these world sporting events symbolizes the combina-tion of compressed economic growth and political authoritarianism.

0U� �� `LHY�VSK�TPKKSL� ZJOVVS� Z^PTTLY� 1HUN�/LL�1PU� YLX\LZ[LK� [OH[� [OL�2VYLHU�:^PTTPUN�(ZZVJPH[PVU� �2:(�� ZOVY[LU�OLY� ZJOVVS� HUK� [YHPUPUN� JHTW�ZV� [OH[� ZOL� JV\SK�catch up her studies. In response, the KSA eliminated her from the national team and expelled her from the national training camp. This incident provoked scholars in sport ÄLSKZ�HUK�ZW\YYLK�H�JVUZLUZ\Z�[V�YLJ[PM`�[OPZ�WYHJ[PJL��(�ZPNUH[\YL�JVSSLJ[PUN�JHTWHPNU�KYL^�[OL�Z\WWVY[�VM��RPULZPVSVN`�WYVMLZZVYZ�MYVT��\UP]LYZP[PLZ�PU�[^V�KH`Z��0U�4H`��[OL�*P]PJ�5L[^VYR�MVY�1\Z[PJL�PU�:WVY[��*5L[1:��[OL�ÄYZ[�JP]PJ�TV]LTLU[�NYV\W�PU�sport, was founded.

The civic movement had gained ground in South Korea during the 1980s. The country had experienced 30 years of military authoritarian government after regaining independence PU�� 7HYHSSLS�[V�[OL�KL]LSVWTLU[�VM�KLTVJYHJ`�PU�:V\[O�2VYLH��HWWYV_PTH[LS`��VM�L_PZ[PUN�JP]PJ�VYNHUPaH[PVUZ� PU� [OL�JV\U[Y`�^LYL� MV\UKLK�IL[^LLU�� HUK��;OL�Civic Network for Justice in Sport came into being later than other civic organizations.

My aim for this paper is to draw a quick sketch of the current status of the South Korean JP]PJ� TV]LTLU[� PU� ZWVY[Z� PU� JVTWHYPZVU� ^P[O� V[OLY� ÄLSKZ� HUK� JV\U[YPLZ�� <S[PTH[LS �̀� 0�intend to delineate ways that sports can contribute to world peace.

79

SESSION: Dance

On Shanghai-Style Yangko Dance

Cai Min and Li XianguoShanghai Jiao Tong University, China

Yangko dance is a national, traditional Chinese sports culture project which retains a certain vitality in today’s society. Shanghai-style yangko dance is a new sport and cultural HJ[P]P[ �̀�IVYU�PU�:OHUNOHP�HUK�[OL�Z\YYV\UKPUN�HYLH��;OPZ�UL^�Z[`SL�YLÅLJ[Z�[OL�SLNHJ`�VM�[YHKP[PVUHS�@HUNRV�KHUJL�I\[�HSZV�[OL�ZWLJPÄJ�NLVNYHWOPJHS�LU]PYVUTLU[�HUK�:OHUNOHP�culture and art. Regarding creative practice, Shanghai yangko seeks to balance PUOLYP[HUJL�HUK�PUUV]H[PVU��[YHKP[PVU�HUK�MHZOPVU��SVJHS�HUK�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�PUÅ\LUJLZ��;OPZ�dance style has the cultural innovation characteristics of the “all rivers run into sea” HWWYVHJO��JVTIPUPUN�*OPULZL�HUK�>LZ[LYU�[YHKP[PVU��;OL�YLZLHYJOLYZ�JOPLÅ`�LTWSV`LK�the methods of documentary study, observation, and investigation.

Research Results and AnalysisShanghai yangko emerged in Lujiazui, Pudong subdistrict, Shanghai. It incorporates ZVTL�LSLTLU[Z�MYVT�[OL�HUJPLU[�*OPULZL�[YHKP[PVUHS�ZWVY[Z�J\S[\YL�HUK�HK]HUJLK�>LZ[LYU�culture. Shanghai yangko uses famous Jiangnan music forms, such as Jasmine, Taihu beauty, and Zizhu tune, for tone and theme, with various variations. These forms are also [OL�Z`TWOVUPJ�TLHUZ�[V�HJOPL]L�UV]LS��YPJO��Z[LYLV�ZV\UK�LɈLJ[Z��;OL�HJ[PVU�JOVYLVNYH�phy is based on the traditional actions of “go, swing, twist,” merged with elements of MVYLPNU�ZWVY[Z�KHUJL�Z[`SLZ��Z\JO�HZ�3H[PU�HUK�I\SS�ÄNO[PUN��;OPZ�JVTIPUH[PVU�VM�*OPULZL�HUK�>LZ[LYU�LSLTLU[Z�JYLH[LZ�JOVYLVNYHWO`�JVTWH[PISL�^P[O�[OL�5VY[O�HUK�[OL�:V\[O��0U�JSV[OPUN�KLZPNU��:OHUNOHP�`HUNRV�IYLHRZ�MYVT�[YHKP[PVU�HUK�TP_LZ�UH[PVUHS�HUK�>LZ[LYU�styles. Displaying an image of keeping up with the times in fashion, dance styles, and health, Shanghai yangko is highly popular and plays an important role in comprehensive Ä[ULZZ�JHTWHPNUZ�

(Z� H� UL^� ZWVY[�� :OHUNOHP� `HUNRV� ULLKZ� [V� NYHK\HSS`� PTWYV]L� P[Z� Ä[ULZZ� LSLTLU[Z��PUJYLHZL�WHY[PJPWH[PVU��LSPTPUH[L�YLNPVUHS�KPɈLYLUJLZ��HUK�Z[H`�YVV[LK�PU�[YHKP[PVUHS�J\S[\YL��In this new historical period, Shanghai-style yangko dance plays an increasingly important role in the popularization of mass sports.

Traveling on the Road of Dreams: The Life Story of a Street Dancer

Li-O ChenUniversity of Taipei, Taiwan

Through qualitative descriptions and in-depth interviews, the present study aims to explore how a street dancer faced life’s twists, turns, and transitions while continuing to ^HSR�KVÛ� [OL� YVHK�VM� OPZ�KYLHTZ��\S[PTH[LS`� ÄUKPUN� ZLSM�M\SÄSSTLU[��)`�L_HTPUPUN�OPZ�career development, we tried to gain insight into important events in his life, including ZPNUPÄJHU[�WLVWSL�PU�OPZ�SPML��JYP[PJHS�PUJPKLU[Z��[OL�WYVZ�HUK�JVUZ�VM�Z[YLL[�KHUJPUN��HUK�[OL�way he gave meaning to and accounted for his decisions.

80

The stories show how young people, like the dancer, learn about themselves and interact with others in the prevailing trends of pop culture, making their dreams come true. Using the method of descriptive research, this paper was made possible by referring to relevant documents on pop culture and street dancing. Furthermore, we interviewed six senior Z[YLL[�KHUJLYZ�[V�JVUZVSPKH[L�[OL�ÄUKPUNZ�HUK�VIZLY]H[PVUZ��0U�JVUJS\ZPVU��[OL�KHUJLY»Z�career development can be divided into three stages.

;OL�ÄYZ[�Z[HNL�PZ�[OL�SVUNPUN�MVY�WVW�PKVS�SVVRZ��I\PSKPUN�H�ZSLUKLY�IVK �̀�HUK�ZLLRPUN�VUL»Z�own distinctive originality, which sparked his dancer dream. The second stage is about unfaltering passion in the face of the undesirable bonds of convention. The last stage is YLSL]HU[�[V�ZLSM�YLÅLJ[PVU�HUK�ZLSM�TV[P]H[PVU��;OL�KHUJLY�MHJLK�JOHSSLUNLZ�HUK�Z[YV]L�MVY�success. He combined personal hobby, profession, and career responsibility to accom-plish his dream and encourage teenagers to do the same. Changing from subculture to mainstream culture, this case study on the development of street dancing may contribute to future studies on dance art, dance education, and dance culture.

Changes in the National Traditional Sports Inheritance from A Si Dancing under the Moon

Liu Donghua and Li XianguoShanghai Jiaotong University, China

,TWSV`PUN�[OL�TL[OVKZ�VM�H�SP[LYH[\YL�YL]PL^�HUK�ÄLSK�Z\Y]L �̀�[OPZ�WHWLY�PU]LZ[PNH[LZ�HU�important custom and traditional sports cultural activity of the Chinese Yunnan Yi nationali-ty—A Si dancing under the moon. This paper argues that, in the environment of the modern social market economy, variations have appeared in the traditional inheritance patterns of A Si dancing under the moon, such as ritual activities, self-entertainment, `V\[O� THYYPHNL�� MHTPS �̀� ]PSSHNL�� HUK� [OLPY� PUL]P[HISL� LɈLJ[Z�� <UKLY� [OL� NV]LYUTLU[�Z�guidance, the main participants in A Si dancing under the moon have changed from young men to the middle aged, elderly, and special cultural performance teams.

The musical selection, arrangement, and movement have become more commercial and market oriented in order to meet the needs of the cultural industries. To maintain national characteristics in the midst of a growing commercial market economy, A Si dancing under the moon has maintained seriousness and continuity in its traditional ritual activities, while emphasizing the popularization and daily life of the people on stage. Practitioners of this dance have sought a balance between modernity and tradition, forging an important path for the legacy and development of the national traditional sports culture.

81

SESSION: Gigliola Gori Junior Scholar Award

Between Myth and Reality: A Demand for a Documented Sports History of the 1936 Olympic Games

Emanuel Hübner>LZ[MpSPZJOL�>PSOLSTZ�<UP]LYZP[p[�4�UZ[LY��.LYTHU`

4\JO�OHZ�ILLU�^YP[[LU�HIV\[�[OL�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ�VM�� ÔPJO�^LYL�OLSK�\UKLY�[OL�National Socialist dictatorship in Germany. Most of the issues involved seem to have been researched. A closer look, however, shows that this is not true.

+LZWP[L�[OL�O\NL�V\[W\[�VM�IVVRZ�HUK�HY[PJSLZ�VU�[OL�� 6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ��[OLZL�\UPX\L�NHTLZ�OH]L�ILLU�ULNSLJ[LK�HZ�HU�VIQLJ[�VM�ZLYPV\Z�ZJPLU[PÄJ�YLZLHYJO�IHZLK�VU�H\[OLU[PJ�KVJ\TLU[Z� HUK� MHJ[Z�� *VUZLX\LU[S �̀� ZWVY[Z� OPZ[VY`� YLZLHYJO·HZ� MHY� HZ� [OL� � ��Olympics are concerned—adheres to a position historians have considered old fashioned ZPUJL�[OL�� Z!�H�Z[YVUN�Ä_H[PVU�VU�/P[SLY��ÔV�Z\WWVZLKS`�^HZ�PU]VS]LK�PU�L]LY`�HZWLJ[�of the games. In some ways, it seems as if Hitler himself were the organizer of the games. ;O\Z��OPNOS`�JVTWSL_�WYVISLTZ�HYL�V]LYZPTWSPÄLK�[V�HU�L_[YLTL�MVYT�VM�WLYZVUHSPaH[PVU�

Sports history publications still convey the impression that the Third Reich was a “totalitar-ian monolith” and that the National Socialist regime acted consistently. Even general works on German history lack critical structural analysis when dealing with the Olympic .HTLZ�VM�� 4VZ[�MYLX\LU[S`�ULNSLJ[LK�PZ�[OL�MHJ[�[OH[�[OL�JVTWSL_P[`�VM�[OL�JVU[LTWV�YHY`�ZVJPHS� YLHSP[`�HUK�YLSH[LK�WYVJLZZLZ� SPRLS`� PUÅ\LUJLK�[OL�T\S[P�`LHY�WYLWHYH[PVU� MVY�HUK�[OLU�[OL�HJ[\HS�Z[HNPUN�VM�[OL�O\NL�6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ�VM��

The National Socialist regime was indisputably a terrible dictatorship. However, the strong personalization of Hitler, the view of the regime as a static block, and the lack of a clear purpose lead to essential problems in understanding the determinative processes of the National Socialist period. Negation of the complexity of historical reality has extensive consequences and ultimately results in a construction of myths which impede a clear assessment of the past. These myths obscure events, instead of promoting an adequate understanding of the past.

;OPZ�WHWLY�HPTZ�[V�\UJV]LY�ZVTL�T`[OZ�HIV\[�[OL�� 6S`TWPJ�.HTLZ��;OL�KL�JVU�struction of each myth of the National Socialist past does not trivialize this period in history but, rather, contributes to a more realistic view of it.

82

IJHS Middle East WorkshopRound Table 1

The 2022 World Cup: A Potential Monkey Wrench for Change

James DorseyNanyang Technological University, Singapore

;OL� JVU[YV]LYZPHS� H^HYKPUN� [V� 8H[HY� VM� [OL� �� -0-(� >VYSK� *\W�� [OL� ^VYSK»Z� TVZ[�important sporting event alongside the Olympic Games, has emerged as a potential monkey wrench for social and political change. The tournament has to the Qataris’ surprise given international trade unions, human rights groups and a reluctant governing ^VYSK�ZVJJLY�IVK �̀�-tKtYH[PVU�0U[LYUH[PVUHSL�KL�-VV[IHSS�(ZZVJPH[PVU��-0-(��SL]LYHNL�[OL`�lacked prior to the awarding to pressure Qatar to radically reform the Gulf state’s long-crit-PJPaLK�SHIV\Y�Z`Z[LT��0[�OHZ�HSZV�VɈLYLK�JYP[PJZ�VM�[OL�H^HYKPUN�VM�[OL�L]LU[�H�Z[PJR�^P[O�ÔPJO�[V�ILH[�8H[HY��0U�YLZWVUZL��8H[HY�OHZ�WSLKNLK�ZPNUPÄJHU[�YLMVYT�PU�H�IPK�[V�ZLJ\YL�HJOPL]LTLU[� VM� P[Z� ZVM[� HUK� Z\I[SL� WV^LY� NVHSZ� HUK� MLUK� VɈ� KLTHUKZ� [OH[� ^V\SK�fundamentally alter its political and social structures. In doing so, it is walking a tightrope, balancing the soft power-dictated need to embed itself favourably at multiple levels in the international community and defeat the potential threat of losing the right to host the >VYSK�*\W�^P[O�THPU[HPUPUN�H�ZVJPHSS`�HUK�WVSP[PJHSS`�YLZ[YPJ[P]L�Z`Z[LT�ÔVZL�SVUN�[LYT�viability is being called into question.

United In Protest: From “Living and Dying with Our Colors” to “Let All the Colors of the World Unite”

Itir ErhartǦZ[HUI\S�)PSNP�<UP]LYZP[ �̀�;\YRL`

0Z[HUI\S�Z�)PN�;OYLL�MVV[IHSS�JS\IZ�)LȴPR[Hȴ��-LULYIHOsL�HUK�.HSH[HZHYH`�KVTPUH[L�[OL�;\YRPZO�:\WLY�3LHN\L��;OL�TH[JOLZ�IL[^LLU�[OLZL�ÄLYJLS`�YP]HS�[LHTZ��HRH�̧ KLYIPLZ¹��HYL�often intense and culminate in the eruption of violence which has even been fatal on occasion.

To many people’s surprise, the anti-government protests which were sparked by outrage V]LY�WVSPJL�HJ[PVU�HNHPUZ[�LU]PYVUTLU[HS�WYV[LZ[VYZ� PU�4H`��IYV\NO[� [OLZL�L[LYUHS�YP]HSZ�[VNL[OLY��;OV\ZHUKZ�VM�)LȴPR[Hȴ��-LULYIHOsL�HUK�.HSH[HZHYH`�Z\WWVY[LYZ�THYJOLK�arm-in-arm to Taksim Square and demanded justice and freedom. Out of this solidarity is born Istanbul United, a seemingly new fan group with a new logo that combines the three YP]HS�SVNVZ��hHYȴÛ��[OL�SLNLUKHY`�MHU�NYV\W�VM�)LȴPR[Hȴ��HSZV�WSH`LK�HU�PTWVY[HU[�YVSL�PU�the protests and received the support of all football fans as well.

This paper will focus on the politicization of football in Turkey during the second half of ��)`�SVVRPUN�H[�IV[O�[OL�WVSP[PJHS�YVSL�VM�MVV[IHSS�MHUZ�VM�[OL�¸)PN�;OYLL¹�K\YPUN�HUK�after the Gezi protests, and the ways in which mutual respect and solidarity is born amongst diverse protesters, this article discusses the possibilities of translating this positive genre to a peaceful spectatorship in Turkish football.

83

World Cup Football as a Catalyst for Change: Exploring the Lives of Women in Qatar’s First National Football Team: A Case Study

Kelly Knez, Tansin Benn and Sara Al-KhaldiAspetar, Qatar

0U��Ä]L�8H[HYP�^VTLU�WHY[PJPWH[LK�PU�H�X\HSP[H[P]L�YLZLHYJO�Z[\K �̀�ÔPJO�HPTLK�[V�L_WSVYL�[OL�ULNV[PH[PVU�VM�VWWVY[\UP[`�[V�IL�TLTILYZ�VM�8H[HY»Z�ÄYZ[�UH[PVUHS�^VTLU»Z�football team. Qatar is a conservative Islamic country which is experiencing rapid moderni-sation. Part of this modernisation includes the increasing visibility of sport, for example [OL�Z\JJLZZM\S�IPK�MVY�[OL��TLU»Z�-VV[IHSS�>VYSK�*\W��0U�YLZWVUZL�[V�[OPZ�IPK��[OL�ÄYZ[�8H[HYP�^VTLU»Z�UH[PVUHS�MVV[IHSS�[LHT�^HZ�LZ[HISPZOLK�PU��

;OL�WYVQLJ[�^HZ�WVZP[PVULK�^P[OPU�H�ZVJPHS�JVUZ[Y\J[P]PZ[�MYHTL^VYR��-P]L�V\[�VM��ZX\HK�members, over the age of 18, volunteered to participate in semi-structured interviews. 0U[LY]PL^�X\LZ[PVUZ�WYVILK�[OL�^VTLU»Z�L_WLYPLUJLZ�HUK�PUÅ\LUJLZ�VU�[OLPY�VWWVY[\UP�ties and journey to membership in the national team. From a thematic analysis, issues Z\JO�HZ!�[OL�THUHNLTLU[�VM�NLUKLY�UVYTZ�HUK�[OL�PUÅ\LUJL�VM�ZPNUPÄJHU[�V[OLYZ�KVTPUH[�ed the data. This research indicated that the women’s agency enabled them to manage their situation with a range of strategies and to change attitudes towards women football-LYZ��;OL�^PUUPUN�VM�[OL�IPK�[V�OVZ[�[OL�TLU»Z�>VYSK�*\W�OHZ�ILLU�H�JH[HS`Z[�MVY�JOHUNL�PU�making spaces for Qatari sportswomen.

9V\UK�;HISL��

Football, Masculinities and Health on the Gaza Strip

Gerd von der LippeTelemark University College, Norway

This analysis is built on two questions: First, what discourses of a masculinity of resistance maintaining a sense of normality under abnormal conditions are drawn from the interviews of the footballers, and secondly, to what extent is football experienced and felt as a ‘free space of health’ for the Gaza players in a context of war and blockade and PU�YLSH[PVU�[V�[OL�ZP[\H[PVU�ILMVYL��;V�HUZ^LY�[OLZL�X\LZ[PVUZ�� 0�OH]L� PU[LY]PL^LK��K\YPUN�1\S`��THSL�H[OSL[LZ��JVHJOLZ�HUK�THUHNLYZ� PU�UPUL� MVV[IHSS�JS\IZ� PU�2OHU�@V\UPZ�HUK�.HaH�*P[ �̀�0�HSZV�JVUK\J[LK��X\HSP[H[P]L�PU[LY]PL^Z�K\YPUN�5V]LTILY��with footballers in the two top Gaza leagues in Rafah, Khan Younis, Gaza city and Shati Prison Camp.

84

The challenges of sport in some MENA societies (19th - 21st centuries) International comparative case studies within Egypt, Lebanon, Tunisia and Yemen

Michel RaspaudUniversité Joseph Fourier, France

Monia LachhebUniversité La Manouba, Tunisia

Nadim NassifNotre Dame University, Lebanon

Malika Ed-DahbiFrench-Ivorian social and economical developing contract, Ivory Coast

+\YPUN�[OL�SHZ[�� [O�JLU[\Y �̀�HUK�[OL�ÄYZ[�WHY[�VM�[OL��[O�JLU[\Y �̀�4,5(�JV\U[YPLZ�^LYL�\UKLY�[OL�Y\SL�VM�>LZ[LYU�KVTPUH[PVU��JVSVUPHSPZT��)YP[PZO�VY�-YLUJO��:V��ÔH[�^LYL�[OL�role and function played by sport and its introduction for colonialists in one hand, and for locals in the other hand? For these ones, how sport was culturally owned by independ-ence movements, but too by the whole society? And what were in this past period, and ÔH[�HYL� [VKH`�H[� [OL�ILNPUUPUN�VM� [OL��Z[�JLU[\Y �̀� [OL�ZVJPHS��J\S[\YHS��HUK�Z`TIVSPJ�challenges of sport?

;OL�WYVWVZHS�PZ�HU�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�JVTWHYH[P]L�HWWYVHJO�I`�H�JHZL�Z[\K`�VM�MV\Y�KPɈLYLU[�UH[PVUHS�OPZ[VY`�JV\U[YPLZ!�[^V�MYVT�[OL�4PKKSL�,HZ[��3LIHUVU�HUK�@LTLU��HUK�[^V�MYVT�5VY[O�(MYPJH��,N`W[�HUK�;\UPZPH��;OL�PU[LYLZ[�VM�[OL�JVTWHYPZVU�PZ�PU�[OL�MHJ[�[OH[�[^V�VM�[OLT�ÔLYL�\UKLY�[OL�)YP[PZO�Y\SL��,N`W[�HUK�B:V\[OD�@LTLU��HUK�[OL�[^V�V[OLYZ�\UKLY�[OL�VUL�VM�-YHUJL��3LIHUVU�HUK�;\UPZPH��

Three topics will be concerned by our analysis during this period: sport as a symbol of modernity and the participation of these countries to the world competitions, sport as a challenge of the social and cultural transformations, and the place of women in sport and society.

85

AUTHOR INDEXAKINDES, Gerard ……….……….....................................................................................��Al-KHALDI, Sara …………..…....................................................................................….��BELYUKOV, Dmitry ……….……..............................................................................….....��BENN, Tansin …………....………............................................................................…......��CHARITAS, Pascal .................................................................................................…......��CHEN, Li-O ............................................................................................................…......80CLEOPHAS, Francois ............................................................................................…......��Ǖ<:;651(� Zrinko ………..……............................................................................…......��DEMIRHAN, Giyasetting ..…..…............................................................................…......��DICHTER, Heather …………...…............................................................................…......��DONGHUA, Liu ……………...….............................................................................…......81DORSEY, James ……….………..............................................................................…......83ED-DAHBI, Malika ……………...............................................................................…......��ERDOGAN, Murat ……....……...............................................................................…......��FERREIRA, Rita Nunes ..........................................................................................…......��FORTES, Rafael .....................................................................................................…......��GE, Min ..................................................................................................................…......��GEMS, Gerald ……………...….…............................................................................….....��GERBER, Hans-Dieter ……….….............................................................................….....��GIERLICHS, Joachim ……………...........................................................................….....38GORI, Gigliola …………….......................................................................................….....��GUGGLBERGER, Martina …...…............................................................................….....��HECK, Sandra …………….......................................................................................….....��HEDENBORG, Susanna ……...…...........................................................................….....��HENRY, Ian ……………............…............................................................................….....��HOFMANN, Annette …………................................................................................…......��HÜBNER, Emanuel …………..…............................................................................…......��JEHOON, Sung …………….....................................................................................….....��JIN, Shin Young ………........……............................................................................…......��JUDGE, Lawrence …………....…...........................................................................…......��JUMA, Fahad ……….............…..............................................................................…......31KAKIYAMA, Tetsuji ………………...........................................................................…......��KASUGA, Yoshimi ………………............................................................................…......��KNEZ, Kelly …………..............…............................................................................…......��KONUKMAN, Ferman ………….............................................................................…......��KORKMAZ, Sevda …………..................................................................................…......��KRÜGER, Michael ………........…...........................................................................…......33KÜHN, Sebastian ………........…............................................................................…......��KUN,�>HUN …………...............…...........................................................................…......� LACHHEB, Monia ……......……..............................................................................…......��LI, Liu ………….......................................................................................................…......��LIJUAN, Mao ………............……...........................................................................…......��LIN, Mei-Chun ………..............…...........................................................................…......��

LIPPE, Gerd von der ……......…..............................................................................…......��LODI, Massimiliano …………...…............................................................................….....��MACLEAN, Malcolm ………...…............................................................................…......��MAINLA, Enn …………...........................................................................................…......��MATSUO, Shunsuke ………..…..............................................................................…......� MENGXIA, Xin …………..........….............................................................................….....��MIN, Cai …………...................................................................................................…......80MOHAMMADI, Shahrzad .......................................................................….....................��MÜLLNER, Rudolf ...........................................................................................................� MUNOZ, Laurence .......................................................................…................................��NA, Young-il .......................................................................…..........................................� NAKAMUTA, Kana .......................................................................…................................��NASSIF, Nadim .......................................................................….....................................��NYBELIUS, Marit .......................................................................…..................................��OBAYASHI, Taro .......................................................................…...................................��ØSTERGAARD, Charlotte .......................................................................…....................��ÖZÇAKIR, Sabri .......................................................................…....................................��PFISTER, Gertrud .......................................................................….................................��PINHEIRO, Francisco.......................................................................…............................��QILIN, Sun.......................................................................….............................................��RASPAUD, Michel .......................................................................….................................��RENSON, Roland .......................................................................…..................................��ROLIM SILVA, Luis Henrique .......................................................................…................��SAKAKIBARA, Hiroaki .......................................................................…..........................��SALAT, Ali .......................................................................…..............................................��SARJE, Aino ...........................................................................................................…......39SCHUT, Pierre-Olaf .......................................................................…...............................��ŠKEGRO, Dario .......................................................................….....................................��SZIKORA, Katalin .......................................................................….................................��TAN, Tien-Chin .......................................................................…......................................��TERRET, Thierry .......................................................................…..............................��THÖNY, Christof .......................................................................…....................................��VERTINSKY, Patricia ..............................................................................................…......��WACKER, Christian .......................................................................…..............................38WILANT, Natalia Camps .......................................................................….......................��XIANGUO, Li .......................................................................….............................��YEN, Chia-Ju.......................................................................….........................................��YILDIRAN,�ǦIYHOPT�.......................................................................…...............................��ZHENG, Cheng .......................................................................….....................................��ZHIXUN, Guan .......................................................................…......................................��ZHONGSHEN, Li .......................................................................….............................� ��

ABOUT THE ORGANIZERS3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum;OL��8H[HY�6S`TWPJ�HUK�:WVY[Z�4\ZL\T�^PSS�IL�HU�HTHaPUN�L_WLYPLUJL�^P[O�PU[LYHJ�tive and unforgettable exhibits, inspiring objects and unique activity areas. It will be constantly updated and designed to educate and entertain, delivering state-of-the-art sport from around the world. The museum demonstrates to the world that sport and Qatar are closely linked. As a local hub and a global magnet, it will attract a broad range of visitors from schools, families to tourists as well as visiting dignitaries and academic researchers. As a widely recognised national and international centre for sports history, OLYP[HNL�HUK�RUV^SLKNL��WYVTV[LZ�HUK�LUJV\YHNLZ�HJHKLTPJ�YLZLHYJO��;OL��PZ� H� TLTILY� VM� [OL� 6S`TWPJ� 4\ZL\T� 5L[^VYR�� ÔPJO� J\YYLU[S`� \UP[LZ� �� 6S`TWPJ�museums worldwide.

International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport (ISHPES) ;OL�0U[LYUH[PVUHS�:VJPL[`�MVY�[OL�/PZ[VY`�VM�7O`ZPJHS�,K\JH[PVU�HUK�:WVY[��0:/7,:��PZ�[OL�umbrella organisation for sports historians all over the world. ISHPES came into being in � � �[OYV\NO�[OL�TLYNPUN�VM�0*6:/�HUK�/0:7(��0*6:/��[OL�0U[LYUH[PVUHS�*VTTP[[LL�MVY�[OL�/PZ[VY`�VM�7O`ZPJHS�,K\JH[PVU�HUK�:WVY[��^HZ�MV\UKLK�HZ�LHYS`�HZ�� PU�7YHN\L��/0:7(��[OL�0U[LYUH[PVUHS�(ZZVJPH[PVU�MVY�[OL�/PZ[VY`�VM�7O`ZPJHS�,K\JH[PVU�HUK�:WVY[��^HZ�MV\UKLK� PU� � �� PU�A\YPJO�� 0:/7,:� PZ� HɉSPH[LK�^P[O� [OL� 0U[LYUH[PVUHS�*V\UJPS� VM�:WVY[�:JPLUJL�HUK�7O`ZPJHS�,K\JH[PVU��0*::7,��HUK�JVVWLYH[LZ�^P[O�V[OLY�PU[LYUH[PVUHS�ZWVY[Z�science and physical education organisations.

ISHPES promotes research and teaching in the area of physical education and sport. Its purpose is to facilitate and to improve communications and cooperation betweeen sport history associations at the national and regional levels, as well as between scholars. ISHPES organizes international congresses and seminars and provides information on sports history projects, publications, and events through the ISHPES Bulletin.

Qatar UniversityQatar University is one of the leading institutions of academic and research excellence in the GCC region. It provides high quality undergraduate and graduate programs that prepare competent graduates, primed to shape the future of Qatar. The organization's Z[YVUN�YLSH[PVUZOPW�^P[O�8H[HYP�ZVJPL[`�PZ�YLÅLJ[LK�PU�P[Z�JVTT\UP[`�ZLY]PJL�LɈVY[Z�HUK�PU�its vibrant research portfolio that addresses relevant local and regional challenges, advances national goals towards a knowledge-based economy, and contributes actively to the needs and aspirations of the society.

Date post:	18-Jun-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times