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CHAPTER 3
Social Contexts and Socioemotional Development
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Learning Goals
1. Describe two contemporary perspectives on socioemotional development: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and Erikson’s life-span development theory.
2. Discuss how the social contexts of families, peers, and schools are linked with socioemotional development.
3. Explain these aspects of children’s socioemotional development: self-esteem, identity, moral development, and coping with stress.
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Social Contexts and
Socioemotional Development
ContemporaryTheories
Erikson’sLife-Span
Development Theory
Bronfenbrenner’sEcological
Theory
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Describe Bronfenbrenner’s theoryof socioemotional development!Critics?
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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
Bronfenbrenner’s theory focuses on the social contexts in which people live and the people who influence their development.
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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory cont’d
Microsystem: Direct interactions with parents, teachers, peers, and others.
Mesosystem: Linkages between microsystems such as family and school, and relationships between students and peers.
Exosystem: Experiences in settings in which a child does not have an active role influence the child’s experiences.
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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory cont’d
Macrosystem: The broader culture in which students and teachers live.
Chronosystem: The sociohistorical conditions of a student’s development.
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Sid’s father left his family years ago and provides no support for them. Sid and his three siblings live with their mother in a public housing project for low-income families. They receive public assistance in the form of reduced rent, money to live on, and participation in a food program. Sid and his siblings receive free school lunches, and do not have to pay the standard book rental fee. In addition, they receive free medical care when ill or injured, but Sid’s mother considers the care they receive to be substandard. Recently, she contacted legal aid about obtaining child support from her children’s father
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Theory into Practice
Q.1: What aspects of Sid’s microsystem are discussed in the example? Explain.
Q.2: What aspects of Sid’s exosystem are discussed in
the example? Explain.
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Sid’s father left them years ago and provides no support for the family. Sid and his three siblings live with their mother in a public housing project for low-income families. They receive public assistance in the form of reduced rent, money to live on, and participate in a food program. Sid and his siblings receive free school lunches, and do not have to pay the standard book rental fee. In addition, they receive free medical care when ill or injured, but Sid’s mother considers the care they receive to be substandard. Recently, she contacted legal aid about obtaining child support from her children’s father.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Theory into Practice
Q.3: How is the mesosystem currently operating for Sid? Explain.
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Bronfenbrenner’s Theory in the Classroom
Think about children embedded in several environmental systems and influences
Attend to connections between school and families
Recognize the importance of community, culture, and socioeconomic status
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What are the basic assumptions in Erikson’s theory?
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Erikson’s Life-Span Development Theory
Development proceeds in stages
Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial challenge or crisis
Stages reflect the motivation of the individual
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Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Human Development
1 - Trust vs. mistrust
2 - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3 - Initiative vs. guilt
4 - Industry vs. inferiority
5 - Identity vs. identity confusion
6 - Intimacy vs. isolation
7 - Generativity vs. stagnation
8 - Integrity vs. despair
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Erikson’s Human Development Stages
1 - Trust vs. Mistrust
0–1 years
2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 1–3 years
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt3–5 years
Developed through consistent love and support
Independence fostered by support and encouragement
Developed by exploring and accepting challenges
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Erikson’s Human Development Stages
4 - Industry vs. Inferiority6 years–puberty
5 - Identity vs. Role ConfusionAdolescence
6 - Intimacy vs. IsolationEarly adult years
Mastery comes from success and recognition
Exploration of different paths to attain a healthy identity
Form positive, close relationships with others
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Erikson’s Human Development Stages
7 - Generativity vs. StagnationMiddle Adulthood
8 - Integrity vs. DespairLate Adulthood
Transmitting something positive to the next generation
Life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past
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Strategies for Erikson’s Stages of Development
Initiative Encourage social play Have children assume responsibility Structure assignments for success
Industry Nourish motivation for mastery Be tolerant of honest mistakes
Identity Recognize that identity is multidimensional Encourage independent thinking Stimulate students to examine different
perspectives
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Social Contexts and
Socioemotional Development
Social Contextsof Development
Families Peers Schools
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Describe the 4 different forms of parenting style?
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Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
AuthoritarianParents are restrictive and punitive. Children tend to be socially incompetent, anxious, and exhibit poor
communication skills.
IndulgentParents are highly
involved but set few restrictions. Children have
poor self-control.
NeglectfulParents are uninvolved. Children have poor self-
control, don’t handle independence well, and low
achievement motivation.
AuthoritativeParents are nurturing and supportive, yet set limits. Children are self-reliant, get along with peers, and have
high self-esteem.
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Describe the term “peer status”?
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Peer Statuses
NeglectedInfrequently
“best friend”;
not disliked by peers
RejectedSeldom “best
friend”; often actively
disliked by peers
PopularFrequently
nominated as best friend;
rarely disliked by peers
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Peer Statuses
ControversialFrequently
“best friend”;often disliked
by peers
AverageReceive both positive and
negative peer nominations
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Social Contexts and
Socioemotional Development
Socioemotional Development
The SelfMoral
DevelopmentCoping with
Stress
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Describe the terms self-concept and self esteem.
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Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is the affective or emotional reaction to one’s self-concept.
Self-concept is a cognitive appraisal of our social, physical, and academic competence.
CognitiveAcademic Social Physical
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Improving Children’s Self-Esteem
Identify causes of low self-esteem and areas of competence important to the self
Provide emotional support and social approval
Help children achieve
Develop coping skills
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How can identity be described?
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Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity
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Ethnic Identity …
“is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group,
along with the attitudes and feeling related to that membership” (Phinney, 2006) (as cited in
Santrock, 2009).
Positive ethnic identity Higher school engagement Lower aggression Navajo adolescents: higher self-esteem, school
connectedness, and social functioning
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Which theory about moral develoment do you know?
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Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and punishments.
Internal standards are imposed by others.
Morality is internal, not based on external standards.
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Sam starts to get out of his seat to sharpen his pencil without permission. He stops because he realizes that if he does, others might also do so and this could result in disorder in the classroom. Because of this, he understands that it is his duty to follow the rules.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Theory into Practice
Q: At which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is Sam functioning?
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Sam starts to get out of his seat to sharpen his pencil without permission. He stops because he realizes that if he does, he will be punished.
Q: At which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is Sam functioning? Explain.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Theory into Practice
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Sam starts to get out of his seat to sharpen his pencil without permission. He stops because he realizes that if he does, it will displease his teacher.
Q: At which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is Sam functioning? Explain.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Theory into Practice
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Care vs. Justice Perspective
Justice perspective focuses on rights of individuals
Care perspective emphasizes
relationships and concern for others
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Reflection & Observation
Reflection: Recall a cheating incident. What
factors influenced the decision to cheat?
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Enter the Debate
Should teachers teach students values/morality?
YES NO
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Moral Education
1. Hidden Curriculum
School personnel serve as models of ethical behavior.
Classroom rules and peer relationships transmit positive attitudes to students.
2. Character Education
Schools take a direct approach to teaching moral literacy and design an environment that rewards proper behavior.
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Moral Education
3. Values Clarification
Schools design programs that allow students to clarify their own values and understand the values
of others.
4. Cognitive Moral EducationSchools base programs on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as moral reasoning develops.
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Moral Education
5. Service Learning
Schools encourage students to be involved in the community by becoming a tutor, helping the
elderly, volunteering in hospitals or day care, etc.
6. Integrative Approach
Schools encourage students to be reflective moral thinkers and committed to justice, and develop children’s moral character.
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Crack the CaseThe Case of the Fight
1. What are the issues in this case?
2. At what stage of moral development would you expect these boys to be, based on the information you have? What predictions can you make regarding each boy’s sense of self and emotional development?
3. What can you say about the boys’ mothers?
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4. What do you think about the punishment that Luke received? How would you have handled this situation?
5. What impact do you think this will have on the boys’ future relationship? What impact will it have on their attitudes toward school?
Crack the CaseThe Case of the Fight
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Strategies for Coping with Stress
Reassure children Encourage talk Protect from re-exposure to stress Help make sense