CHLOROPHYTA
Acrosiphonia sp.
Chlorophyta
N
Sporic
Codium fragile
Chlorophyta 2n Gametic
Codium Sporangia
Codium Utricle
Prasiola sp.
Chlorophyta
*
Ulva linza
Chlorophyta
*
Ulva intestinalis
Chlorophyta * Tubular blade formation
Ulva lactuca
Chlorophyta*
Parenchymatous blade formation
RHODOPHYTA
Mastocarpuspapillatus/Petrocelis
Masto = n --------------
Petro = 2n
Sporic
Chondracanthus exasperatus
Rhodophyta
*
Sporic
Mazzaella splendens
Rhodophyta
can only tell if there are cystocarps (2n +n) on the gametophyte (n) otherwise it is a tetrasporophyte (2n)
Sporic
Sparlingia pertusa
Rhodophyta
if with bumps then gametophyte (n) with cytocarps (2n+n) otherwise it is the tetrosporophyte (2n) (Swiss cheese algae)
Sporic
Polysiphonia pacifica
Rhodophyta
*
Sporic
HildenbrandiaRhodophyta
*
Sporic
Gracilaria pacifica
Rhodophyta
*same as mazaella & sparlingia
Sporic
Polyneura latissima
Rhodophyta
*same as mazaella & sparlingia
Sporic
Grateloupia doryphora
Rhodophyta
*
Sporic
Porphyra fallax
Rhodophyta
n
Sporic
PHAEOPHYTA
CHARACTERISTICS
• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate- Eukaryotic
• COLOUR- Brown
• FLAGELLATION- Two heterokont flagella (only reproductive cells)- Long flagellum has 2 rows of mastigonemes- Shorter flagellum is smooth and directed
backward- Has a light receptor- Attached laterally
• MORPHOLOGY- Multicellular- Sometimes very large- Unbranched filaments- Parenchymatous- Pseudoparenchymatous is rare- Have a meristoderm:
o small surface cells with chloroplasts and capable of division
- cortex:o general larger cells lacking chloroplasts
which do not divide- Medulla:
o trumpet hypae cells form
• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: formation of propagules or by
fragmentation,- Asexual: by zoospores formed in plurilocular
sporangia- Sexual: fusion of isogamous, oogamous
• LIFE HISTORY- Gametic:
o gametes range from oogamous to isogamous
- Sporic
• EYESPOT- In spores or gametes within the chloroplast and
associated with a flagellum- Present and acts as shading or light reflector
Characteristics Cont’d• CHLOROPLAST
- One to many smooth chloroplasts
- Storage product is stored outside the chloroplast
- 4 membranes surround the chloroplast
- 2 membrane envelope and PER
- Thylakoids are in stacks of 3
- Girdle lamella is present
• OTHER
- DNA is ring shaped
- RUBISCO in the pyrenoids
- Cell wall always present – made of cellulose, alginicacid and polysaccharides
- Sieve elements: perforated cross walls in large kelps for conduction of photosynthate
Fucales: Sargassum muticum
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Gameticmeiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant
Other: has short stubby receptacles that bear oogonial and antheridial conceptacles
Fucales: Fucus gardneri
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: gameticmeiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a 2N zygote that grows into the adult plant
Other: parenchymatous thalli with apical meristems
Anatomy: meristoderm, cortex and medulla present
- Receptacles (ends of blades) contain pores (small depressions) under which are conceptacles (spaces) within which are oogonia, antheridia or both
Fucus Life Cycle
Fucales: Pelvetiopsis limitata
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Gameticmeiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant
Ralfsia
*
Scytosiphonales: Petaloniafascia
Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)
Life History: Sporic
Other: Growth is diffuse
Scytosiphonales: Scytosiphonlomentaria
Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)
Life History: Sporic
Other: growth is diffuse
Laminariales: Saccharina latissima
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic, with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Nereocystisluetkeana
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Sieve elements of Nereocystis
-Sieve elements are elongated cells located with in the medulla
- their cross-walls have fields of pored with plasmodesmata
- used for translocation of photosynthate
Laminariales: Macrocystispyrifera
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Saccharina sessilis
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Alaria sp.
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Costaria costata
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Egregia menziesii
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales Reproduction
Desmarestiales: Desmarestiaacuelata
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxialthallus
** only pseudoparenchymatousbrown
Desmarestiales: Desmarestiasp.
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxialthallus
** only pseudoparenchymatousbrown
Plurilocular: found in Ectocarpales
-Plurilocular gametangia that release hundreds of isogametes
- each gametophyte (plant) are N and produce gametes by mitosis
Unilocular: found in Ectocarpales
-Unilocular sporangia with 2N cells that undergo meiosis to produce unicellular N zoospores
- borne on the diploid plant
- this thallus is called the sporophyte
- the meitotically produced zoospores grow by mitosis into gametophytes
Diagram of a longitudinal section of a cryptophyte
Diagram of a brown algal cell
Pyrenoids of a brown algal cell
Chloroplast of Fucus
Electron micrograph of a cryptophyte
-The large ejectosomes seen here line the wall of the gullet
-Part of a smaller ejectosome is visible just beneath the plasmalemma on the lower left side of the cell
A Cryptophyte eyespot
-These eyespots may be one or several layers thick
- they are located with in the chloroplast but not close to the flagella
- the eyespot operates by either intercepting light (shading) or reflecting light (increasing the illumination) onto the photoreceptor pigment
- which is probably localized in either the plasma membrane or chloroplast membranes over the eyespot
Interphase nucleus and chromosomes of a
dinoflagellate
-The chromosomes lack histones, are permanently condensed and have a characteristic banded appearance
-There is a large nucleolus within the nucleus
Interphase nuclei of a green alga and a
euglenophyte
-Note the condense chromosomes of the euglenophyte
Eyespot of a euglenophyte
-The eyespot is composed of loosely packed globules lying outside the chloroplast, next to the reservoir, opposite of the flagellar swelling
- the swelling is usually on the longer, emergent flagellum and is thought to be the site of the photoreceptor pigment
Euglena
- Diagrammatic longitudinal section
Euglena longitudinal section
- Note the distinctive outer covering, the pellicle
Spermatangia
Polysiphonous
Heterocysts
Pennate Centric
Girdle VIew Valve View
Geminata
Diatom Silica wall formation
Volvox Gonidium
Oogonia
Antheridia
Plurilocular Spornagia
Haptonema
Heterocyst & Akinete
akinete
heterocyst