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AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICALASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE
ALICE T. VALERIO, Ph.D.DLSU-D
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APA Style
rulesorguidelinesobservedtoensureclear,consistentpresentationoftheprintedword
concernsuniformuseofpunctuationsand
abbreviations,constructionoftables,selectionof
headingsandcitationofreferencesandother
elementsthatarepartofamanuscript.
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TypesofManuscripts
Finalmanuscriptproducedbytheauthorofathesis,dissertationor
studentpaper
Copymanuscriptproducedbythe
authorofajournalarticle
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GeneralInstructionsin
ManuscriptPreparation1. Paper
8X11,heavywhitebondpaper2. Typeface 12-ptTimesNewRoman
12-ptCourierNew 12-ptSansSerif3. Spacing double space single spacefortabletitlesandheadings,figurecaptions,references,footnotes,andlong
quotations.
Triple- or quadruple-spacingafterchaptertitles,beforemajorsubheadings,beforefootnotes,andbeforeandaftertablesinthetext.
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GeneralInstructionsin
ManuscriptPreparation
4. Margins 1leftmargin,1top,bottom,andrightmargins5. Pagination numberallpages,excepttheartworkforfigureand
majorchapters preliminarypagesusuallycarrylowercaseroman
numerals
Introduction(ChapterI)Arabicnumerals pagenumberscontinuethroughouttheappendix
6. Figures, Tables, and Footnotes shorttablesmayappearonapagewithsometext longtablesandeachfigureareplacedona
separatepageimmediatelyafterthepageonwhichthetableorfigureisfirstmentioned
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GeneralInstructionsin
ManuscriptPreparation
Figures and figure captions Figurenumberisitalics;textofthecaptionisnot
italicized;capitalizeonlythefirstwordandanyproper
nouns;figurecaptionsaretypedbelow;Minimumsize8pt,maximumsize14pt
Paragraphs and Indentations Firstlineofeveryparagraphandthefirstlineof
everyfootnote Bibliographyhasahangingindentformat(firstline
issetflushleftandthesubsequentlinesareindented)
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GeneralInstructionsin
ManuscriptPreparation
7. Uppercase and Lowercase letters8. Headings
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
FlushLeft,Italicized,Uppercaseand
LowercaseSideHeading
Indented,italicized,uppercaseonlythefirstword
andpropernoun,paragraphheadingendingwithaperiod.
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Editing Style
1) Period usedininitialsofnames(R.T.Romero);
abbreviationforUnitedStateswhenusedasanadjective(U.S.Navy);latinabbreviations(a.m.,cf.,i.e.,vs.),andreferenceabbreviations(Vol.1,3rded.,p.10)
Noperiodsforabbreviationsofstatenames(NY,NH,NC),acronyms(APA,WB,IQ),andmetricandnonmetricmeasurementabbreviations(cm,ft,hr,kg,min,ml)exceptin.
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Editing Style
2) Comma usedbetweenelementsinaseriesofthreeormore
items;beforeandandor
Ex:Cavite,Laguna,orBatangas
InastudyconductedbySandoval,Campos,andReyes(2008)...
tosetoffanonessentialornonrestrictiveclause,thatis,ifremovedwouldleavethegrammaticalstructureandmeaningofthesentenceintact.
Ex.Viralmarketing,adaptedfromtheideaofhowvirusplague,isasimple,yetlogicalmarketingstrategyintroducedbyRayport(1996).
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Editing Style
3) Semicolon
to separate two independent clauses that are notjoined by a conjunctionEx. Indonesia has higher competitive advantage in
rice production; the Philippines has lowercompetitivenesslevel.
to separate elements in a series that alreadycontain commasEx.ThePhilippinemarketsareJapan,US,andCanada;ChinamarketsarePhilippines,US,andThailand;whileJapanmarketsareUSandGermany.
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Editing Style
4) Colon used between a grammatically complete
introductory clause (one that could standas a sentence) and a final phrase or clausethat illustrates, extends, or amplifies thepreceding thought.
Ex. There are two sources of pollution: thepoint source and nonpoint sources.
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Editing Style
Do not use comma before an essential or restrictive clause , that is, aclause that limits or defines the material it modifies.Removal of such a clause from the sentence wouldalter the intended meaning. Ex.The switch that stops the recording device also controls
the light.
between the two parts of a compound predicate
Ex. The results contradictedValeriosfindingsandindicatedthattheeffectwasnotsignificant.
to separate parts of a measurementEx.5years2months,5min20s
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Editing Style
If the clause following the colon is a complete sentence, itbegins with a capital letter.Ex.Theresultwasworthnoting:Anincreaseinincomeislikelytoincreasetheabilityofhouseholdstoacquire
surplusfunds.
Do not use a colon after an introduction that is not acomplete sentence.
Ex.TheformulaisY=a+bX
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Editing Style
5) Dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in thecontinuity of a sentence.
Ex..There is only one major strategy to fight inflationdecrease money supply.
6) em dash (two hyphens) to set off an element added to amplify from the
main clause; no space before and after. Ex.Students--undergraduateandgraduate--are
exempted.
C l S i l d D h
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Colons, Semicolons and Dashes
in Real L ife
Usepunctuationmarkssparingly.
Writingthatisfilledwithcolonstendstolook
overlyformal,toomanysemicolonscomesoffaspretentious,andanexcessofdashes
makesastoryfeelchoppy.Trytovarythe
typesofpunctuationmarksyouuse;itwill
makeyourwritingclearerandmorelively.
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Editing Style
to set off the title of an article or chapter in aperiodical when it is mentioned in the text.
Ex. Tans (2009) study on the Impact of theExchange Rate on Export Volumes pointed out . . ..
to reproduce material from a test item or verbatiminstructions to participants.
Ex. The performance was categorized as high,
average, and low.
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Editing Style
Note:Use single quotation marks withindouble quotation marks to set offmaterial that in the original source was
enclosed in double quotation marks
Ex..Dizon(2003)stated,Theill-gottenwealthof Ex-PresidentMarcosamountedtoUS$50billion.
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Editing Style
8) Parenthesis to set off reference citations and page number in text
Ex.Reyes(2007)andSantos(2008)reportedthat....(p.245).
to introduce an abbreviation,Ex.BangkoSentralngPilipinas(BSP)
to enclose statistical values,Ex.(p
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Editing Style
9) Slash
to separate numerator from the denominator( e.g.X/Y)
to cite a republished work in text .
Ex. Reyes (2000/2008)
10) Brackets
used to enclose material inserted in a quotation bysome person other than the original author.
Ex. Boserup (2007) stressed that mans influence on the
quality of the environment depends on the damagehe does [alteration in a cultural system] and the effort
devoted to undoing that damage.
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Editing Style
11) Seriation
To show seriation within a paragraph or sentenceuse lowercase letters in parentheses. Ex.Thethreeprincipalthrustsare(a)instituteanew
program,(b)strengthensupportservices,and
(c)increasesavingrates.
Thethreeprincipalthrustsare(a)instituteanew
program;(b)strengthensupportservices;and
(c)increaseincome,savingrates,andinvestment.
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Editing Style
To indicate seriation of separate paragraphs (e.g.,itemized recommendations or procedures) numbereach paragraph with an Arabic numeral followed by aperiod. Ex.Thefollowingimmediaterecommendationsare:
1.Launchamassiveruralinfrastructureprogramsinthe
poorestregions;and
2.Immediatelandreformprograminpoorestareas.
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Editing Style
12) Quotations Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) should be
incorporated into the text and enclosed by doublequotation marks.Ex.Cruz(2003)stated,ThePhilippineagricultureischaracterizedbyarelativescarcityoflandin
relationtopeople(p.300).
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Editing Style
Long quotations (40 or more words) no quotationmarks to enclose block quotations Ex.Cruz(2009)foundthefollowing:
Manydevelopingcountrieshavedependedonexportpromotionasaroadtoeconomicdevelopmentformanyreasons...(p.300).
13) Ellipsis points usedtoindicateomittedmaterial Typethreeperiodswithaspacebeforeandaftereach
periodtoindicateanomissionwithinasentence.
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Editing Style
Typefourperiodstoindicateanomissionbetweentwosentences.
14) Spelling Merriam-WebstersCollegiateDictionarystandard
spellingreferenceforAPA
Ex.aging,canceled,appendix-appendixes,
matrix-matrices15) Hyphenation Compoundwordsmaytakeformsas(a)two
separatewords,(b)ahyphenatedword,or(c)oneunbroken,solidword.Ex.followup,follow-up,followup
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Editing Style
Permanent compoundcompoundwordsfoundinthedictionary(e.g.caregiver,lifestyle,highschool,self-esteem,database) Do not hyphenate acompoundincludinganadverbendinginly(e.g.widelyused,randomlyassigned),environmentally
sound
acompoundincludingacomparativeorsuperlativeadjective
Ex.lessinformed,betterwritten,higherorderlearning foreign phrases used as adjectives or adverbs Ex.apriori,adhoc,fedadlibbutad-libfeeding
common fractions used as nouns Ex.onethirdoftheparticipants
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Editing Style
Prefixes that do not require hyphensafter,anti,bi,co,counter,equi,extra,infra,inter,intra,macro,mid,mini,multi,non,over,post,pre,pro,re,semi,socio,sub,un,under
Prefixed words that require hyphens
anabbreviation(e.g.pre-WWII),anumber(e.g.post-2000),capitalized(e.g.pro-Arroyo)
allself-compounds,whetheradjectivesornouns
Ex.self-liquidatingaccounts,thestudentsareself-supporting
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Editing Style
words that could be misunderstood Ex.re-pair(pairagain),re-form(formagain),un-ionized
wordsinwhichtheprefixendsandthebasewordbeginswiththesamevowel.
Ex.co-occur,pre-existing,meta-analysis,anti-
intellectual
when two or more compound modifiers have acommon base, this base is sometimes omitted in allexcept the last modifier, but the hyphens areretained.
Ex.long-andshort-termperiods,1-,2-,and3-hr
examination
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Editing Style
Other cases: .student-centeredapproach,butTheapproachwasstudentcentered.
t-testresultsbutresultsfromttests16) Capitalization
In titles and headings, capitalize:
major words within the body of the paper(excluding conjunctions, articles and short
prepositions); however, capitalize all words of fourletters or more.
Ex. In her study, Hedonic Price Indexes With UnobservedProduct Characteristics and Application to PersonalComputers . . .
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Editing Style
Do not capitalize names of laws, theories, models, or hypotheses
Ex.lawofsupplyanddemand,Maslowshierarchyofneeds,lifecyclehypothesis
nouns that precede a variable (e.g. item y, experiment b)17) Italicizing Words
Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, and microfilm publications Ex.Inthebook,IntroductiontoResearchMethods
genera, species, and varieties introduction of a new, technical, or key term or label (do not italicizefor the next usage)Ex.Astockofnaturalresourceinsituisanassettoitsowner.
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Editing Style
words that could be misread(e.g.thesmallandbiggroupsdesignationsnotgroupsize)
letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables (F,t,Z,R2,r) periodical volume numbers in reference lists(e.g.15,56-67) anchors of a scale Ex.Self-relianceratingsrangedfrom1(low)to3(high)
Do not use italics for foreign phrases and abbreviations common in English(mainentriesin
WebstersCollegiateDictionary)
Ex.apriori,etal.,adlib,vis-a-vis,perse
chemical terms(e.g.Hg,W,Pb,Be,Cd,NaCl) trigonometric terms(e.g.sin,tan,cos)
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Editing Style
18) Abbreviations Atermtobeabbreviated,onitsfirstappearance,
mustbespelledoutandfollowedimmediatelybyitsabbreviationinparentheses.
APApermitstheuseofthefollowingabbreviationsthatdonotneedexplanationintext(e.g.IQ,AIDS,HIV)
Latin Abbreviationsusedonlyinparentheticalmaterial;otherwise,usetheEnglishtranslation cf.comparei.e.,-thatis e.g.,-forexampleviz.,-namely
etc.-,andsoforthvs.versus,against
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Editing Style
Scientific Abbreviations Useabbreviationsandsymbolsformetricandnonmetric
unitsofmeasurementthatareaccompaniedbynumericvalues(e.g.,5in.,3cm,12min,20hr,5lb)butnotforthe
unitsoftime(e.g.,month,year,day,week)Plurals of Abbreviations addsalone,butnotitalicized,withoutanapostrophe(e.g.,
IQs,Eds,vols,butpp.)
19)Statistical and Mathematical Copy Ex.,F(2,_10)_=_8.32,_p_
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Editing Style
20) Numbers Expressed in FiguresUse figures to express all numbers 10 and above(e.g.,10members,12years
old) all numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparisonwith numbers 10 and above(e.g.,3outof10,of10groups,the5thgroup,6ofthe20respondents)
numbers that immediately precede a unit ofmeasurement(e.g.,5-ftwood,3-mgdose)
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Editing Style
numbers that represent time; dates; ages; sample,subsample, or population size; scores and points ona scale; exact sums of money Ex:2hr30minPhp2each
3weeksago2:30a.m. 5ratsOctober6,1955
scored3ona5-pointscale
numbers that denote a specific place in a numberedseries, parts of books and tables, and each number ina list of four or more numbers.
Ex:Grade5(butfifthgrade);Table2;page25;chapter4;row2;3,4,6,and10students,respectively)
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Editing Style
21) Numbers Expressed in Words numbers below 10 that do not represent precisemeasurements and that are grouped for comparison
with numbers below 10(e.g.nineexperiments,fivetrials,three-waytable,zero-basedbudgeting,one-linestatement)
any number that begins a sentence(e.g.Forty-fivepercentoftherespondents...,Tenpatientsimproved,and5patientsdidnotimprove.)
common fractions(e.g.,onefifthoftheclass,two-thirdsmajority,increasedbythreefourths)
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Editing Style
22) Combining Figures and Words to ExpressNumbers
rounded large numbers(startingwithmillions) Ex:almost5millionFilipinosAbudgetofPhP5.2billion
back to back modifiers Ex.first5items,ten5-year-olds,2two-waytables
eleven7-year-oldstudents,first10items(but
firsttwoitems)
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Editing Style
23) Decimal Fractions Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than 1.
(e.g.,0.56cm,0.23in.,0,56s,0.9ft)
Do not use zero before a decimal fraction when the number cannotbe greater than 1.(e.g.,p
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Editing Style
26)Style for Metric Units- Usethemetricsymboltoexpressametricunit
whenitappearswithanumericvalue(e.g2m),
otherwise,spellouttheunitintext(e.g.measuredinmeters)
-usethemetricsymbolincolumnandsubheadingsoftables
-uselowercaseletterswhenwritingoutfullnamesofunits,unlessusedatthebeginningofthesentence(e.g.meters,kilograms,giga,mega,deci)
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Editing Style -Tables
Table 1
Volume and Value of Philippine Gold Exports, 1980-2009
_______________________________________________________________
Year Volume Growth rate Value Growth rate
(MT) (%) (US $) (%)
_______________________________________________________________
1980 1,140,352 544,974,421
1981 1,138,628 (0.15) 429,376,458 (21.21)
1982 1,060,405 (6.87) 312,447,026 (27.23)
________________________________________________________________Average 266,322 (11.79) 90,261,726 (8.24)
_________________________________________________________________
Note. From Title of Article, by Author and Author, 2004, Title of Journal, 50,p. 30
Copyright 2005 by the Name of copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.
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Editing Style
28) Reference List
References cited in text must appear in the reference list;each entry in the reference list must be cited in text The text citation and reference list entry are identical inspelling and year Entry contains the following: author, year of publication, title,volume numbers (if journals or periodicals), page numbersand publishing data
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Editing Style
Acceptable Abbreviations
chap. Chapter p.(pp.) page(pages)ed. EditionVol. Volume(Vol.3)
Rev.ed. revisededitionvols.Volumes4vols.) 2nded. secondeditionNo. Number
Ed.(Eds.) Editor(Editors)Pt. Part
Trans. Translators Tech.Rep.Technical Report
n.d. nodate Suppl. Supplement
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Editing Style
29) Reference Citation in Text One Work by One Authorauthor-datemethodofcitation(donot
includeJr.)
Ex.a)AsTan(2009)pointedout....
b)Bothtenantsandlandlessworkersinnonriceandcornlandsnumberabout...(Ledesma,2008).
c)In2008,Ledesmafoundthat....
d)Inastudyon...,Ledesma(2008)emphasized
that...Ledesmaalsofound....
One Work by Multiple Authors Two Authorsalwayscitebothnameseverytimethe
referenceoccursintext
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Editing Style
Three, four or five authorsciteallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs;insubsequentcitations,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.andtheyearifitisthefirstcitationofthereferencewithinaparagraph
Ex.Sy,Tan,Co,andDy(2008)foundthat....
[Useasfirstcitationintext]
Syetal.(2008)found....[Useassubsequent
firstcitationperparagraphthereafter]. Syetal.(Omityearfromsubsequentcitations afterfirstcitationwithinaparagraph)
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Editing Style
Iftworeferenceswiththesameyearshortentothesameform(e.g.Sy,Tan,andCo,2008,andSy,Co,Tan,andDy,2006,shortentoSyetal.,2007)citethesurnamesofthefirstauthorstodistinguishthetwo
referencesas:
Sy,Tan,andCo(2008)andSy,Coetal.(2003)
Six or more authorsciteonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.andtheyearforthefirstand
subsequentcitations.Inthereferencelist,providetheinitialsandsurnamesofthefirstsixauthors,andshortenanyremainingauthorstoetal.
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Editing Style
If two references with six or more authors shorten to thesame form,Ex.Sy,Tan,Co,Dy,Lee,andOng(2005)
Sy,Tan,Lim,Ong,Chan,andCruz(2005)
Intext,citethem,respectivelyas:Sy,Tan,Co,etal.(2005)andSy,Tan,Lim,etal.(2005)
In parenthetical material, tables and captions, andreference list, join the names by an ampersand (&) Ex.CruzandChavez(2002)pointedthat....
...ashasbeenshown(Cruz&Chavez,2002)
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Editing Style
Groups as Authors Thenamesofgroups(e.g.,corporations,
associations,studygroups,etc.)arespelledouteachtimetheyappearinatextcitation;thenamesofsome
groupauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstcitationandabbreviatedthereafterespeciallyifthenameislongandfamiliarorreadilyunderstandable.
Ex.(BureauofForestDevelopment[BFD],BFD),
PAGASA,NEDA,WB,UP,DLSU,IRRI,US,UniversityofPeru,CentralBank
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Editing Style
Works with No Author or Anonymous Author No authorciteintextthefirstfewwordsofthe
referencelistentry(usuallythetitle)andtheyear;
usearoundthetitleofanarticleorchapter,anditalicizethetitleofaperiodical,book,brochure,orreport
Ex....asstressedintheAgribusinessBulletin(2007)
...profitableforprivatetraders(TheEffectof,2009)
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Editing Style
Legal materials-citematerialssuchascourtcasesandlegislationbythefirstfewwordsofthereferenceandtheyear.For cases:Namev.Name,VolumeSourcePage(Court
Date)
Onuhv.Usigan,234F.Supp.345(March16,2006) Anonymous-e.g.,(Anonymous,2007) Authors With the Same Surname
includethefirstauthorsinitialsinalltextcitations,evenifthe
yearofpublicationdiffers. Ex.A.T.Valerio(2004)andT.A.Valerio(2005)alsofound...
A.C.CruzandIlagan(2005)andC.A.CruzandSy(2008)
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Editing Style
Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses arrangetwoormoreworksbythesameauthors(inthesameorder)byyearofpublication.;givetheauthorssurnamesonce;foreachsubsequentwork,giveonlythedate.
Ex.(Cruz&Santos,2005,2007) Severalstudies(Smith,2000,2005,2008;Lim,2001,
2005)
Specific Parts of a Source
indicatethepage,chapter,figure,ortableattheappropriatepointintext.Ex.(Boserup&Kim,2000,p.205);(Nakamura,2005,
chap.2)
(Kim,2001,Conclusionsection,para.2)
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Editing Style
Personal Communications maybeletters,memos,e-mail,personal
interviews,,andthelike;citedintextonlyandnotincludedinthereferencelist
Ex.T.J.Santos(personalcommunication,April3,2010)
(F.C.Sevilla,personalcommunication,June2,2010)
Citations in Parenthetical Material (seeTable10ofSy,Tan,&Co,2004,forcompletedata)
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Editing Style
30) Order of References in the Reference List Alphabetizenames One-authorentriesarearrangedbyyearof
publication
Ex.Valerio,A.T.(2006) Valerio,A.T.(2009)
One-authorentriesprecedemultiple-authorentriesbeginningwiththesamesurname
Ex.Valerio,A.T.(2006) Valerio,A.T.,&Sevilla,F.C.(2008)
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Editing Style
31) General Forms (Reference Style) BookMarcos,F.E.,&Arroyo,G.M.,(2000)Familymediation:Facts,myths,andfutureprospects(3rd
ed.).WashingtonDC:JohnWileyandSons. Group author (government agency) as publisherNationalStatisticsOffice.(2009).Censusofpopulationandhousing,Sta.Mesa,Manila
Daily newspaperSamson,L.A.(2009,April20).Howtofightobesity.PhilippineDailyInquirer,p.C20.
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Journal article, more than six authors Chong,S.F.,Sy,A.C.,Lim,J.G.,Tan,L.C.,See,K.N.,
Dy,J.L.,etal.,(2000).Populationpressure,
migrationandmarkets:Implicationsforupland
development.QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,55(3),10401049.
Magazine article Falcon,W.P.&Castro,A.G.(2010,June10).
Scenariosfortheyear2005.Science,290(4),12-16. Periodical published annually Romero,G.M.(2006).Socialcognitionandsocial
perception.AnnualReviewofPsychology,44(1)
155-195.
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Edited book Gonzales,L.A.&AlviarN.A.(Eds.).(2009),Naturalresource
economics:Issues,analysis,andpolicy.NewYork:John
WileyandSons. Encyclopedia or dictionary Santos,D.R.(Eds.).(2007).Thenewscienceencyclopedia (Vols.1-20),London:Macmillan. Proceedings of symposia Minguez,G.R.(2006).Theexpandedcornprograminthe
Philippines.InA.F.Salgado(Ed.),AsianRegionalMaize
Workshop(pp.120-130),UniversityofBandungPress.
Indonesia.
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Unpublished doctoral dissertation Cruz,D.D.(2002).Technicalandinstitutional
changeinrenewableresourcedevelopment
(withapplicationfortraditionalfisheries).
Unpublisheddoctoraldissertation,
MadisonUniversityofWisconsin.
Article in an internet Environmentalsustainabilityindex.(n.d).Retrieved August
24,2010,fromhttp://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/.
Newton,R.T.(2007,July7).Tentopcorporationsin
theworld.InBusinessworld.RetrievedOctober10, 2004,fromhttp://www.corp.net.
http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/7/30/2019 BRT - APA
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