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    AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICALASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE

    ALICE T. VALERIO, Ph.D.DLSU-D

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    APA Style

    rulesorguidelinesobservedtoensureclear,consistentpresentationoftheprintedword

    concernsuniformuseofpunctuationsand

    abbreviations,constructionoftables,selectionof

    headingsandcitationofreferencesandother

    elementsthatarepartofamanuscript.

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    TypesofManuscripts

    Finalmanuscriptproducedbytheauthorofathesis,dissertationor

    studentpaper

    Copymanuscriptproducedbythe

    authorofajournalarticle

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    GeneralInstructionsin

    ManuscriptPreparation1. Paper

    8X11,heavywhitebondpaper2. Typeface 12-ptTimesNewRoman

    12-ptCourierNew 12-ptSansSerif3. Spacing double space single spacefortabletitlesandheadings,figurecaptions,references,footnotes,andlong

    quotations.

    Triple- or quadruple-spacingafterchaptertitles,beforemajorsubheadings,beforefootnotes,andbeforeandaftertablesinthetext.

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    GeneralInstructionsin

    ManuscriptPreparation

    4. Margins 1leftmargin,1top,bottom,andrightmargins5. Pagination numberallpages,excepttheartworkforfigureand

    majorchapters preliminarypagesusuallycarrylowercaseroman

    numerals

    Introduction(ChapterI)Arabicnumerals pagenumberscontinuethroughouttheappendix

    6. Figures, Tables, and Footnotes shorttablesmayappearonapagewithsometext longtablesandeachfigureareplacedona

    separatepageimmediatelyafterthepageonwhichthetableorfigureisfirstmentioned

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    GeneralInstructionsin

    ManuscriptPreparation

    Figures and figure captions Figurenumberisitalics;textofthecaptionisnot

    italicized;capitalizeonlythefirstwordandanyproper

    nouns;figurecaptionsaretypedbelow;Minimumsize8pt,maximumsize14pt

    Paragraphs and Indentations Firstlineofeveryparagraphandthefirstlineof

    everyfootnote Bibliographyhasahangingindentformat(firstline

    issetflushleftandthesubsequentlinesareindented)

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    GeneralInstructionsin

    ManuscriptPreparation

    7. Uppercase and Lowercase letters8. Headings

    CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING

    FlushLeft,Italicized,Uppercaseand

    LowercaseSideHeading

    Indented,italicized,uppercaseonlythefirstword

    andpropernoun,paragraphheadingendingwithaperiod.

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    Editing Style

    1) Period usedininitialsofnames(R.T.Romero);

    abbreviationforUnitedStateswhenusedasanadjective(U.S.Navy);latinabbreviations(a.m.,cf.,i.e.,vs.),andreferenceabbreviations(Vol.1,3rded.,p.10)

    Noperiodsforabbreviationsofstatenames(NY,NH,NC),acronyms(APA,WB,IQ),andmetricandnonmetricmeasurementabbreviations(cm,ft,hr,kg,min,ml)exceptin.

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    Editing Style

    2) Comma usedbetweenelementsinaseriesofthreeormore

    items;beforeandandor

    Ex:Cavite,Laguna,orBatangas

    InastudyconductedbySandoval,Campos,andReyes(2008)...

    tosetoffanonessentialornonrestrictiveclause,thatis,ifremovedwouldleavethegrammaticalstructureandmeaningofthesentenceintact.

    Ex.Viralmarketing,adaptedfromtheideaofhowvirusplague,isasimple,yetlogicalmarketingstrategyintroducedbyRayport(1996).

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    Editing Style

    3) Semicolon

    to separate two independent clauses that are notjoined by a conjunctionEx. Indonesia has higher competitive advantage in

    rice production; the Philippines has lowercompetitivenesslevel.

    to separate elements in a series that alreadycontain commasEx.ThePhilippinemarketsareJapan,US,andCanada;ChinamarketsarePhilippines,US,andThailand;whileJapanmarketsareUSandGermany.

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    Editing Style

    4) Colon used between a grammatically complete

    introductory clause (one that could standas a sentence) and a final phrase or clausethat illustrates, extends, or amplifies thepreceding thought.

    Ex. There are two sources of pollution: thepoint source and nonpoint sources.

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    Editing Style

    Do not use comma before an essential or restrictive clause , that is, aclause that limits or defines the material it modifies.Removal of such a clause from the sentence wouldalter the intended meaning. Ex.The switch that stops the recording device also controls

    the light.

    between the two parts of a compound predicate

    Ex. The results contradictedValeriosfindingsandindicatedthattheeffectwasnotsignificant.

    to separate parts of a measurementEx.5years2months,5min20s

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    Editing Style

    If the clause following the colon is a complete sentence, itbegins with a capital letter.Ex.Theresultwasworthnoting:Anincreaseinincomeislikelytoincreasetheabilityofhouseholdstoacquire

    surplusfunds.

    Do not use a colon after an introduction that is not acomplete sentence.

    Ex.TheformulaisY=a+bX

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    Editing Style

    5) Dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in thecontinuity of a sentence.

    Ex..There is only one major strategy to fight inflationdecrease money supply.

    6) em dash (two hyphens) to set off an element added to amplify from the

    main clause; no space before and after. Ex.Students--undergraduateandgraduate--are

    exempted.

    C l S i l d D h

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    Colons, Semicolons and Dashes

    in Real L ife

    Usepunctuationmarkssparingly.

    Writingthatisfilledwithcolonstendstolook

    overlyformal,toomanysemicolonscomesoffaspretentious,andanexcessofdashes

    makesastoryfeelchoppy.Trytovarythe

    typesofpunctuationmarksyouuse;itwill

    makeyourwritingclearerandmorelively.

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    Editing Style

    to set off the title of an article or chapter in aperiodical when it is mentioned in the text.

    Ex. Tans (2009) study on the Impact of theExchange Rate on Export Volumes pointed out . . ..

    to reproduce material from a test item or verbatiminstructions to participants.

    Ex. The performance was categorized as high,

    average, and low.

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    Editing Style

    Note:Use single quotation marks withindouble quotation marks to set offmaterial that in the original source was

    enclosed in double quotation marks

    Ex..Dizon(2003)stated,Theill-gottenwealthof Ex-PresidentMarcosamountedtoUS$50billion.

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    Editing Style

    8) Parenthesis to set off reference citations and page number in text

    Ex.Reyes(2007)andSantos(2008)reportedthat....(p.245).

    to introduce an abbreviation,Ex.BangkoSentralngPilipinas(BSP)

    to enclose statistical values,Ex.(p

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    Editing Style

    9) Slash

    to separate numerator from the denominator( e.g.X/Y)

    to cite a republished work in text .

    Ex. Reyes (2000/2008)

    10) Brackets

    used to enclose material inserted in a quotation bysome person other than the original author.

    Ex. Boserup (2007) stressed that mans influence on the

    quality of the environment depends on the damagehe does [alteration in a cultural system] and the effort

    devoted to undoing that damage.

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    Editing Style

    11) Seriation

    To show seriation within a paragraph or sentenceuse lowercase letters in parentheses. Ex.Thethreeprincipalthrustsare(a)instituteanew

    program,(b)strengthensupportservices,and

    (c)increasesavingrates.

    Thethreeprincipalthrustsare(a)instituteanew

    program;(b)strengthensupportservices;and

    (c)increaseincome,savingrates,andinvestment.

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    Editing Style

    To indicate seriation of separate paragraphs (e.g.,itemized recommendations or procedures) numbereach paragraph with an Arabic numeral followed by aperiod. Ex.Thefollowingimmediaterecommendationsare:

    1.Launchamassiveruralinfrastructureprogramsinthe

    poorestregions;and

    2.Immediatelandreformprograminpoorestareas.

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    Editing Style

    12) Quotations Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) should be

    incorporated into the text and enclosed by doublequotation marks.Ex.Cruz(2003)stated,ThePhilippineagricultureischaracterizedbyarelativescarcityoflandin

    relationtopeople(p.300).

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    Editing Style

    Long quotations (40 or more words) no quotationmarks to enclose block quotations Ex.Cruz(2009)foundthefollowing:

    Manydevelopingcountrieshavedependedonexportpromotionasaroadtoeconomicdevelopmentformanyreasons...(p.300).

    13) Ellipsis points usedtoindicateomittedmaterial Typethreeperiodswithaspacebeforeandaftereach

    periodtoindicateanomissionwithinasentence.

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    Editing Style

    Typefourperiodstoindicateanomissionbetweentwosentences.

    14) Spelling Merriam-WebstersCollegiateDictionarystandard

    spellingreferenceforAPA

    Ex.aging,canceled,appendix-appendixes,

    matrix-matrices15) Hyphenation Compoundwordsmaytakeformsas(a)two

    separatewords,(b)ahyphenatedword,or(c)oneunbroken,solidword.Ex.followup,follow-up,followup

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    Editing Style

    Permanent compoundcompoundwordsfoundinthedictionary(e.g.caregiver,lifestyle,highschool,self-esteem,database) Do not hyphenate acompoundincludinganadverbendinginly(e.g.widelyused,randomlyassigned),environmentally

    sound

    acompoundincludingacomparativeorsuperlativeadjective

    Ex.lessinformed,betterwritten,higherorderlearning foreign phrases used as adjectives or adverbs Ex.apriori,adhoc,fedadlibbutad-libfeeding

    common fractions used as nouns Ex.onethirdoftheparticipants

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    Editing Style

    Prefixes that do not require hyphensafter,anti,bi,co,counter,equi,extra,infra,inter,intra,macro,mid,mini,multi,non,over,post,pre,pro,re,semi,socio,sub,un,under

    Prefixed words that require hyphens

    anabbreviation(e.g.pre-WWII),anumber(e.g.post-2000),capitalized(e.g.pro-Arroyo)

    allself-compounds,whetheradjectivesornouns

    Ex.self-liquidatingaccounts,thestudentsareself-supporting

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    Editing Style

    words that could be misunderstood Ex.re-pair(pairagain),re-form(formagain),un-ionized

    wordsinwhichtheprefixendsandthebasewordbeginswiththesamevowel.

    Ex.co-occur,pre-existing,meta-analysis,anti-

    intellectual

    when two or more compound modifiers have acommon base, this base is sometimes omitted in allexcept the last modifier, but the hyphens areretained.

    Ex.long-andshort-termperiods,1-,2-,and3-hr

    examination

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    Editing Style

    Other cases: .student-centeredapproach,butTheapproachwasstudentcentered.

    t-testresultsbutresultsfromttests16) Capitalization

    In titles and headings, capitalize:

    major words within the body of the paper(excluding conjunctions, articles and short

    prepositions); however, capitalize all words of fourletters or more.

    Ex. In her study, Hedonic Price Indexes With UnobservedProduct Characteristics and Application to PersonalComputers . . .

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    Editing Style

    Do not capitalize names of laws, theories, models, or hypotheses

    Ex.lawofsupplyanddemand,Maslowshierarchyofneeds,lifecyclehypothesis

    nouns that precede a variable (e.g. item y, experiment b)17) Italicizing Words

    Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, and microfilm publications Ex.Inthebook,IntroductiontoResearchMethods

    genera, species, and varieties introduction of a new, technical, or key term or label (do not italicizefor the next usage)Ex.Astockofnaturalresourceinsituisanassettoitsowner.

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    Editing Style

    words that could be misread(e.g.thesmallandbiggroupsdesignationsnotgroupsize)

    letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables (F,t,Z,R2,r) periodical volume numbers in reference lists(e.g.15,56-67) anchors of a scale Ex.Self-relianceratingsrangedfrom1(low)to3(high)

    Do not use italics for foreign phrases and abbreviations common in English(mainentriesin

    WebstersCollegiateDictionary)

    Ex.apriori,etal.,adlib,vis-a-vis,perse

    chemical terms(e.g.Hg,W,Pb,Be,Cd,NaCl) trigonometric terms(e.g.sin,tan,cos)

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    Editing Style

    18) Abbreviations Atermtobeabbreviated,onitsfirstappearance,

    mustbespelledoutandfollowedimmediatelybyitsabbreviationinparentheses.

    APApermitstheuseofthefollowingabbreviationsthatdonotneedexplanationintext(e.g.IQ,AIDS,HIV)

    Latin Abbreviationsusedonlyinparentheticalmaterial;otherwise,usetheEnglishtranslation cf.comparei.e.,-thatis e.g.,-forexampleviz.,-namely

    etc.-,andsoforthvs.versus,against

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    Editing Style

    Scientific Abbreviations Useabbreviationsandsymbolsformetricandnonmetric

    unitsofmeasurementthatareaccompaniedbynumericvalues(e.g.,5in.,3cm,12min,20hr,5lb)butnotforthe

    unitsoftime(e.g.,month,year,day,week)Plurals of Abbreviations addsalone,butnotitalicized,withoutanapostrophe(e.g.,

    IQs,Eds,vols,butpp.)

    19)Statistical and Mathematical Copy Ex.,F(2,_10)_=_8.32,_p_

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    Editing Style

    20) Numbers Expressed in FiguresUse figures to express all numbers 10 and above(e.g.,10members,12years

    old) all numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparisonwith numbers 10 and above(e.g.,3outof10,of10groups,the5thgroup,6ofthe20respondents)

    numbers that immediately precede a unit ofmeasurement(e.g.,5-ftwood,3-mgdose)

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    Editing Style

    numbers that represent time; dates; ages; sample,subsample, or population size; scores and points ona scale; exact sums of money Ex:2hr30minPhp2each

    3weeksago2:30a.m. 5ratsOctober6,1955

    scored3ona5-pointscale

    numbers that denote a specific place in a numberedseries, parts of books and tables, and each number ina list of four or more numbers.

    Ex:Grade5(butfifthgrade);Table2;page25;chapter4;row2;3,4,6,and10students,respectively)

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    Editing Style

    21) Numbers Expressed in Words numbers below 10 that do not represent precisemeasurements and that are grouped for comparison

    with numbers below 10(e.g.nineexperiments,fivetrials,three-waytable,zero-basedbudgeting,one-linestatement)

    any number that begins a sentence(e.g.Forty-fivepercentoftherespondents...,Tenpatientsimproved,and5patientsdidnotimprove.)

    common fractions(e.g.,onefifthoftheclass,two-thirdsmajority,increasedbythreefourths)

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    Editing Style

    22) Combining Figures and Words to ExpressNumbers

    rounded large numbers(startingwithmillions) Ex:almost5millionFilipinosAbudgetofPhP5.2billion

    back to back modifiers Ex.first5items,ten5-year-olds,2two-waytables

    eleven7-year-oldstudents,first10items(but

    firsttwoitems)

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    Editing Style

    23) Decimal Fractions Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than 1.

    (e.g.,0.56cm,0.23in.,0,56s,0.9ft)

    Do not use zero before a decimal fraction when the number cannotbe greater than 1.(e.g.,p

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    Editing Style

    26)Style for Metric Units- Usethemetricsymboltoexpressametricunit

    whenitappearswithanumericvalue(e.g2m),

    otherwise,spellouttheunitintext(e.g.measuredinmeters)

    -usethemetricsymbolincolumnandsubheadingsoftables

    -uselowercaseletterswhenwritingoutfullnamesofunits,unlessusedatthebeginningofthesentence(e.g.meters,kilograms,giga,mega,deci)

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    Editing Style -Tables

    Table 1

    Volume and Value of Philippine Gold Exports, 1980-2009

    _______________________________________________________________

    Year Volume Growth rate Value Growth rate

    (MT) (%) (US $) (%)

    _______________________________________________________________

    1980 1,140,352 544,974,421

    1981 1,138,628 (0.15) 429,376,458 (21.21)

    1982 1,060,405 (6.87) 312,447,026 (27.23)

    ________________________________________________________________Average 266,322 (11.79) 90,261,726 (8.24)

    _________________________________________________________________

    Note. From Title of Article, by Author and Author, 2004, Title of Journal, 50,p. 30

    Copyright 2005 by the Name of copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.

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    Editing Style

    28) Reference List

    References cited in text must appear in the reference list;each entry in the reference list must be cited in text The text citation and reference list entry are identical inspelling and year Entry contains the following: author, year of publication, title,volume numbers (if journals or periodicals), page numbersand publishing data

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    Editing Style

    Acceptable Abbreviations

    chap. Chapter p.(pp.) page(pages)ed. EditionVol. Volume(Vol.3)

    Rev.ed. revisededitionvols.Volumes4vols.) 2nded. secondeditionNo. Number

    Ed.(Eds.) Editor(Editors)Pt. Part

    Trans. Translators Tech.Rep.Technical Report

    n.d. nodate Suppl. Supplement

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    Editing Style

    29) Reference Citation in Text One Work by One Authorauthor-datemethodofcitation(donot

    includeJr.)

    Ex.a)AsTan(2009)pointedout....

    b)Bothtenantsandlandlessworkersinnonriceandcornlandsnumberabout...(Ledesma,2008).

    c)In2008,Ledesmafoundthat....

    d)Inastudyon...,Ledesma(2008)emphasized

    that...Ledesmaalsofound....

    One Work by Multiple Authors Two Authorsalwayscitebothnameseverytimethe

    referenceoccursintext

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    Editing Style

    Three, four or five authorsciteallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs;insubsequentcitations,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.andtheyearifitisthefirstcitationofthereferencewithinaparagraph

    Ex.Sy,Tan,Co,andDy(2008)foundthat....

    [Useasfirstcitationintext]

    Syetal.(2008)found....[Useassubsequent

    firstcitationperparagraphthereafter]. Syetal.(Omityearfromsubsequentcitations afterfirstcitationwithinaparagraph)

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    Editing Style

    Iftworeferenceswiththesameyearshortentothesameform(e.g.Sy,Tan,andCo,2008,andSy,Co,Tan,andDy,2006,shortentoSyetal.,2007)citethesurnamesofthefirstauthorstodistinguishthetwo

    referencesas:

    Sy,Tan,andCo(2008)andSy,Coetal.(2003)

    Six or more authorsciteonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.andtheyearforthefirstand

    subsequentcitations.Inthereferencelist,providetheinitialsandsurnamesofthefirstsixauthors,andshortenanyremainingauthorstoetal.

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    Editing Style

    If two references with six or more authors shorten to thesame form,Ex.Sy,Tan,Co,Dy,Lee,andOng(2005)

    Sy,Tan,Lim,Ong,Chan,andCruz(2005)

    Intext,citethem,respectivelyas:Sy,Tan,Co,etal.(2005)andSy,Tan,Lim,etal.(2005)

    In parenthetical material, tables and captions, andreference list, join the names by an ampersand (&) Ex.CruzandChavez(2002)pointedthat....

    ...ashasbeenshown(Cruz&Chavez,2002)

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    Editing Style

    Groups as Authors Thenamesofgroups(e.g.,corporations,

    associations,studygroups,etc.)arespelledouteachtimetheyappearinatextcitation;thenamesofsome

    groupauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstcitationandabbreviatedthereafterespeciallyifthenameislongandfamiliarorreadilyunderstandable.

    Ex.(BureauofForestDevelopment[BFD],BFD),

    PAGASA,NEDA,WB,UP,DLSU,IRRI,US,UniversityofPeru,CentralBank

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    Editing Style

    Works with No Author or Anonymous Author No authorciteintextthefirstfewwordsofthe

    referencelistentry(usuallythetitle)andtheyear;

    usearoundthetitleofanarticleorchapter,anditalicizethetitleofaperiodical,book,brochure,orreport

    Ex....asstressedintheAgribusinessBulletin(2007)

    ...profitableforprivatetraders(TheEffectof,2009)

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    Editing Style

    Legal materials-citematerialssuchascourtcasesandlegislationbythefirstfewwordsofthereferenceandtheyear.For cases:Namev.Name,VolumeSourcePage(Court

    Date)

    Onuhv.Usigan,234F.Supp.345(March16,2006) Anonymous-e.g.,(Anonymous,2007) Authors With the Same Surname

    includethefirstauthorsinitialsinalltextcitations,evenifthe

    yearofpublicationdiffers. Ex.A.T.Valerio(2004)andT.A.Valerio(2005)alsofound...

    A.C.CruzandIlagan(2005)andC.A.CruzandSy(2008)

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    Editing Style

    Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses arrangetwoormoreworksbythesameauthors(inthesameorder)byyearofpublication.;givetheauthorssurnamesonce;foreachsubsequentwork,giveonlythedate.

    Ex.(Cruz&Santos,2005,2007) Severalstudies(Smith,2000,2005,2008;Lim,2001,

    2005)

    Specific Parts of a Source

    indicatethepage,chapter,figure,ortableattheappropriatepointintext.Ex.(Boserup&Kim,2000,p.205);(Nakamura,2005,

    chap.2)

    (Kim,2001,Conclusionsection,para.2)

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    Editing Style

    Personal Communications maybeletters,memos,e-mail,personal

    interviews,,andthelike;citedintextonlyandnotincludedinthereferencelist

    Ex.T.J.Santos(personalcommunication,April3,2010)

    (F.C.Sevilla,personalcommunication,June2,2010)

    Citations in Parenthetical Material (seeTable10ofSy,Tan,&Co,2004,forcompletedata)

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    Editing Style

    30) Order of References in the Reference List Alphabetizenames One-authorentriesarearrangedbyyearof

    publication

    Ex.Valerio,A.T.(2006) Valerio,A.T.(2009)

    One-authorentriesprecedemultiple-authorentriesbeginningwiththesamesurname

    Ex.Valerio,A.T.(2006) Valerio,A.T.,&Sevilla,F.C.(2008)

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    31) General Forms (Reference Style) BookMarcos,F.E.,&Arroyo,G.M.,(2000)Familymediation:Facts,myths,andfutureprospects(3rd

    ed.).WashingtonDC:JohnWileyandSons. Group author (government agency) as publisherNationalStatisticsOffice.(2009).Censusofpopulationandhousing,Sta.Mesa,Manila

    Daily newspaperSamson,L.A.(2009,April20).Howtofightobesity.PhilippineDailyInquirer,p.C20.

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    Journal article, more than six authors Chong,S.F.,Sy,A.C.,Lim,J.G.,Tan,L.C.,See,K.N.,

    Dy,J.L.,etal.,(2000).Populationpressure,

    migrationandmarkets:Implicationsforupland

    development.QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,55(3),10401049.

    Magazine article Falcon,W.P.&Castro,A.G.(2010,June10).

    Scenariosfortheyear2005.Science,290(4),12-16. Periodical published annually Romero,G.M.(2006).Socialcognitionandsocial

    perception.AnnualReviewofPsychology,44(1)

    155-195.

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    Edited book Gonzales,L.A.&AlviarN.A.(Eds.).(2009),Naturalresource

    economics:Issues,analysis,andpolicy.NewYork:John

    WileyandSons. Encyclopedia or dictionary Santos,D.R.(Eds.).(2007).Thenewscienceencyclopedia (Vols.1-20),London:Macmillan. Proceedings of symposia Minguez,G.R.(2006).Theexpandedcornprograminthe

    Philippines.InA.F.Salgado(Ed.),AsianRegionalMaize

    Workshop(pp.120-130),UniversityofBandungPress.

    Indonesia.

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    Unpublished doctoral dissertation Cruz,D.D.(2002).Technicalandinstitutional

    changeinrenewableresourcedevelopment

    (withapplicationfortraditionalfisheries).

    Unpublisheddoctoraldissertation,

    MadisonUniversityofWisconsin.

    Article in an internet Environmentalsustainabilityindex.(n.d).Retrieved August

    24,2010,fromhttp://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/.

    Newton,R.T.(2007,July7).Tentopcorporationsin

    theworld.InBusinessworld.RetrievedOctober10, 2004,fromhttp://www.corp.net.

    http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/
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