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BRT: Made in Latin America Dario Hidalgo Luis Gutierrez EMBARQ, The WRI Center for Sustainable Transport Brookings Institution Washington DC, March 8, 2011
BRT: Made in Latin America
Dario Hidalgo
Luis Gutierrez
EMBARQ, The WRI Center for Sustainable Transport
Brookings Institution
Washington DC, March 8, 2011
BRT around the world
120 cities with BRT Systems and Bus Corridors
4,335 km
6,683 stations
30,000 buses
26.8 million passengers per weekday 1% of the world´s urban population (2010)
1.4 times the combined population of New York and Newark (2010)
1 12
10
1 1 12
1 12
1 1
5
1 12
54
87
8 8 8
13
1716
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
5
10
15
20
25
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors
Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid
Curitiba
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia
Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada
Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid
Curitiba
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia
Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada
Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid
Curitiba
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia
Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Source: CTS Brasil, EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
32 cities in LAC with BRT or bus corridors(26% of the world)
16
1
5
1
2
5
1
1
1,330 km (31%)
2,686 stations (40%)
16,856 buses (56%)
17.6 million passengers per weekday (66%)
Curitiba, RIT, 72 km median busways2.3 million pax/dayInitial Corridor 1972
Curitiba new BRT Corridor (2009-2010)
Rodovia BR116 “Before”Photo: URBS
Linha Verde “Now”Photo: CTS Brasil
Linha Verde “Future”Image: URBS
Curitiba – 35 years with a coordinated land use and transport plan with a BRT backbone
Fuente: Arq. Antonio Juarez Nakamura, Presentación en IV Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura – Universidad Piloto de Colombia, Bogotá, Agosto de 2002
Travel Time (2007)
Source: Observatorio Movilidad Urbana CAF http://omu.caf.com/
Hour/person/day
Tailpipe Emissions(2007)
Source: Observatorio Movilidad Urbana CAF http://omu.caf.com/
Ton per day per million people
Road Safety (2007)
Source: Observatorio Movilidad Urbana CAF http://omu.caf.com/
Road Fatalities per 100,000 people
Quito, Metrobús-Q, 37 Km median busways, 440,000 pax/day
Initial corridor in 1995
Bogotá, TransMilenio, 84 Km median busways, 1,7 million pax/day Initial Corridor 2000
Bogotá TransMilenio Eje Ambiental Avenida Jiménez
Pho
to I
TD
P
Expressway LanesTransMilenio, Bogota
Fue
ntes
: Enc
uest
a A
nual
“B
ogot
á ¿
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o V
amos
?” w
ww
.elti
empo
.com
;
Total Public Transport
Traditional Public TransportTransMilenio BRTS
Private (Car, Two Wheeler)
Active Transport (Walking, Bicycle)
Main mode of transport 1998-2009
Fatalities in Bogotá Over Time
1299
11651106
1014923
698788
665
551511
564
1171
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Source: Anuario Estadístico, Ministerio de Transporte, Colombia
Fatalities Reduced (Baseline vs. Project)Av. Caracas BRT Corridor, TransMilenio, Bogotá
6260
47
38
29
18 18
23
10 96
14
26
25
13
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020
Fa
talid
ad
es
Total Corredor Asociadas a TransMilenio
Tendencia con Proyecto Tendencia Sin Proyecto
Data: TRANSMILENIO S.A.
Sao Paulo, 104 Km median busways + preferential buslanes, 5,761,000 pax/day
Initial busways 1980, Reconstructed in 2003
León de Guanajuato, México, Optibús,
31 Km median busways (60% segregated) Initial corridor 2003
México City, Metrobús, 66 Km median busways, 570,000 pax/day
Initial Corridor 2005
Pereira, Colombia, Megabús, 27 Km Busways, 155,000 pax/day
Initial Operation in 2006
Pereira, Colombia
Photos courtesy of Megabus, Pereira, Colombia
Guayaquil, Ecuador, Metrovía,
16 Km Busways, 96,000 pax/day
Initial Corridor 2006
Photos by D. Hidalgo
Santiago, Chile, 19 Km busways + 63 Km of road improvements, Integrated Network for 5 Million Trips/day
Initial Operation in 2007
Guatemala City, February 2007
Pho
to:
Sap
fan
(Jan
Pes
ula
)
Cali, Colombia 27 Km busways130,000 pax/day
Initial Operation in 2009
Pho
to:
Me
tro
cali
Macrobús, Guadalajara, México
Transmetro, Barranquilla, Colombia
• Opened 10 July 2010
• 13.4 km dedicated busway
• 15 Stations
• 92 articulated buses
• 32,0000 pax/day
Photo via transmetro.gov.co
Sources: http://transmetro.gov.co/web2010/Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit Group, Oct 2010
Metrolínea, Bucaramanga, Colombia
•Opened 21 December 2009•8.9 km trunk corridor•7.7 auxiliary corridors (25.2 km plan.)• 24 stations • 75,000 pax/day
Photo: http://www.metrolinea.gov.co/
Source: Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit Group, Oct 2010
Mexibús, Estado México, México
• Initial operation Nov 30, 2010
• 16 km exclusive busway
• 21 stations
• 130,000 pax/day (expected)
Photo: http://transeunte.org/tag/mexibus/
Source: http://transporteinformativo.com/pasaje/inicia-operaciones-mexibus-con-63-autobuses-articulados-volvo
Metropolitano, Lima, Peru
• Initial Operation, May 2010
• First high capacity bus system with CNG only
• 27 km busways, 80% with overtaking at stations
• 35 stations
• 308 articulated buses
• 82,000 pax/day south section (854,000 pax/day expected)
• 21 km/hour commercial speed
Photo: Protransporte, Lima, May 2010
Source: Menckhoff, G., Ochoa, C., Ardila, A. “El Metropolitano de Lima: Implementación y Primeros Resultados de un Nuevo Sistema BRT” CLATPU, Octubre 2010
http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-public-transportation
Varied throughput(2009)
Commercial speed (2009)
Capital Cost(2009)
Filename/RPS Number
What Went Wrong• Rushed implementation
• Very tight financial planning
• Very high occupancy levels
• Early deterioration of infrastructure
• Issues with technological components
• Insufficient user education
Common problems
Latin American Association of Integrated Bus Systems and
BRT Agencies
Lessons for the US
Good performance
High capacity
Low cost
Rapid implementation
High positive impact Travel time, emissions, accidents
BRT is a feature or an aspiration of most citiesBRT is a feature or an aspiration of most cities
¡Muchas Gracias!
Volvo Research and Educational Foundations
Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus Corridors in 2010, specially in developing cities
16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)
China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil, México, Perú, UK, Canada
21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses
1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)
7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km
49 new cities with corridors under construction
16 cities expanding their corridors
31 new cities in planning stages
Cities with the most used BRT/Bus Corridors Networks 2010
Name Corridors Km Pax/day Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 10 301.3 6,843,664 Rede Integrada de Transporte, Curitiba, Brazil 6 72.0 2,260,000 TransMilenio, Bogota, Colombia 7 84.0 1,700,000 Busways, Taipei, China Taiwan 10 30.3 1,680,000 Tehran BRT, Iran 5 91.0 1,440,000 Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Porto Alegre, Brazil 10 57.2 1,170,000 Guangzhou BRT, China 1 22.5 800,000 Optibus, Leon, Mexico 4 31.0 700,000 Metrobus, Istanbul, Turkey 2 43.0 700,000 Metrobus, Mexico City, Mexico 2 66.0 570,000 Metrorapid, Los Angeles, USA 21 390.2 464,600 Metrobus-Q, Quito, Ecuador 3 42.2 440,000 Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 2 23.7 435,000
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Dark color strong segregation, stations with prepayment
Cities with the Longest BRT/Bus Corridors Networks 2010
Name Corridors KmMetrorapid, Los Angeles, California 21 390.2Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 10 301.3SmartBus, Melbourne, Australia 4 233.0MIO, Cali, Colombia 6 179.0Trans Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia 10 172.2LINK, Phoenix, USA 4 128.0Metrobus, Monterrey, Mexico 3 101.0Tehran BRT, Iran 5 91.0Trans Hulonthanlangi, Indonesia 3 90.0Trans Jogja, Indonesia 3 90.0TransMilenio, Bogota, Colombia 7 84.0TransMetro, Pekanbaru, Indonesia 2 74.0Rede Integrada de Transporte, Curitiba, Brazil 6 72.0
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Dark color strong segregation, stations with prepayment
Systems expansions 2010
Name City Expansion (growth)
Transjakarta Jakarta, Indonesia +48 km (34%)
BRT Teheran Teheran, Iran +21km (31%)
Janmarg Ahmedabad, India +20 km (105%)
Select Bus New York City +14 km (121%)
Xiamen BRT Xiamen, China +11 km (28%)
Hangzhou BRT Hangzhou, China +6 km (46%)
Optibús León, México +5 km (19%)
125 km 3% increase over existing km in 2009 Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Region Country 49 Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors under Construction Dec 2010
Africa(3)
Ghana (1) Accra (Ghana),
South Africa (2) Cape Town, Nelson Mandela Bay
Asia(12)
India (6) Surat, Indore, Bhopal, Vishakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Rajkot
Jordan (1) Amman
Korea, Republic (1) Changwon
Turkey (1) Kocaeli (Izmit)
Europe(23)
France (20) Annenasse, Antibes-Sophia Antipolis, Cannes, La Rochelle, Lille, Lyon, Metz, Nancy, Nice, Nimes, Perpignan, Rennes, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Etienne, Saint-Nazaire, Saint-Pierre-de la-Reunion, Sait-Paul-de-la-Reunion, Toulouse, Tours, Valenciennes
Italy (1) Bologna,
UK (2) Cambridge, Leigh-Salford-Manchester
Latin America and the Caribbean(10)
Argentina (1) Buenos Aires
Colombia (3) Cartagena, Medellín, Soacha
México (1) Monterrey
Panamá (1) Panamá City
Paraguay (1) Asunción
Perú (1) Arequipa
Puerto Rico (1) San Juan
Venezuela (1) Barquisimeto
USA and Canada (9)
USA (9) Albany (NY), Austin (TX), Berkeley (CA), Fort Collins (CO), Grand Rapids (MI), Roaring Forks Valley (CO), San Bernardino (CA), San Francisco (CA), Seattle (WA)
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Region Country 16 Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors under Expansion December 2010
Africa (1) South Africa (1) Johannesburg
Asia(4)
India (3) Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Pune
Iran (1) Teheran
Latin America and the Caribbean(10)
Brasil (5) Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife, Salvador
Colombia (2) Bogotá, Cali
Guatemala (1) Guatemala City
México (2) León, México City
USA and Canada (1)
USA (1) New York City (NY)
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Region Country 31 Cities Planning BRT/Bus Corridors December 2010
Africa (11)
Ethiopia (1) Addis Abeba
Kenia (1) Nairobi
South Africa (7) Tshwane (Pretoria), Bloemfontein, Durban (eThekwini), East London, Ekurhuleni, Polokwane, Rustemburg
Tanzania (1) Dar es Salaam
Uganda (1) Kampala
Asia(4)
China (5) Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Wuxi, Xi'an
Mongolia (1) Ulan Bator
Europe (2) UK (2) Bath-Sommerset, Glasgow
Latin America and the Caribbean(12)
Brasil (3) Fortaleza, Rio de Janeiro, Uberlandia
Colombia (1) Cúcuta
Ecuador (1) Cuenca
El Salvador (1) San Salvador
México (6) Chihuahua, Chimalhuacan, Guadalajara, Mexicali, Oaxaca, Tijuana
Oceania Australia Brisbane (expansion)
USA and Canada (2)
USA (2) Chicago, IL; Santa Clara, CA
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
